解偶联技术在污泥减量化过程中的影响研究

针对污泥处理处置过程中的环境问题和经济问题,将传统的活性污泥工艺（CAS）与好氧—沉淀—厌氧工艺（OSA）对比,研究了两种工艺对污泥减量化的影响,分析了两种工艺对废水中COD浓度、COD去除效率、氨氮浓度及SVI值的影响,并指出OSA工艺运行稳定,抗冲击能力强,其引起的解偶联代谢能促进污泥产率下降。     

Cr6+对一体式MBR污泥性状及处理效果的影响

以添加了Cr^6＋的生活污水为原水，从宏观及微观角度研究了Cr^6＋对一体式膜生物反应器（MBR）污泥处理系统的影响。结果发现30mg／L的Cr^6＋可使污泥较快呈现中毒症状，污泥的呼吸速率（OUR）、MLSS明显降低，污泥系统几乎丧失对COD的降解能力，但仍具有一定的硝化能力；MBR的出水COD在短期内不受MBR中污泥活性的影响，即使污泥已经中毒，MBR仍具有较高的COD去除能力；Cr^6＋破坏了MBR污泥正常菌群对进水中微生物的优势生态结构，使外源微生物（由进水提供）的数量明显增多，但对其中的可培养真菌和细菌及硝化细菌数目具有不同的影响。     

A／O—MBR处理低浓度生活污水的试验研究

针对传统活性污泥法处理低浓度生活污水难度大的问题，采用缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A／O—MBR）处理该类污水，并考察了其处理效果。结果表明，在污泥浓度为4000～6000mg／L、HRT为19．2h、好氧段溶解氧浓度为1．5～2．5mg／L、污泥回流比为200％～300％的条件下，A／O—MBR对COD和氨氮的去除效果良好，平均去除率分别为92．2％和95．9％。在无排泥的情况下，系统连续运行近100d，出水水质稳定。     

同时去除有机物,氮,磷的粒丸式厌氧流化床生物反应器工艺

本研究开发了一种名为“粒丸式厌流化床（ＡＦＰＢ）生物反应器工艺的新型污水处理工艺，目的是同时去除悬浮物（ＳＳ）、有机物，氮和磷，此工艺分两个阶段；第一阶段为上向流ＡＦＰＢ生物反应器，第二阶段为配有污泥沉淀区的活性污泥曝气池。在第一阶段中，向相当于初次澄池的ＡＦＰＢ生物反应器内投加一定数量的聚合氯化铝和一种弱阴离子聚合物，使ＳＳ，胶态物和磷凝聚，以形成足够大的污泥颗粒，使它们不尽块地沉降下来。剩余污     

浸没式MBR工艺的设计要点分析

分析了浸没式膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺用于城镇污水处理的优势及不足,分析和讨论了与传统活性污泥法的不同之处。MBR具有出水水质好、占地面积小等优点,但MBR工艺适应水量变化的能力较弱;预处理要求高,一般需要设置超细格栅和除油脂设备;生化池分区和回流也有其特别之处。浸没式MBR工艺的污泥浓度、污泥回流比、污泥龄、供氧、浮渣、污泥膨胀等问题也与传统的活性污泥工艺有很大不同。最后给出了MBR用于脱氮除磷时的常用工艺和设计参数等。     

MBR在生活污水处理与回用中的应用

阐述了膜生物反应器（MBR）的分类及原理,总结出膜生物反应器较传统的活性污泥系统所具有的特点,重点介绍了膜生物反应器在生活污水处理领域的应用,从而达到较高的去除效果。     

浅谈膜生物反应器(MBR)处理城市污水回用

膜生物反应器（MBR）处理城市污水回用具有广阔的应用前景。MBR具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力，活性污泥对污染物的去除起主要作用，膜分离对维持稳定的出水起重要作用。膜生物反应器出水稳定，水质良好，优于生活杂用水水质标准。     

诺氟沙星对MBR除污效果的影响及其作用机制

为了考察诺氟沙星对MBR工艺运行的影响,采用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)两种不同膜材质的反应器,对比分析了诺氟沙星对去除有机物和氨氮、活性污泥中微生物、膜污染的影响,并分析其作用途径和机制。结果表明,诺氟沙星导致MBR对有机物和氨氮的去除效果下降,两种膜生物反应器对氨氮的平均去除率均下降了17%左右,而对COD的平均去除率降幅则分别为7. 7%(PTFE-MBR)和2. 4%(PVDF-MBR)。其中,对氨氮的去除影响与膜材质的相关性不大,诺氟沙星对MBR的影响体现在对活性污泥微生物的作用。根据微生物活性、种群及数量分析,发现诺氟沙星仅对少部分微生物菌群产生作用,其中对一种鞘脂杆菌的完全杀灭导致了脱氮效果的下降。诺氟沙星对膜污染的作用主要通过其对活性污泥的作用而间接导致的,两种膜对比条件下,PVDF膜在诺氟沙星污水中具有更好的抗污染能力。     

MBR中磁种好氧颗粒污泥的培养及对膜污染的影响

以人工合成模拟废水为处理对象,在膜生物反应器(MBR)中培养磁种好氧颗粒污泥,并考察了其对膜污染的影响。结果表明,由絮状活性污泥培养磁种好氧颗粒污泥,开始污泥中大量繁殖丝状菌,然后丝状菌缠绕成细小的颗粒,最后慢慢形成颗粒污泥,其外表光滑,近似呈圆球形或椭球状。培养成熟的磁种好氧颗粒污泥的粒径为0.47~4.1 mm,平均为1.7 mm;SVI70mL/g,远低于普通活性污泥的(100~150 mL/g);沉降速度随粒径的增加而增大,范围为30~91m/h,而普通活性污泥的只有8~10 m/h。同时,比较了絮状污泥MBR和磁种好氧颗粒污泥MBR在运行过程中膜通量的变化趋势,结果表明:磁种好氧颗粒污泥MBR的膜通量下降速度低于普通絮状活性污泥MBR的,这是磁种好氧颗粒污泥和反应器的流态共同作用的结果。     

曝气方式对一体式膜生物反应器运行特性的影响

采用两个结构相同的一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水，考察了不同曝气方式对运行效果的影响。结果表明，采用连续高强度曝气方式运行的MBR与采用间歇高强度曝气方式运行的MBR在对COD、氨氮和TN的去除效果方面相差不大；但间歇高强度的曝气方式减少了混合液中胞外聚合物（EPS）的释放和溶解性微生物产物（SMP）的溶出，有效缓解了膜污染，其单位产水能耗约为前者的60％。     

活性污泥与悬浮填料膜生物反应器的膜污染比较

对活性污泥-膜生物反应器与悬浮填料-膜生物反应器的膜污染情况进行对比，结果表明两种反应器的除污效果无明显差别，但悬浮填料-膜生物反应器的膜污染情况较为严重。通过测定混合液的颗粒粒径分布及其比阻，说明了导致悬浮填料-膜生物反应器膜污染严重的原因是混合液中能堵塞膜孔的微小颗粒含量较高及混合液过滤性能较差。采取增大曝气强度和投加絮凝剂等措施可改善悬浮填料-膜生物反应器的膜污染程度。     

非丝状菌污泥膨胀对无排泥MBR的影响

在无排泥条件下,通过对MBR系统中发生的非丝状菌污泥膨胀现象的研究发现:污泥膨胀导致污泥沉降性变差,系统污泥量上升,对TN的去除率较低且不稳定,但对COD和氨氮的去除效果影响不大,去除率分别能达到80%和90%以上;在初期对TP的去除率较高,随着污泥停留时间的延长,对TP的去除率逐渐下降。通过减少曝气量、降低进水COD和TN浓度、增加进水TP浓度,能有效解决MBR中发生的非丝状菌污泥膨胀现象,同时能降低污泥产率。     

膜生物反应器发生污泥膨胀后的控制措施研究

以膜生物反应器处理学校洗浴污水,考察了污泥发生膨胀时反应器对污染物的去除效果,并探讨了控制污泥膨胀的方法。结果表明,污泥膨胀对膜生物反应器去除COD和BOD5的效果影响不大,但会使系统对氨氮的去除率有所下降。采用化学絮凝法控制污泥膨胀,静态试验结果表明三氯化铁和聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果较为理想,但现场投加时发现,反应器内较强的水力搅拌作用使得聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果变差,而三氯化铁可作为控制污泥膨胀的应急措施,采用营养平衡法可从根本上解决污泥膨胀问题。     

G-BAF和CAS处理微污染河水的对比研究

通过对比固定化曝气生物滤池(G-BAF)与活性污泥法(CAS)两种工艺处理微污染河水的效果,揭示了G-BAF工艺治理微污染水体的优势。结果表明,试验后期,G-BAF对浊度、COD、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到90.0%、50.1%、93.5%和51.1%,均比CAS高出40%以上。G-BAF处理后出水中的有机物以羧酸和酮类物质为主,而CAS处理后出水中仍含有较多的难降解物质。G-BAF的载体表面附着有大量的细菌以及多种形态的原、后生动物,增强了对氮、磷及难降解有机物的去除能力。     

曝气量对膜生物反应器污泥特性和膜污染的影响

设置M1、M2和M3等3个反应器的曝气量分别为150、200和300 L/h,研究了曝气量对膜生物反应器(MBR)的运行效果和污泥特性的影响.结果表明,随着曝气量的增加,对COD和NH4+-N的去除率提高,反应器内溶解氧浓度和污泥的比耗氧速率均增加,表明增加曝气量有助于提高污泥的活性.污泥絮体的粒径变小,溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)浓度则由M1的46.8mg/L增加到M3的71.0 mg/L,而且其中的成分也发生了变化,蛋白质与多糖的比值随着曝气量的增加而增加,M1的为1.5,M3的则增至1.9.随着曝气量的增加则膜污染速率加快,表明膜污染以SMP污染为主.     

Fate of antibiotics in activated sludge followed by ultrafiltration (CAS-UF) and in a membrane bioreactor (MBR)

The fates of several macrolide, sulphonamide, and trimethoprim antibiotics contained in the raw sewage of the Tel-Aviv wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated after the sewage was treated using either a full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) system coupled with a subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) step or a pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) system. Antibiotics removal in the MBR system, once it achieved stable operation, was 15-42% higher than that of the CAS system. This advantage was reduced to a maximum of 20% when a UF was added to the CAS. It was hypothesized that the contribution of membrane separation (in both systems) to antibiotics removal was due either to sorption to biomass (rather than improvement in biodegradation) or to enmeshment in the membrane biofilm (since UF membrane pores are significantly larger than the contaminant molecules). Batch experiments with MBR biomass showed a markedly high potential for sorption of the tested antibiotics onto the biomass. Moreover, methanol extraction of MBR biomass released significant amounts of sorbed antibiotics. This finding implies that more attention must be devoted to the management of excess sludge.     

Membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment - a viable option to reduce the amount of polar pollutants discharged into surface waters?

The potential of a lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) to remove polar pollutants from municipal wastewater was studied for industrial and household chemicals over a period of 22 months parallel to a conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment. For half of the compounds, such as benzotriazole, 5-tolyltriazole (5-TTri), benzothiazole-2-sulfonate and 1,6-naphthalene disulfonate (1,6-NDSA), removal by MBR was significantly better than in CAS, while no improvement was recorded for the other half (1,5-NDSA, 1,3-NDSA, 4-TTri and naphthalene-1-sulfonate). The influence of operational conditions on trace pollutant removal by MBR was studied but no significant effects were found for variation of hydraulic retention time (7h-14h) and sludge retention time (26d-102d), suggesting that the lowest values selected have already been high enough for good removal. It is shown that the seemingly inconsistent results reported here and in previous studies regarding the comparison of trace pollutant removal in MBR and CAS are highly consistent. MBR is neither superior for well degradable compounds that are already extensively degraded in CAS treatment nor for recalcitrant compounds that are not amenable to biodegradation. For most compounds of intermediate removal in CAS treatment (15-80%), among them pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial chemicals, the MBR is clearly superior and reduces the effluent concentration by 20-50%. Despite of this clear benefit of MBR, the effect is not pronounced enough to serve as a sole argument for employing MBR in municipal wastewater treatment.     

腐殖土强化活性污泥工艺的除污效果研究

分别采用腐殖土强化活性污泥系统与普通活性污泥系统处理生活污水,考察了对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除效果.结果表明,腐殖土强化活性污泥系统与普通活性污泥系统对有机物的去除效果差别不大,平均去除率都在86%左右;腐殖土可以强化普通活性污泥系统对营养盐的去除,特别是明显提高了TP的去除效果,腐殖土强化活性污泥系统对NH3-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为71.50%、54,83%和62.67%,比普通活性污泥系统分别高出8.67%、8.16%和33.84%.可见,增加腐殖土反应器是改善普通活性污泥系统脱氮除磷效果的有效方法.     

Consequences of mass transfer effects on the inetics of nitrifiers

The influence of membrane separation and mass transfer effects on the kinetics of nitrifiers was evaluated by running a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a conventional activated sludge (CAS) plant in parallel. Both pilot plants were operated at the same sludge age and treated the same domestic wastewater. The half-saturation constants for the substrate were low in both MBR and CAS and did not differ significantly between the two processes (K(NH(4))) and 0.14+/-0.10 g(N)m(-3) and (K(NO(2))) and 0.28+/-0.20 g(N)m(-3) for the MBR and CAS, respectively). However, the half-saturation constants for oxygen exhibited a major difference between the two processes for both the ammonia-oxidizing (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing (NOB) bacteria. The experiments yielded K(O,AOB)=0.18+/-0.04 and 0.79+/-0.08 g(O2) as well as K(O,NOB)=0.13+/-0.06 and 0.47+/-0.04 g(O2) m(-3) (substrate only NO(2)) for the MBR and CAS, respectively. The higher K(0) values of the CAS were attributed to mass transfer effects within the large flocs prevailing in the conventional system. In contrast, the sludge from the MBR consisted of very small flocs for which the diffusion resistance can be neglected. On the basis of these results, the implementation of mass transfer effects in activated sludge models is discussed and consequences for the operation of MBRs are highlighted.     

粉末活性炭/污泥回流工艺强化膜前预处理的研究

采用粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附/混凝沉淀/浸没式超滤膜组合工艺处理苏州市某河水,考察了PAC/污泥回流工艺对膜前预处理的强化效果及对膜污染的影响,并与常规混凝沉淀、污泥回流强化混凝沉淀、PAC吸附/混凝沉淀等3种预处理工艺进行了对比。结果表明,PAC/污泥回流强化预处理工艺对浊度、DOC、UV254和THMFP的去除率分别为80.2%、47.5%、42.3%和52.3%,均比其他预处理工艺的高,对MW30 ku和MW1 ku有机物的去除效果明显。PAC/污泥回流强化预处理和超滤膜组合工艺对浊度、DOC、UV254和THMFP的去除率分别可达到99.2%、54.1%、47.2%和60.2%;经过15 d的运行,超滤膜的跨膜压差基本保持稳定,而其他预处理工艺虽能在一定程度上减轻膜污染,但无法避免不可逆膜污染的发生。