水稻剑叶净光合速率与叶绿素含量的研究初报

对59个水稻品种剑叶净光合速率及其叶绿素含量进行测定和相关分析后发现,叶绿素各组分及叶绿素a/b比值均存在显的品种间差异。叶绿素a含量决定总叶绿素含量水平,叶绿素b的含量主导叶绿素a/b比值的变化。总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a含量与剑叶净光合速率显正相关,叶绿素b含量与剑叶净光合速率的正相关关系接近显水平。叶绿素a/b与剑叶净光合速率无直接相关关系,但在品种间叶绿素含量由少增多的过程中,叶绿素含理状况对光合作用的促进作用由总量的增加转向叶绿素a/b比值的降低,同时发现,在高光强、低叶绿素含量范围内,仍然存在光合作用的最适叶绿素含量值。     

田间配置方式对不同穗型水稻生理特性的影响

田间配置方式对不同穗型水稻生理特性影响的结果表明，品种间叶绿素含量存在较大差异，辽粳326的上2叶叶绿素含量显高于奥羽316；品种、行距对可溶性糖含量的影响达到极显水平，行向之间、行向与品种互作对可溶性糖含量的影响达到显水平，辽粳326比奥羽316高，40cm行距高于30cm行距，南北行向高于东西行向。行距对群体光合速率影响较大，扩大行距对提高群体中午时的群体光合速率有利。     

不同年代冬小麦品种光合特性差异的研究

选择不同年代的3个代表性小麦品种，从光合特性及相关性状加以分析比较结果表明：就光合速率而言，新品种小麦并无明显优势，但其光合面积和光合时间明显高于老品种．叶绿素含量提高不明显，叶绿素a／b比值略有下降；新品种株高降低幅度大，各节间缩短明显．基部节间秆壁加厚，叶倾角和叶子长／宽比值减小，株型更加合理；新老品种的干物质分配曲线大致相似．但新品种的干物质向穗部的转移速率和数量明显高于老品种；单株产量构成因素方面，新品种的穗数、穗粒数、粒重及收获指数的提高是新品种增产的主要原因。     

不同水稻品种生育后期生理特性的研究

以12个粳稻品种为试材，研究了不同品种产量、生育后期生理性状及其相互关系。结果表明，平均产量列前3位的沈农9418、沈稻2号、辽粳454各产量构成因素多数较高，其余正常，说明其产量构成因素间彼此协调。而任何一个产量构成因素明显偏低的品种，都影响其产量潜力的发挥。单位面积穗数与每穗成粒数的负相关极显，产量与产量构成因素、光合作用的有关参数相关性不显，穗干重占总干物重的比例与产量呈抛物线关系。要进一步提高单产，应该在保证适宜的穗干重占总干物重的比例前提下．增加干物质积累量。     

氮素不同用量对水稻叶片气孔密度及有关生理性状的影响

以丰锦、辽粳5号、IR36、水源287为试材，设置高肥和低肥两个处理，研究了包括气孔密度在内的一些生理性状的变化情况。结果表明：高肥处理各品种叶片的各部位气孔密度均减少，平均气孔密度明显低于低肥处理，其原因与高肥条件下剑叶面积的显增加有关。与低肥处理相比，高肥处理各品种叶绿素含量较高，净光合速率较大，蒸腾速率较小，气孔扩散阻力较小。气孔密度与蒸腾速率、气孔扩散导度呈正相关。     

Hyperion数据玉米叶绿素含量制图

采用星地同步观测方法,对Hyperion影像进行预处理并提取玉米专题信息,计算与遥感影像同步获取的玉米地面实测光谱及其一阶微分形式,作物光谱指数参量与叶绿素含量之间的相关性。结果表明:作物叶绿素含量预测指数TCARI/OSAVI与叶绿素a和叶绿素b的相关性最好,R²分别为0.5694和0.5313。采用其与叶绿素含量进行回归分析,建立叶绿素反演模型。将回归结果应用到提取的玉米区域,得出叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的空间分布图,直观显示玉米的长势状况,为农业估产和植被长势监测提供重要的数据源。     

粳稻品质与穗部性状关系的研究

采用聚类分析、回归分析等方法对辽宁省近年来32个水稻品种(品系，以后简称品种)品质性状和穗部性状进行分析。结果表明：弯穗型品种品质指标优于半直立穗型品种，半直立穗型品种品质指标优于直立穗型品种。依品质性状参试材料可聚类为6类，第1类辽盐40组品质特点是垩白率、垩白度较高；第2类是辽粳294组，品质指标普遍很好；第3类辽粳5号组，垩白率、垩白度偏高；第4类沈农654组，直链淀粉含量较高，垩白率、垩白度较高，胶稠度较小。黎明、辽粳326各成一类．垩白率、垩白度很高。直立穗型品种成粒率、谷粒长对品质影响很大；半直立穗型品种一次枝梗、成粒率、谷粒长宽比对品质影响很大：弯穗型品种穗长、二次枝梗／一次枝梗、成粒率、一次枝梗对品质影响很大。以提高成粒率为重点，可使穗部性状各指标实现优化组合，实现优质。     

低钾胁迫对不同效应型大豆光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以钾高效大豆品种九农15和低效品种GD8521为材料,在溶液培养条件下研究低钾胁迫对其叶绿素含量、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数等生理指标的影响,从光合物质生产方面探讨不同效应型品种对低钾胁迫的耐性机制。结果表明：在低钾胁迫下,高效品种的叶绿素a、b及a＋b总含量与对照之间没有差异,但叶绿素a／b值较对照显著提高,而低效品种的叶绿素a及a＋b总量较对照显著降低,叶绿素b的含量及a／b值没有显著变化;低钾胁迫下高效品种仍保持较高的光合速率,但气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度则显著低于对照,低效品种的各参数下降幅度远大于高效品种,处理间均达到极显著差异;随着供钾水平的降低,高效品种叶绿素荧光各参数中仅Fv显著增加。而低效品种F0、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fv／F0等参数的变化均达到显著或极显著水平;低钾胁迫下低效品种反应中心耗散的能量较多,用于电子传递的能量减少,而高效品种处理间无明显变化。由此可见,在低钾胁迫下高效型品种仍能保持较高的叶绿素含量,尤其是叶绿素a的比例显著提高,其光合电子传递过程受低钾胁迫的影响也较小,因而能保持较高的光合生产能力,而低效品种受低钾胁迫时各参数则发生显著变化．导致光合生产能力降低。     

水稻晚栽高产技术的研究

根据三年水稻晚栽高产技术研究的结果,认为营养士旱育,长龄带蘖的壮秧是晚栽高产的关键。中熟品种稀播晚栽产量高于早熟品种晚播晚栽。晚栽品种以沈农1033较安全,在辽宁省南部可用辽粳5号。本文还阐明了晚栽水稻的生育特性,经济性状及产量变化规律,并提出了晚栽高产的其他技术措施.     

播种期对各生育时期甜高梁叶片性状的影响

对甜高梁品种辽饲杂3号在4个播种期条件下进行了叶片性状指标测定试验，分析了不同播种期甜高粱在拔节、孕穗、开花、灌浆期叶绿素含量、比叶重、叶面积指数及成熟期绿叶数等叶部性状变化规律。结果表明，叶片叶绿素含量在孕穗期与开花期达最大值，早播时甜高粱前期叶绿素含量高，晚播时后期叶绿素含量较高。比叶重在灌浆期达最大值，且以晚播甜高粱的比叶重较大。叶面积指数随播种期延迟，并有下降趋势，但晚播甜高粱在成熟期时叶面积指数较高。绿叶数的变化趋势类似于叶面积指数。     

Non-destructive estimation of wheat leaf chlorophyll content from hyperspectral measurements through analytical model inversion

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization in crop production by in-season measurements of crop N status may improve fertilizer N use efficiency. Hyperspectral measurements may be used to assess crop N status indirectly by estimating leaf and canopy chlorophyll content. This study evaluated the ability of the PROSAIL canopy-level reflectance model to predict leaf chlorophyll content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the growth stages between pre-tillering (Zadoks Growth Stage (ZGS 15)) to booting (ZGS50). Spring wheat was grown under different N fertility rates (0–200 kg N ha^?1) in 2002. Canopy reflectance, leaf chlorophyll content, N content and leaf area index (LAI) values were measured. There was a weakly significant trend for the PROSAIL model to over-estimate LAI and under-estimate leaf chlorophyll content. To compensate for this interdependency by the model, a canopy chlorophyll content parameter (the product of leaf chlorophyll content and LAI) was calculated. The estimation accuracy for canopy chlorophyll content was generally low earlier in the growing season. This failure of the PROSAIL model to estimate leaf and canopy variables could be attributed to model sensitivity to canopy architecture. Earlier in the growing season, full canopy closure was not yet achieved, resulting in a non-homogenous canopy and strong soil background interference. The canopy chlorophyll content parameter was predicted more accurately than leaf chlorophyll content alone at booting (ZGS 45). A strong relationship between canopy chlorophyll content and canopy N content at ZGS 45 indicates that the PROSAIL model may be used as a tool to predict wheat N status from canopy reflectance measurements at booting or later.     

Nondestructive estimation of canopy chlorophyll content using Hyperion and Landsat/TM images

Remote sensing offers a nondestructive tool for the quick and precise estimation of canopy chlorophyll content that serves as an important indicator of the plant ecosystem. In this study, the canopy chlorophyll content of 26 samples in 2007 and 40 samples in 2008 of maize were nondestructively estimated by a set of vegetation indices (VIs; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI; Green Chlorophyll Index, CI_green; modified soil adjust vegetation index, MSAVI; and Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI) derived from the hyperspectral Hyperion and Thematic Mapper (TM) images. The PROSPECT model was used for sensitivity analysis among the indices and results indicated that CI_green had a large linear correlation with chlorophyll content ranging from 100–1000 mg m^?2. EVI showed a moderate ability in avoiding saturation and reached a saturation of chlorophyll content above 600 mg m^?2. Both of the other two indices, MSAVI and NDVI, showed a clear saturation at chlorophyll content of 400 mg m^?2, which demonstrated they may be inappropriate for chlorophyll interpretation at high values. A validation study was also conducted with satellite observations (Hyperion and TM) and in-situ measurements of chlorophyll content in maize. Results indicated that canopy chlorophyll content can be remotely evaluated by VIs with r ² ranging from the lowest of 0.73 for NDVI to the highest of 0.86 for CI_green. EVI had a greater precision (r ²=0.81) than MASVI (r ²=0.75) in canopy chlorophyll content estimation. The results agreed well with the sensitivity study and will be helpful in developing future models for canopy chlorophyll evaluation.     

Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves

Indices for the non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll content were formulated using various instruments to measure reflectance and absorption spectra in visible and near-infrared ranges, as well as chlorophyll contents from several non-related species from different climatic regions. The proposed new algorithms are simple ratios between percentage reflectance at spectral regions that are highly sensitive (540 to 630nm and around 700nm) and insensitive (nearinfrared) to variations in chlorophyll content: R NIR / R 700 and R NIR / R 550. The developed algorithms predicting leaf chemistry from the leaf optics were validated for nine plant species in the range of chlorophyll content from 0.27 to 62.9mug cm -2. An error of less than 4.2 mugcm -2 in chlorophyll prediction was achieved. The use of green and red (near 700nm) channels increases the sensitivity of NDVI to chlorophyll content by about five-fold.     

A novel two-step method for winter wheat-leaf chlorophyll content estimation using a hyperspectral vegetation index

Remote sensing estimation of leaf chlorophyll content is of importance to crop nutrition diagnosis and yield assessment, yet the feasibility and stability of such estimation has not been assessed thoroughly for mixed pixels. This study analyses the influence of spectral mixing on leaf chlorophyll content estimation using canopy spectra simulated by the PROSAIL model and the spectral linear mixture concept. It is observed that the accuracy of leaf chlorophyll content estimation would be degraded for mixed pixels using the well-accepted approach of the combination of transformed chlorophyll absorption index (TCARI) and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI). A two-step method was thus developed for winter wheat chlorophyll content estimation by taking into consideration the fractional vegetation cover using a look-up-table approach. The two methods were validated using ground spectra, airborne hyperspectral data and leaf chlorophyll content measured the same time over experimental winter wheat fields. Using the two-step method, the leaf chlorophyll content of the open canopy was estimated from the airborne hyperspectral imagery with a root mean square error of 5.18 μg cm^?2, which is an improvement of about 8.9% relative to the accuracy obtained using the TCARI/OSAVI ratio directly. This implies that the method proposed in this study has great potential for hyperspectral applications in agricultural management, particularly for applications before crop canopy closure.     

基于图像纹理的玉米叶片叶绿素含量分析研究

经研究作物的叶绿素含量高低与株体的营养状况有关,并且在叶片纹理上有所体现。本文采用数字图像处理技术中纹理分析的空间灰度共生矩阵法寻找纹理各统计量与玉米叶片叶绿素含量的关系。实验结果表明,玉米叶片的叶绿素含量与其对应灰度共生矩阵的能量、熵特征量的相关关系较好,可以用这些特征量来估测叶片叶绿素含量,进而判断玉米的营养状况。     

Validating the MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) with ground chlorophyll content data at MERIS spatial resolution

The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), a standard level 2 European Space Agency (ESA) product, provides information on the chlorophyll content of vegetation (amount of chlorophyll per unit area of ground). This is a combination of information on Leaf Area Index (LAI, area of leaves per unit area of ground) and the chlorophyll concentration of those leaves. The MTCI correlates strongly with chlorophyll content when using model, laboratory and field spectrometry data. However, MTCI calculated with MERIS data has only been correlated with surrogate chlorophyll content data. This is because of the logistical difficulties of determining the chlorophyll content of the area covered by a MERIS pixel (9 × 10⁴ m²). This paper reports the first attempt to determine the relationship between MTCI and chlorophyll content using actual MERIS data and actual chlorophyll content data.

During the summer of 2006 LAI and chlorophyll concentration data were collected for eight large (> 25 ha) fields around Dorchester in southern England. The fields contained six crops (beans, linseed, wheat, grass, oats and maize) at different stages of maturity and with different canopy structures, LAIs and chlorophyll concentrations. A stratified sampling method was used in which each field contained sampling units in proportion to the spatial variability of the crop. Within each unit 25 random points were sampled. This approach captured the variability of the field and reduced the potential bias introduced by the planting pattern or later agricultural treatments (e.g. pesticides or herbicides). At each random point LAI was estimated using an LAI-2000 plant canopy analyser and chlorophyll concentration was estimated using a Minolta-SPAD chlorophyll meter. In addition, for each field a calibration set of 30 contiguous SPAD measurements and associated leaf samples were collected.

The relationship between MTCI and chlorophyll content was positive. The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.62, root mean square error (RMSE) was 244 g per MERIS pixel and accuracy of estimation (in relation to the mean) was 65%. However, one field included a high proportion of seed heads, which artificially increased the measured LAI and thus chlorophyll content. Removal of this field from the dataset resulted in a stronger relationship between MTCI and chlorophyll content with an R² of 0.8, an RMSE of 192 g per MERIS pixel and accuracy of estimation (in relation to the mean) of 71%.     

厚度补偿式叶绿素仪在棉花SPAD值测定中的应用

为了了解厚度补偿式叶绿素仪在棉花叶片土壤和作物分析仪器开发(SPAD)值测定中的应用情况,通过测定分析不同生育时期20株棉花叶片不同叶位经过厚度补偿后SPAD值的分布,并分别测定不同生育时期10株棉花叶片的厚度、SPAD值和叶绿素含量,分析厚度补偿后的SPAD值与叶绿素含量的相关性。结果表明:棉花叶片叶尖部位为最佳测量位置,厚度补偿后的SPAD值与叶绿素含量的相关系数与显著性均得到提高,可以一定程度消除叶片厚度差异带来的影响,且更能准确反映棉花叶片不同生育时期叶绿素含量的变化趋势。     

重金属单一污染对龙须草叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统的影响

盆栽试验的结果表明:Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和As单一污染处理时龙须草叶绿素含量随着重金属处理浓度的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,但其总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b比值均低于对照;龙须草SOD的活性随着Zn、As单一污染处理浓度增加呈现先升后降的趋势,而随着其它三种重金属处理浓度的增加呈现下降趋势;龙须草CAT和POD的活性随着As处理浓度的增加呈现出上升趋势,而随着其它四种重金属处理浓度的增加呈现先升后降趋势。