Recovery of Deuterium from Water‐Isotopes Mixture in Flat‐Plate Thermal‐Diffusion Columns of the FRAZIER Scheme with Optimal Plate Aspect Ratio for Improved Performance

Abstract

The equations for estimating the optimal plate aspect ratio as well as the corresponding maximum recovery, maximum production rate, and minimum plate surface area for recovery of deuterium from water‐isotopes mixture in flat‐plate thermal diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme, have been derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable if the operation is carried out with the optimal plate aspect ratio. It was found that all the optimal plate aspect ratios, as well as the improvements in performance, do not depend on feed concentration.     

基于AMESim的海水淡化斜盘柱塞式能量回收装置运行性能分析

为满足中小型海水淡化系统节能降耗需求,设计开发了一种新型斜盘柱塞式能量回收装置,并基于AMESim仿真分析软件构建了斜盘柱塞式能量回收装置的液压仿真模型及与之配套的反渗透海水淡化系统流体计算模型,对斜盘柱塞式能量回收装置在海水淡化系统中的耦合运行性能进行了模拟研究.结果 表明:在装置高压进流压力为6.0 MPa,设计处...     

The optimum plate aspect ratio for the best performance in a flat-plate thermal diffusion column of the frazier scheme

The effects of plate aspect ratio on the degree of separation, production rate and plate surface area in a flat-plate thermal diffusion column of the Frazier scheme, have been investigated. Theoretical considerations show that when the thermal diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme are constructed with the best plate aspect ratio, maximum separation, maximum production rate or minimum plate surface area can be obtained. The optimum plate aspect ratio for maximum separation is obtained with given production rate and plate surface area, while that for maximum production rate is determined with the degree of separation and plate surface area fixed, and that for minimum plate surface area is estimated with known degree of separation and production rate. It is interesting that the optimum plate aspect ratio for maximum separation is exactly the same as that for minimum plate surface area. The maximum separation and maximum production rate are achieved without changing any total expenditure, while the design with minimum plate surface area results in minimizing the total expense.     

The Optimum Plate Aspect Ratio for the Best Performance in a Flat-Plate Thermal Diffusion Column with Transverse Sampling Streams

ABSTRACT

The effects of plate aspect ratio on the degree of separation, production rate, and plate surface area in a flat-plate thermal diffusion column with transverse sampling streams have been investigated. Theoretical considerations show that when a thermal diffusion column is constructed with the best plate aspect ratio, either maximum separation or maximum production rate or minimum plate surface area can be obtained. The optimum plate aspect ratio for maximum separation is obtained with a given production rate and plate surface area, while that for the maximum production rate is determined with the degree of separation and plate surface area fixed, and that for the minimum plate surface area is estimated with a known degree of separation and the production rate. It is interesting that the optimum plate aspect ratio for maximum separation is exactly the same as that for minimum plate surface area. The maximum separation and maximum production rate are achieved without changing the total expenditure, while the design with minimum plate surface area results in minimizing the total expenditure.     

酒精尾气回收工艺模拟与优化

研究从中药厂酒精尾气中回收酒精的吸收 解吸工艺。采用UNIFAC模型和Wilson模型分别预测吸收塔和解吸塔内的平衡关系,并对吸收塔和解吸塔内的工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：当吸收塔理论板数为25,液气比为0.24 L/m³,常温常压下操作时塔顶排气乙醇质量分数为28×10^-6,塔釜乙醇回收率接近1;解吸塔为简单精馏塔,采用20块理论板,回流比为3,第10块板进料,塔顶可得91.7%的乙醇,塔釜得到几乎纯净的水,经冷却后作为吸收塔的吸收剂,循环套用。模拟结果对工业过程设计和设备改造具有一定指导意义。     

粉煤灰传导感应分选试验研究

为提高粉煤灰的综合利用率,减少资源浪费,利用传导感应电选试验台进行粉煤灰分选试验研究,通过改变极板板型、极板电压、极板间距、颗粒粒径等参数研究分选效果的影响因素,对分选产物进行对比。研究结果表明:凹型电极板的碳分选效果相对优于凸型电极板;精灰烧失量随电压增加呈先上升后降低的趋势;板间距增大会削弱板间电场强度及影响颗粒运动;粒径越小灰的烧失量越低,且不易分选。对分选产物分析表明,对于粒径48μm的粉煤灰分选效果较为理想,而对于细灰的效果则欠佳。分选中精灰烧失量最大可达21.89%,碳回收率最高达53.02%。     

蒸馏过程中旋转填料床的传质和流体力学特性

建立了一套完整的精馏实验装置,以甲醇-水溶液为物系,在常压、全回流操作条件下,研究了旋转填料床的传质和流体力学性能. 结果表明,旋转填料床的理论塔板数随超重力因子和气相动能因子的增大出现峰值,理论塔板高度最小为0.0109 m;气相压降随气相动能因子、超重力因子的增大而增大. 在实验基础上应用最小二乘法建立了旋转填料床的传质、压降实验关联式.     

固支矩形钢板近距爆炸的毁伤特性

为掌握金属平板结构在近距爆炸载荷下的毁伤特性,以四边固支矩形钢板为对象,开展了柱形TNT装药近距爆炸毁伤试验,根据试验结果划分了钢板的3种毁伤模式:塑性大变形毁伤、临界起裂毁伤和花瓣状破口毁伤,建立了不同毁伤模式下的理论计算和数值模型,并分析了药量、爆距及钢板厚度对其近距爆炸毁伤特性的影响。结果表明,钢板的塑性最大变形随装药质量增加而增加,随爆距增加而减小;钢板的临界起裂毁伤形式为平行于长边的Ⅰ字形裂纹;爆距保持不变时,钢板的最大破口毁伤直径与药量为正相关,2000g药量时的最大破口直径为1000g药量时的1.18倍;相同药量时,随着爆距的增加,钢板最大破口直径呈先增大后减小的趋势,药量为500g和1000g时,最佳毁伤爆距分别为4cm和5cm。     

THE COMBINED EFFECT OF INCLINED ANGLE AND PLATE SPACING ON THE PERFORMANCES OF FLAT-PLATE THERMAL-DIFFUSION COLUMNS

When the separation is performed in a parallel-plate thermal diffusion column with the operating expense fixed, either increasing the plate spacing and operating at the corresponding optimum inclined angle, or increasing inclined angle and operating at the corresponding plate spacing, will increase the maximum separation and maximum production rate. Il was found that the cosine of optimum inclined angles increase with the plate spacing in the exponents of -9/2 and —4, respectively, for maximum separation and maximum production rate, while the optimum plate spacings increase with the cosine of inclined angle in the exponents of -2/9 and — 1/4, respectively. The plate spacing is generally so small that changing it, as well as changing the inclined angle, may not cause additional fixed change. However, increasing the plate spacing will lead to increasing the difference of plate temperatures in order to keep the operating expense, as well as the energy consumption due to heat conduction between the hot and cold plates, unchanged. Therefore, additional cost is needed to maintain a high value of temperature difference. There do not exist simultaneously the optimum inclined angle and the optimum plate spacing for the best performances.     

流道排列对多介质板式换热器性能的影响分析

以耗散数为目标函数,应用数值计算的方法分析了换热介质流道排列方式对板式换热器性能的影响。通过分析3～6个流道所包含的26种排列方式情况下的换热器耗散数及板间流动阻力损失变化,认为在相同的工况下,随着流道数量的增加,换热器总的压力损失呈阶梯降低的趋势;相同流道数情况下,冷热介质流道的排列形式对换热器耗散数影响较大;而相同的流道数量所对应的最小耗散数随流道数量的增加而降低,对多介质换热器性能的研究提供了一定的借鉴。     

煤化工废水萃取脱酚流程模拟

为提高煤化工高浓度含酚废水萃取脱酚的处理效果,减轻废水排放环境污染,采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件对煤化工废水萃取脱酚流程进行了优化设计。模拟采用真实煤化工废水的组成设置物流数据,废水进料流量为100 t/h,温度为40℃,压力为0.1 MPa,并利用UNIQUAC和NRTL活度系数模型,分别对萃取脱酚塔、溶剂回收塔、溶剂汽提塔进行了参数调整。模拟结果表明,当萃取脱酚塔萃取级数n=6,萃取相比R=1∶4时;溶剂回收塔的理论塔板数N=10,进料位置为第5块塔板时;溶剂汽提塔的理论塔板数N=5,进料位置为第1块塔板时,废水总酚浓度从18 600 mg/L降至400mg/L以下,单元酚浓度从14 000 mg/L降低至50 mg/L以下,萃取剂回收利用率达到99%以上。     

Enrichment of heavy water in flat‐plate thermal diffusion columns of the frazier scheme with the optimal plate aspect ratio for best performance

The solutions of the optimum plate aspect ratio as well as the corresponding maximum separation, maximum production rate and minimum plate surface area in thermal diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme for enrichment of heavy water have been obtained, analogous to those obtained in the previous work for separation of a binary system. It was found that all the optimum plate aspect ratios do not depend on feed concentration, while the corresponding best performances do. It is found that considerable improvement in performance is obtained when the operation is carried out with the optimal plate aspect ratio.     

用微生物挑战性试验考察化妆品防腐剂效果

为了考察2010年化妆品风险监测抽验样品的防腐效果,参考《中国药典》（2010年版附录）对3种化妆品进行菌落计数方法学验证,选取回收率达到70%以上的3种化妆品进行微生物挑战性试验。通过对3类化妆品进行挑战性试验研究,结果表明,选择的3种化妆品均能通过挑战性试验。通过此次考察,可以为化妆品生产企业提高防腐工艺提供科学的依据,为消费者的健康提供参考。     

吸收法回收油气工艺优化模拟计算

系统研究了WS柴油馏分油吸收油气的工艺条件。采用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理,拟合得到了油气吸收温度、液气比及理论板数对油气吸收影响的关联方程,求解得到了使用WS柴油馏分油吸收油气的最佳工艺条件：吸收温度10.6℃、液气比56.25 L/m^3、理论板3块,烃回收率达98.4%。油气回收模拟计算结果已应用于工业装置设计,设计装置运转效果良好。     

板翅式换热器封头强度的有限元分析

运用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS6 .0对板翅式换热器封头的承载能力进行了极限分析 ,研究了同一壁厚下结构形式不同对封头极限载荷的影响。应用ASME锅炉和压力容器标准第 8卷第 2册中AD 14 0设计准则对在最大允许设计压力作用下的封头最大应力点进行了评定 ,得到了板翅式换热器不同结构形式封头相应的特点和应用范围 ,为板翅式换热器封头的设计提供了可行性方法和依据     

Heavy water enrichment by thermal diffusion in the flat‐plate frazier scheme with column heights increased at a constant ratio for improved performance

This study investigates heavy water enrichment using the Frazier scheme of flat‐plate thermal diffusion columns with the column number adjusted and the column heights varied at a constant ratio with the total sum of column heights fixed. The equations for predicting the best number of columns and the best column‐height ratio for maximum separation are derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable if the column‐height ratio and/or column number in a modified Frazier scheme are properly assigned, instead of using the conventional Frazier scheme of uniform column height with the same total sum of column heights. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Beta phase in polypropylene induced by shear in a single‐screw extruder

The β‐phase in polypropylene (PP) induced by shear rate in a single‐screw extruder was studied. PP samples were extruded with and without a breaker plate at the exit of the extruder at five different screw rotational speeds: 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 rpm. Differential scanning calorimeter was used to observe the melting behavior of the samples. The β‐phase was quantified by wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Extruded samples with a breaker plate showed higher values of β‐phase of PP than those extruded without a breaker plate. With a breaker plate, the maximum percentage of β‐phase was observed at 60 rpm (19.9%), whereas the maximum β‐phase content without breaker plate was observed at 40 rpm (13.6%). The higher level of β‐phase with the breaker plate was attributed to the shear rate induction and to the orientation by shear of the polymer chains through the orifices of the breaker plate. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

乌药叶中总黄酮的含量测定

建立了AlCl3显色分光光度法测定乌药叶中总黄酮含量的方法。研究表明,在弱酸性条件下,乌药叶提取液中总黄酮与AlCl3形成稳定的黄色配合物,在波长415 nm处测定显色液的吸光度确定总黄酮含量。以芦丁为标准品,样品总黄酮在0.002~0.020 mg/mL范围内,线性关系良好,其回归方程为A=30.076C+0.006 5,R2=0.999 6,平均加样回收率=101.0%,RSD=1.27%(n=6)。     

Recovery of deuterium from water-isotopes mixture in flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme with optimum plate-spacing

The effect of plate-spacing on the degree of recovery and production rate for the recovery of deuterium from water-isotopes mixture in flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme with fixed operation expense has been investigated. The equations for estimating optimum plate-spacing for maximum recovery and maximum production rate have been developed. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable when thermal-diffusion columns with optimum plate-spacing are employed for operation.     

大型草甘膦溶剂回收装置的技术改进

介绍了大型草甘膦溶剂回收装置的技术改进,改进型组合塔板和ＤＣＳ的成功运用,使装置具有回收效率高、节能显著及操作简便等优点。