东北黑土地区主要土壤肥力质量指标的空间变异性

采用地理信息系统(G IS)和地统计学相结合的方法研究了本世纪初东北黑土区土壤表层(0~20 cm)pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾、粘粒这5种土壤肥力指标的空间变异性。结果表明:土壤pH和粘粒的理论模型均为指数模型;有机质、速效磷和速效钾的理论模型均为球状模型。速效磷、速效钾的C0/(C0 C)较大,为46.63%和49.91%,说明这2种肥力指标具有中等的空间相关性;而pH、有机质、粘粒的C0/(C0 C)分别为10.80%、16.57%、12.88%,说明这3种肥力指标具有较强的空间相关性。根据每个采样点的指标数据计算出该地区土壤肥力质量综合评价指数,最终得到研究区土壤肥力质量的分布图。     

盐碱地稻田旱作后土壤肥力变化及其对作物生长的影响

研究了盐碱地稻田旱作后土壤肥力变化及其对作物生长的影响。结果表明,滨海滩涂盐碱地在水田改旱后土壤盐分呈现上升趋势,而土壤pH呈现下降趋势;不同培肥方法对水田改旱后土壤盐分、pH、土壤速效养分及有机质的影响作用不同,石膏处理能明显降低土壤pH值;绿肥处理能增加土壤速效养分和有机质含量;有机肥能抑制和延缓土壤盐分上升、降低土壤pH值、明显增加土壤速效养分和有机质含量,最终促进作物生长,增加作物产量。     

大城市郊区耕地种植结构变化规律及其对土壤养分的影响——以北京市大兴区为例

分析了北京市大兴区1980年以来耕地种植结构的变化规律,核算了不同种植制度下的投入产出效益,并研究其对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)大兴的耕地种植结构已经从粮食为主转变成瓜菜为主,而且受政策引导效果明显。(2)不同种植制度下耕地的投入差异悬殊,表现出两极分化的趋势。耕地投入的顺序为:蔬菜>西瓜-蔬菜>小麦-玉米>一茬大田作物(粮食或油料)。(3)若不计劳动力成本,不同种植制度的净收益排序同耕地投入排序是一致的。若计入劳动力成本,一茬大田由于省工,其净收益反而高于小麦-玉米轮作。(4)高投入的种植制度下土壤肥力水平相对较高,各项养分含量最高的是蔬菜地,而且不同种植制度下磷、钾含量的差异比氮含量的差异要显著。(5)不同种植制度下的土壤养分变化幅度差异显著。速效磷变化差异最明显,瓜菜种植的速效磷增幅远高于粮食作物。速效钾除了蔬菜地略有增加,其他都呈减少趋势,小麦-玉米轮作制度下的土壤有机质增幅最大。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地土壤酶活性

调查了宁夏御马酿酒葡萄基地不同栽培年限下土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,并与土壤的基本理化性质进行了回归分析.结果表明,供试土壤为强碱性反应,耕作施肥对土壤pH和全盐含量影响不显著;土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷、阳离子代换量大都处于最低的六级水平,但肥力随耕种年限的延长显著增加;随栽培年限的延长,表层土壤磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著增加;蔗糖酶、脲酶活性随剖面深度的加深而显著减小;表土过氧化氢酶活性随栽培年限的延长而显著下降,但不同土地利用下表层以下各层次土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体上高于表层,且差异显著.磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;四种酶之间,磷酸酶与脲酶之间存在极显著相关关系,脲酶与蔗糖酶之间存在极显著相关关系.由此表明,磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性的大小可以代表宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培区土壤肥力的高低.     

中等尺度上土壤肥力质量的空间分布研究及定量评价

用修改后的内梅罗公式作为土壤质量的评价模型,将传统的统计方法与地统计学方法及GIS技术相结合,研究了金坛市土壤质量的空间分异规律,对金坛市土壤质量进行了定量化的评价。结果表明,金坛市土壤全氮以差级水平为主,pH、速效磷、速效钾、CEC和有机质均以中等级以上水平为主,综合肥力质量以中等水平为主;相对来说,全氮含量总体较低是金坛市土壤肥力的主要限制因子,pH值较低和速效磷水平较低是部分地区土壤生产力的主要限制性因子;金坛市土壤分质量及综合肥力质量的空间分布总体上具有以下特征:在东西方向上,中部纵贯全市南北的丹金溧漕河两侧的低洼圩区土壤质量指数相对较高,东部的高亢平原区次之,西部的丘陵区土壤质量指数最低;南北方向上,土壤质量指数西北低,向东南逐渐升高。土壤质量指数最高的区域主要分布于洮湖周围的河口区。金坛市土壤质量指数的这种分布特点明显与地形地势、径流方向和土地利用等有关,而地形地势是决定金坛市土壤质量空间分布的最根本的原因。     

寒区旱区间歇性干旱对接种根瘤菌苜蓿草地土壤养分动态的影响

通过盆栽法模拟田间土壤的干湿交替变化过程和强度,研究了寒区旱区间歇性干旱条件对接种根瘤菌(Rhizobia)苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草地土壤养分的影响。结果表明:1年龄苜蓿接种根瘤菌能显著提高土壤全N、有机质、速效N、速效K和速效P含量,而对土壤pH和全P含量影响不大,间歇性干旱处理能显著降低土壤全N、有机质、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K含量,且土壤养分下降量总体上为有机质>全P>全N>速效K>速效N>速效P;通过相关和回归分析,土壤全P和有机质含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线正相关(P<0.05),土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量与干湿交替间隔周期呈显著直线负相关(P<0.05);当干湿交替间隔周期相同时,土壤全N、全P、速效N和有机质含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理大于80%田间持水量的处理,而土壤速效K和速效P含量的下降量,50%田间持水量的处理小于80%田间持水量的处理。     

太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究

为了定量研究太湖地区农田土壤中速效磷的变化情况,本文对不同季节太湖地区三种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中土壤速效磷的含量进行了分析.结果表明:速效磷含量在土壤剖面中由上层到下层呈现逐渐递减的趋势.三种土壤均以耕层含量为最高,在45cm以下基本上趋于稳定,但在接近地下水时又略有上升.季节性变化方面,速效磷含量一般在2月份的小麦分蘖-拔节期和9月份的水稻齐穗期较高.影响土壤速效磷含量的因素很多,经分析:土壤速效磷的含量与土壤的有机质含量呈极显著的线性正相关关系;旱作条件下与全磷含量之间呈显著的幂函数相关关系,在水作条件下与全磷含量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系;与土壤的pH又有显著的线性负相关关系.     

樱桃根际土壤特征及其评价

为探讨樱桃植株生长发育对根际土壤因子的影响,评价其根际生态环境,对土壤的pH值、速效养分、酶及微生物等19种指标的根际分布特征和相互关系进行了分析。结果表明,土壤pH值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、碱解氮、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、细菌及总菌数表现为根际负效应([R/S)<1],速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、脲酶、中性磷酸酶、放线菌及真菌表现为根际正效应([R/S)>1],有效锌根际效应不显著。脲酶、中性磷酸酶及蛋白酶3种水解酶活性与pH值及Eh的特征向量和载荷较大,可将其归为同一类综合指标,反映或评价以根际碱解氮为代表的土壤肥力状况。pH值、碱解氮等化学指标,土壤酶、微生物等生物活性指标在一定程度上可反映樱桃根际生态环境状况。     

皖南红黄壤地区连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响

在皖南红黄壤地区利用大田试验研究了连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:在施用氮肥的基础上合理配施磷钾肥,促进了油菜的生长发育,提高了油菜植株的养分含量和养分吸收量,从而显著增加了油菜的产量,并且磷肥的增产效应大于钾肥效应,三季油菜平均产量以处理P90K120最高,达到了1968.7 kg hm-2;同时连续施用磷钾肥能够改善土壤养分含量,显著提高了土壤速效钾、速效磷含量,与试验前土壤相比,速效磷增加了14.83~20.2 mg kg-1,速效钾增加了69.51~109.61 mg kg-1。     

苏州城市边缘带土壤综合肥力质量时空特征

对苏州市城市边缘带样区土壤进行系统的采样分析,应用一系列数理统计分析方法,阐述了研究区土壤主要肥力要素的空间变异特征及其影响因素;利用数值化土壤综合肥力评价手段,估算了研究区土壤数值化肥力质量指数及其空间分异规律;并通过与研究区历史数据对比,揭示了过去20年来苏州市城市边缘带土壤主要肥力要素及综合肥力质量的动态演变趋势。结果表明,研究区表层土壤电导率、CEC以及养分含量空间变异强烈,表现出城市边缘带土壤肥力分布的重要空间特征。经过过去20年的农业生产实践,研究区土壤主要养分含量总体上呈现增长趋势,土壤综合肥力质量明显提高。但土壤全K含量却呈下降趋势,表明土壤养分不均衡现象依然存在。土壤pH大幅下降,土壤酸化现象严重。选取的10个样本土属中,平均综合肥力质量指数增高和降低的土壤数量分别为5个和4个。同时,土壤综合肥力质量空间可变性显著增大,最大变幅与变异系数明显升高,反映出快速工业化、城市化与农业集约化背景下土壤资源利用方式与利用强度的变化对土壤质量结构及其空间变异特征的重要影响。     

不同环境条件下的土壤侵蚀分析——以重庆市为例

为了探讨土壤侵蚀与温度、降雨量、植被指数、地形指数、水热指数和环境质量综合指数的关系,本文对重庆市不同环境条件下的土壤侵蚀进行了分析.在定义土壤侵蚀综合指数的基础上,将年平均温度、大于0°积温,大于10°积温,年降雨量,干燥度、湿润度,地形综合指数、植被指数、热量指数、水分指数,水热指数,和环境质量综合指数等分级数据统一成格网大小为100 m*100 m的栅格(grid)数据.然后,利用GIS的叠加统计分析功能,将这些数据与100 m*100 m格网大小的土壤侵蚀栅格(grid)数据进行叠加统计分析,从而揭示出了土壤侵蚀与这些环境因子之间的关系.     

应用综合评分法评价新疆灰漠土土壤质量的研究

应用综合评分法对新疆国家灰漠土基地1990~2002年长期定位试验土壤监测数据进行计算分析。结果表明:土壤质量指数可以反映各处理的土壤质量的年度变化,且与单项养分变化趋势一致。研究还表明:长期施用无机化肥、有机肥,特别是有机无机配施土壤质量均有显著提高,氮磷配合施用土壤质量也有明显提高,单施氮、磷肥土壤质量有提高趋势,长期不施肥土壤质量将下降。因此应用综合评分法评价灰漠土土壤质量的方法是可行的。     

土壤质量的酶学指标研究

土壤质量日益衰退,寻找能够准确标示其变化的敏感指标非常重要。土壤酶几乎参与了土壤中全部的生物化学反应,与土壤中多种生态过程密切相关。土壤酶的敏感性、专一性和综合性等特点使其可以作为一个反映土壤质量的生物学指标。本文在概述了土壤酶作为土壤质量指标可行性的基础上,综述了土壤肥力质量、环境质量等的土壤酶活性和酶动力学指标的研究,并对今后相关研究提出了几点建议。     

Investigation of effect of heterogeneities in vegetation and rainfall on simulated SSM/I brightness temperatures

Land surface characteristics: soil and vegetation and rainfall inputs are distributed in nature. Representation of land surface characteristics and inputs in models is lumped at spatial scales corresponding to the grid size or observation density. Complete distributed representation of these characteristics or inputs is infeasible due to excessive computational costs or costs associated with maintaining dense observational networks. The measurements of microwave brightness temperatures by the SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave Imager) are at resolutions of the order of 56km 56km for 19 GHz and 33 km 33 km for 37 GHz. At these resolutions, soil moisture and vegetation are not homogeneous over the measurement area. The experiments carried out in this study determine the effect of heterogeneities in vegetation (leaf area index) and input rainfall on simulated soil moisture and brightness temperatures and the inversion of brightness temperatures to obtain soil moisture estimates. This study would help us to understand the implications of using the SSM/I microwave brightness temperatures for soil moisture estimation. The consequences of treating rainfall inputs and vegetation over large land surface areas in a lumped fashion is examined. Simpler methods based on dividing the leaf area index or input rainfall into classes rather than explicit representation for representing heterogeneities in leaf area index and spatial distribution of rainfall is tested. It is seen that soil moisture is affected by the representation (lumped vs distributed) of rainfall and not leaf area index. The effect of spatially distributed soil moisture on the inversion of observed SSM/I brightness temperatures to obtain soil moisture estimates is investigated. The inversion process does not exhibit biases in the retrieval of soil moisture. The methodology presented in this paper can be used for any satellite sensor for purposes of analysis and evaluation.     

A two-axis adjusted vegetation index (TWVI)

Based on the soil line concept, various kinds of vegetation indices have been proposed to minimize soil background influences in the inventory of forest resources and the prediction of vegetation biomass. Unfortunately, those indicescan only reduce soil moisture effect on remote sensing data parallel to the axis, the direction of the so-called soil line, failing when different soil types appear (in the direction perpendicular to the soil line). A two-axis adjusted vegetation index is presented here to diminish most soil background influences. It is shown to be more suitable as a global monitoring vegetation index than other indices.     

The effect of soil moisture on the 37GHz microwave polarization difference index (MPDI)

Previous studies have shown that the 37 GHz microwave polarization difference index (MPDI) has an inverse nonlinear relationship to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with the MPDI (NDVI) being more sensitive to vegetation density under sparse (moderate) vegetation conditions. It has also been noted that soil moisture can have a significant influence on the MPDI. This study quantifies the effect of soil moisture on the MPDI using the RADTRAN model and comparison with measurements from a few geographically restricted (eastern USA) study sites. Model results show the MPDI increases with soil moisture but its sensitivity approaches zero when soil moisture values or vegetation densities are large. Results based on special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) measured values of MPDI, using the NDVI as a surrogate for vegetation density and an antecedent precipitation index (API) as a surrogate for soil moisture, were consistent with those based on the model. Linear equations, one for each of three categories of vegetation density, expressing MPDI as a function of API were derived based on SSM/I measurements. These equations demonstrate that soil moisture information can be extracted from the MPDI when the NDVI is used to account for the effect of vegetation and that the effect of soil moisture on the MPDI should be taken into account if it is to be used as a vegetation index. The potential to normalize MPDI values for variations in soil moisture is discussed.     

土壤水分遥感反演方法概述

就目前国内外土壤水分遥感反演方法、进展和应用现状进行了简要地回顾,比较和评价了反射率法、植被指数法、热惯量法、温度-植被指数法、微波法等方法的优缺点及适用范围,并对土壤水分遥感反演方法及发展趋势进行了展望。     

Spectral response of a plant canopy with different soil backgrounds

The spectral behavior of a cotton canopy with four soil types alternately inserted underneath was examined at various levels of vegetation density. Measured composite spectra, representing various mixtures of vegetation with different soil backgrounds, were compared with existing measures of greenness, including the NIR-red band ratios, the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), and the greenness vegetation index (GVI). Observed spectral patterns involving constant vegetation amounts with different soil backgrounds could not be explained nor predicted by either the ratio or the orthogonal greenness measures. All greenness measures were found to be strongly dependent on soil brightness. Furthermore, soil-induced greenness changes became greater with increasing amounts of vegetation up to 60% green cover. The results presented suggests that soil and plant spectra interactively mix in a nonadditive, partly correlated manner to produce composite canopy spectra.     

Investigating the accuracy of vegetation index-based models for estimating the fractional vegetation cover and the effects of varying soil backgrounds using in situ measurements and the PROSAIL model

Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) is an important variable for describing the quality and changes of vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems. The simplest and most widely used model for the estimation of FVC is the dimidiate pixel model. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is commonly used as a vegetation index (VI) in this model. A range of VIs is possible alternative to the use of NDVI in the dimidiate pixel model. In this article, six VI-based dimidiate pixel models were compared using in situ measurements and canopy reflectances simulated by the PROSAIL model over nine different soil backgrounds. A comparison with in situ measurements showed that the Gutman–Ignatov method overestimated FVC, with a mean root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.14. The mean RMSE had an intermediate value of 0.08 in the Carlson–Ripley method and was further reduced to 0.05 in the method proposed by Baret et al. The use of both modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) and a mixture of NDVI and the ratio vegetation index (RVI) to replace NDVI in the Gutman–Ignatov model reduced the RMSE to 0.06. The mean RMSE in the difference vegetation index (DVI)-based model was 0.08. The simulated results indicated that soil backgrounds have significant effects on these VI-based models. The sensitivity of the first three models and the NDVI plus RVI-based model to soil backgrounds decreased with an increase in soil reflectance. In contrast, the DVI-based model is sensitive to soil backgrounds with high reflectances. MSAVI, which is less sensitive to soil backgrounds, represents a feasible alternative to the use of NDVI in the Gutman–Ignatov model.     

TVDI在冬小麦春季干旱监测中的应用

应用冬小麦春季生长期的NOAA/AVHRR资料,反演归一化植被指数（NDVI）、土壤调整植被指数（SAVI）和下垫面温度（T_s）,分析了植被指数和下垫面温度空间特征,采用温度植被旱情指数（TVDI）,研究了河北省2005年3~5月的冬小麦旱情状况。结果表明：基于SAVI的温度植被旱情指数与土壤表层相对湿度的相关性好于基于NDVI的温度植被旱情指数。通过与气象站土壤水分观测资料进行相关性分析,表明温度植被旱情指数与10 cm土壤相对湿度关系最好,20 cm次之,50 cm较差。因此,基于SAVI的温度植被旱情指数更适于监测冬小麦春季的旱情。