Power production of hydroelectric stations calculated for providing fuel to power systems with a large share of hydroelectric stations

Conclusions  

The switching life of short-circuit contact breakers in power systems

Integral distributions of the actual values of short-circuit currents in the 100–500 kV networks, obtained by processing oscillograms of the transients in electrical transmission lines, are presented. It is shown that in the majority of newly established modern gas-filled contact breakers with spring-loaded drive mechanisms the switching and mechanical lives will not be exhausted after their useful life. Hence, planned repairs of such contact breakers can be predicted starting from their actual state and not from the fixed inter-repair periods. * JSC “Otdelenie Dal'nikh Peredach,” Russia. ** Electric Main Line Network Center (MéS Tsentra), Russia. *** IVTs Mosénergo, Moscow, Russia. **** Moscow Power Institute – Technical University, Moscow, Russia. ***** JSC “énergoservisproekt,” Russia. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 59–62.     

Mathematical models for optimization of block diagrams and controller adjustment

The building of easily controlled production subassemblies is one of the urgent problems encountered in the development of heating systems for modern power plants. This paper describes a process by which a control system is built with subassemblies for the feed of basic condensate and steam to a deaerator by combined efforts of engineering and automation experts. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 8, August 2007, pp. 18–23.     

Fluctuations of river runoff and power production of Russian hydroelectric stations

Conclusions  

Experience in connecting the power generating units of thermal power plants to automatic secondary frequency regulation within the united power system of Russia

The principles of central control of the power generating units of thermal power plants by automatic secondary frequency and active power overcurrent regulation systems, and the algorithms for interactions between automatic power control systems for the power production units in thermal power plants and centralized systems for automatic frequency and power regulation, are discussed. The order of switching the power generating units of thermal power plants over to control by a centralized system for automatic frequency and power regulation and by the Central Coordinating System for automatic frequency and power regulation is presented. The results of full-scale system tests of the control of power generating units of the Kirishskaya, Stavropol, and Perm GRéS (State Regional Electric Power Plants) by the Central Coordinating System for automatic frequency and power regulation at the United Power System of Russia on September 23–25, 2008, are reported.     

An estimate of the errors when calculating the varying electric power losses in overhead lines due to neglecting weather conditions

An algorithm for calculating the resistance taking into account the air temperature, the working current and the wind speed is developed. A quantitative estimate is made of the effect of the load current, the conductor temperature and the wind speed on the resistance of overhead-line conductors. The ranges of the errors in calculating the annual variable electric power losses are obtained. 1 Electric Power Scientific-Research Institute (VNIIé)—subsidiary of JSC “NTTs élektroénergetiki,” Russia. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 42–49.     

Development and introduction of new designs for gas-dust flow mixing distribution systems at thermal power plants

The successful introduction and setup of new designs for dust separators in Russian and foreign 200–800 MW coal-fired power production units is described. Results from mathematical and physical modelling of these designs, as well as data on their operation in test stands, are presented. Recommendations are given for the most suitable equipment and configurations of new dust distribution systems in dust preparation systems. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July 2008, pp. 10–23.     

A new life for small hydroelectric stations in Kirgizia

Conclusions Kirgizia has enormous supplies of hydropower resources, of which about 20% is presently being used. Small rivers, irrigation reservoirs, and canals are not being used for electric power production. The total hydropotential of small rivers is 72 billion kWh, of which 42.7 billion kWh can be technically used. The presently operating small hydrostations of the Alameda cascade are cost effective and can serve as a model for future hydrostations.The hydrostations which earlier were mothballed and taken out of service, as well as the hydrostations on existing reservoirs and canals, should become priority objects to be put into operation in the near future. For further launching of works on small hydro production it is necessary to continue the development of schemes of the power use of small rivers of the republic with the establishment of prospective small hydrostations.The development and creation of experimental models of microhydrostations are a substantial contribution to small hydro development and savings of fuel resources.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 34–36, July, 1987.     

Features of the development and introduction of voltage and reactive power group regulation systems in electric power stations

Experience in developing and introducing group voltage and reactive power regulation systems supplied by the ORGRéS Company and used successfully in several Russian electric power stations is described. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 4, April 2008, pp. 19–24.     

Effectiveness of water resources use by the Angara-Enisei sequence of hydroelectric stations

Conclusions o| li]1.|The uniqueness of the hydroelectric stations of the Angara-Enisei sequence with respect to capacity, firm production, regime functions, and other technicoeconomic indices permits providing for a high effectiveness of one of the largest power systems of the country — the integrated power system of Siberia. li]2.|A further increase in power effectiveness of the water resources use on the Angara-Enisei sequence of hydrostations depends in many respects on solving the following problems: Preserving the role of Lake Baikal and the Bratsk reservoir as the main long-term flow regulators for power production in the entire Angara-Enisei sequence and reducing production losses during operation of the stations at low heads is essential. This makes necessary to solve the problem of limiting the use of their carryover capacity in compensating for under-production by thermal power stations, meeting the increasing requirements of navigation, covering the increase in power consumption as the start-up of new facilities lags behind, etc. For complete utilization of the regulating potentialities of Lake Baikal and the Bratsk reservoir it is necessary to solve the problems of restoring the design increase in the level of Lake Baikal by 0.5 m above the NPL in wet years and removing the restrictions on drawdown of the Bratsk reservoir to the design level. The increased requirements imposed by navigation on the Angara must be solved not by exceeding the design releases at the hydrostations but by reconstructing the existing fleet or replacing it by new vessels. When navigation releases exceed the design values it is necessary to solve the problem of compensating for the loss of power at the expense of water transport. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 21–25, May, 1978.     

Use of GTÉ-65 gas turbine power units in the thermal configuration of steam-gas systems for the refitting of operating thermal electric power plants

Thermal configurations for condensation, district heating, and discharge steam-gas systems (PGU) based on the GTé-65 gas turbine power unit are described. A comparative multivariant analysis of their thermodynamic efficiency is made. Based on some representative examples, it is shown that steam-gas systems with the GTé-65 and boiler-utilizer units can be effectively used and installed in existing main buildings during technical refitting of operating thermal electric power plants. Translated from élektricheskie stantsii, No. 6, June 2008, pp. 15–25.     

Reliability of power transformers and autotransformers of electric networks

The failure rate and experience of operation of power network transformers and autotransformers are analyzed. After analysis of the failure rate assemblies with elevated vulnerability to damage are determined and engineering solutions employed by the electrical industry for raising their reliability are described. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2005, pp. 69–78.     

Engineering refit of the Dorogobuzh Heat and Electric Power Plant

This article discusses the introduction of two gas turbine units with an overall power of 12 MW in 2005 at the Dorogobuzh TéTs (Heat and Electric Power Plant). This plant provides energy and heat to the Dorogobuzh industrial cluster and the 30000 people living in the Dorogobuzh region. The need to reconstruct and refit the Dorogobuzh TéTs (Smolensk Oblast’, Russia), which had become noncompetitive in the market, is examined. The engineering state of the Dorogobuzh TéTs before and after the introduction of two gas turbine units with an overall power of 12 MW in 2005 is described in detail; the consumption and thermal and electrical energy output parameters are compared. The technical characteristics of the new equipment, including GTD-6RM gas turbine power units, TGS-6 turbogenerators, and boiler recovery units, are given. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 3, Macrh 2008, pp. 13–17.     

Ways of solving nitrogen oxide emission problems at thermal electric power plants in Russia

The more than 2000 steam boilers operating at the thermal power stations of Russia can be divided into three groups, taking into account their operating lifetimes and steam parameters, which determine the efficiency with which they produce electrical energy. Given the expected rise in penalties for harmful discharges into the atmosphere, it is proposed that a way of reducing the nitrogen oxide emissions be chosen for each group that will minimize the expenditure for the owners of thermal electric power plants. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2008, pp. 9–12.     

Method of improving the technology of installing power equipment at hydroelectric stations being reconstructed

Conclusions  

Experience in the commercial operation of the pilot asynchronized turbogenerator T3FA-110 at cogeneration plant-22 (TÉTs-22) of the Mosénergo Company

Results of commercial operation of a world pioneer asynchronized turbogenerator T3FA-110 with a capacity of 11 MW and full air cooling at a cogeneration plant are presented. The turbogenerator developed jointly by the Electric Power Research Institute and the élektrosila Company differs from traditional synchronous generators by the presence on the rotor of two mutually orthogonal windings, a two-channel reverse thyristor excitation system, and a special control system. The special features of design and control allow such generators to operate in the modes of both production and high consumption of reactive power at normal static and dynamic stability. This widens the range of regulation of the voltage level in the connected electric network and makes it possible to bring parallel-connected synchronous generators to optimum operation conditions. The generator can work without excitation for a long time at 70% load. Commercial operation of the pilot T3FA-110 turbogenerator started in December 2003 at TéTs-22 of the Mosénergo Company and has proved its full correspondence to the design engineering parameters. A program of wide use of such turbogenerators in the United Power System of Russia (RAO “EéS Rossii” Co.) has been developed. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2005, pp. 2–5.     

Asynchronous nonsalient-pole compensators with total air cooling1

The fundamental parameters and construction of asynchronous compensators, soon to be produced by the “Silovye Mashiny” — “élektrosila” Joint Stock Company in 2008, are considered. The compensator has a massive nonsalient-pole rotor with two excitation windings, shifted by 90° (in electrical angles), supplied from controlled reversible power sources. The compensators provide delivery-consumption of reactive power in the ±100 Mvar range with the possibility of short-term double forcing of the power output and improved dynamic characteristics compared with synchronous compensators. ¹ This paper is based on material presented at the conference “Russia Power 2008” (Moscow, April 2008). Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2008, pp. 62–65.     

Selection of a rational mathematical model of bank storage in hydropower calculations

Conclusions The proposed algorithm for selecting a rational mathematical model of the bank storage process considerably reduces the labor intensity of hydropower calculations when investigating the effect of bank storage on power production by a cascade of hydrostations.Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 26–28, July, 1991.     

Concept of transfer to repair of power plant turbogenerators according to their technical state

A concept of repairing power plant turbogenerators according to their technical state and with allowance for the technical state in the transition period is presented. Diagnostic, organizational, engineering, and information aspects of the concept are considered. It is shown that transition to repairing turbogenerators according to their technical state is possible only on the basis of the use of an intellectual information-diagnostic system. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 9, September 2005, pp. 46–51.