油气的核磁共振（NMR）特性

在双对数坐标图上，中等粘度脱气油的驰豫时间与粘度／温度成线性关系，相反，粘度最低的溶解甲烷和重质原油并不符合这个关系。这些成分的存在使得油气的分析和解释变得复杂化。在储层条件下，轻烃中的乙烷和丙烷也是与石油相伴的天然气的普通成分。尽管如此，在典型油藏条件下，这些物质的核磁共振（NMR）驰豫时间没有公开发布，因此，它们对含气石油驰豫时间的影响也不为人所知。在这篇论文中，我们研究了型油藏条件下的乙烷和丙烷的质子核自旋－晶格驰豫时间和自扩散系数，通过对比和计算乙烷的实验数据，得出了擀子的驰豫时间，我们还研究了自旋和偶极－偶极机理的作用，总结出一种混合定律可估算气体混合物的T1。最后，我们将混合定律的估算结果与实验结果进行了对比。在另一种极端条件下，重质原油的驰豫时间不符合粘度相关关系，因此，用三种不同频率的NMR分光计，测量了20种重质原油的T1和T2，给出了轻质原油和重质原油的驰豫时间，其是拉莫尔频率的函数，我们还讨论了回波间隔对重质没的T2分布的影响，然后探讨了T1／T2对数平均比值与原油粘度，沥青质含量和拉莫尔频率的关系。     

岩石激发极化衰减谱分析技术研究

岩石激发极化衰减谱与地层孔隙结构有非常重要的关系。本文对激发极化衰减谱进行多指数衰减拟合，分析了谱分析参数、供电时间、供电电流、断电时间以及矿化度对驰豫时间谱的影响，结论表明驰豫时间谱充分反映了岩石本身的特性。本文还对驰豫时间谱与核磁共振T2谱进行了对比分析，结果表明两种谱具有非常好的一致性。     

应用核磁共振分析方法解释砂岩的润湿性

应用核磁共振（NMR）分析方法，针对三种不同粘土含量的砂岩，可以对岩石润湿性的变化进行系统地解释。共研究了两种流体，Soltroll30用于作为精炼油样品。实验中使用的墨西哥湾深水原油是大家熟知的能在恢复状态的岩心分析中改变岩石润湿性的原油。由于表面驰豫现像，以分子形式与矿物表现接触的流体的驰豫时间短于自由流体预豫时间。混合湿润性导致盐水的NMR驰豫时间比岩石100％饱和的盐水长；导致与部分岩石表面相接触的油的NMR驰豫时间比自由油短。因此，NMR质子自旋晶格驰豫时间（T1）的分布提供了岩石湿润性变化的定性描述。Bentheim和Berea是含精炼油的亲水砂岩。在饱和了原油和盐水的情况下，放置较长时间以后，它们变为混合性。在强制吸入以后，剩余油的驰豫时间比自由油短，表明部分原油仍然位于岩石的表面。北Burbank砂岩在束水饱和状态下必了精炼油或原油一段时间后都是合润湿性的。由绿泥石薄片所形成的微孔隙充满了盐水。大孔隙中的油与绿泥石薄片的尖端相接触。在强制吸入以后，大孔隙澡的盐水被盖过了绿泥石粘土尖部的油膜部分地阻挡于孔隙壁外。这一观点的证据是：大孔隙中的盐水驰豫时间比岩石100％饱和的盐水长，比自由盐水短，大孔隙中的原油驰豫快于自由油。因此，饱和了精油或原油的北Burbank砂岩似乎都是混合润湿性。然而，在含有原油下润湿性的变化程度要大一些。北Burbank砂岩润湿性的这种特殊变化起因于连接孔隙的绿泥石薄片所形成的微孔隙结构。     

流体样品的复电阻率特性测试研究

在实验室对地层中常见的流体样品的复电阻率特性进行了测量，得到了样品电阻率的幅频和相频曲线。根据测量结果分析了不同样品的复电阻率异常特征，讨论了不同流体的极化机理的差异，得出如下结论：①不含矿物杂质的纯净水没有低频极化现象；②只要水中含有矿物质．就可能有离子定向极化和电化学极化效应；③电化学极化的驰豫时间要大干电化学极化效应；④纯原油可产生介电极化现象．介电极化的驰豫时间最长；⑤相位曲线对极化异常反映更敏感。这些研究结果对研究激发极化机理，指导激发极化法找水和找油都具有重要参考价值。     

用核磁共振扩散系数测井识别并量化碳酸盐岩地层的油和水

本文介绍了一个成功的实例：在复杂的碳酸盐岩地层中用二维核磁共振（NMR）技术确定油水界面（OWC）。解释方法以核磁共振扩散系数为基础，识别油层、水层和过渡带，并量化灰岩储层的含油饱和度。通常在用核磁共振测井确定烃类类型和饱和度时，要求高反差的本征驰豫时间或视驰豫时间、扩散系数，或两者均高反差。中东的许多碳酸盐岩储层包含的孔隙大，伴随着低驰豫，引起水的T1和T2时间长。此外由于轻油的驰豫时间长，使水和轻油之间的T2或磁化差异几乎为零。当这些储集层含有轻质油或高气油比的油时，油水之间扩散系数的差异也不明显。因此，大部分的核磁共振烃类识别技术难以区分油水信号。本文实例介绍的根据二维核磁共振解释建立的扩散系数测井是有效的，它甚至可用于边际油气田的扩散差异情况。此外，对Coates渗透率模型进行了修正，并用于孔洞局部连通的碳酸盐岩地层。     

低孔低渗砂岩储层特征及岩石物理实验分析

随着石油勘探和开发程度的延伸,低孔渗油田储量所占的比例越来越大。低孔低渗储层压实程度高,成岩作用复杂,地质解释模型和测井解释模型拟合复杂。低孔低渗储层孔隙的形成和演化受成岩作用的控制,主要成岩作用有机械压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用。压实作用、胶结作用不利于孔隙的演化,而溶蚀作用有利于次生孔隙的形成。从岩石物理实验的角度开展研究,分析了低孔低渗岩石地层因素与孔隙度、电阻增大率与含油饱和度的关系以及核磁共振横向驰豫(T_2谱)特性等。对低孔低渗砂岩与常规砂岩物性进行了对比分析。指出了低孔渗储层岩石物理特征的特殊性,为准确测井解释油气层提供了依据。     

应用核磁共振成像技术测量裂缝开度和多相流动

核磁共振成像(NMRI)技术用于测量裂缝开口的空间分布和岩石裂缝中两相流体的分布。核磁共振成像技术适用于已知的岩石孔隙模型。核磁共振成像孔隙评价结果与标准孔隙和水动力孔隙评价结果完全一致。通过核磁共磁自旋——自旋驰豫时间能分辨出多孔岩石中的裂缝信息号，依据油水的核磁共振自旋晶格驰豫。时问分辨非混相裂缝流动中油水的区域分布。     

低孔低渗砂岩储层特征及岩石物理实验分析

随着石油勘探和开发程度的延伸．低孔渗油田储量所占的比例越来越大。低孔低渗储层压实程度高，成岩作用复杂，地质解释模型和测井解释模型拟合复杂。低孔低渗储层孔隙的形成和演化受成岩作用的控制，主要成岩作用有机械压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用。压实作用、胶结作用不利于孔隙的演化，而溶蚀作用有利于次生孔隙的形成。从岩石物理实验的角度开展研究．分析了低孔低渗岩石地层因素与孔隙度、电阻增大率与含油饱和度的关系以及核磁共振横向驰豫（T2谱）特性等，对低孔低渗砂岩与常规砂岩物性进行了对比分析，指出了低孔渗储层岩石物理特征的特殊性，为准确测井解释油气层提供了依据。     

根据烃与水的T2差异确定含烃饱和度

核磁共振测井在储层评价应用方面取得了很大的成功,油气的定性识别与定量评价一直是其重要的研究发展方向.烃与水在T2分布上通常具有对称与近似对称特性,经过推导,可以将多种特征成分驰豫简化成只有烃与水两种特征驰豫.利用烃与水的T2差异可以确定差分谱上烃的信号大小,经T1校正与含氢指数校正,可以得到地层的含烃孔隙度与含烃饱和度.将此方法应用到油水层与气水层的实际资料处理,流体类型识别和油气定量评价效果较好.     

矿化度对流体核磁共振性质影响的实验研究

横向驰豫时间T2、含氢指数H1和扩散系数D是核磁共振测井技术中重要的参数，通过实验研究发现矿化类型和矿化度对它们的影响是不同的。具体的变化规律是：①扩散系数随矿化度的增加而减小，但矿化类型不同，扩散系数受矿化度的影响不同，受CaCl2溶液的影响很小，而受NaC1和KC1溶液影响相对大；②自由流体的横向驰豫时间T2随矿化度变化。对于CaC12溶液，T2随矿化度的增加而减小，而对NaC1和KC1溶液，T2随矿化度的增加而增大；③含氢指数H1随矿化度的增加而减小；CaC12溶液相对NaC1和KC1溶液受到的影响要小得多。     

Characterizing the aging of asphaltic materials through the evolution of continuous relaxation spectrum

Abstract

Similar to other construction materials, asphaltic materials used for pavements are susceptible to environmental conditions. Subsequently, the environmental factors such as aging should be considered in the design process of flexible pavements. In this study, the possibility of the use of relaxation spectrum for viscoelastic materials to capture the effect of aging has been explored. Different types of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures were tested and analyzed to ensure the validity of the results. The results indicate that through characterizing the evolution of spectrum using statistical parameters, the effect of aging on physical properties of asphaltic materials can be captured.     

Long-term Aging Properties of Bitumen With Expanded Vermiculite and Different Inorganic Nanoparticles

The authors evaluate a novel bitumen modification by using the expanded vermiculite (EVMt) and three inorganic nanoparticles. The effect of EVMt and inorganic nanoparticles on physical and long-term aging properties of bitumen was investigated. The results show that the physical properties of bitumen are slightly influenced by with the introduction of nanomaterials. As a result of pressurized aging vessel, ultraviolet (UV) radiation aging, the viscosity aging index of bitumen is decreased obviously by adding the nanomaterials. It indicates that nanomaterials can improve the thermal and UV aging resistance of bitumen simultaneously. Furthermore, this improvement depends on the inorganic nanoparticle types. Compared with nano-silica and nano-titanium dioxide modified bitumens, bitumen with 1% EVMt and 3% nano-zinc oxide shows the lower viscosity aging index values, indicating its good long-term aging resistance.     

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GULF ASPHALTS

The neat asphalt samples collected from the different asphalt producing refineries in the Gulf countries were subjected to two aging processes to simulate heating, mixing and compaction, and in service aging. The asphalt samples of the different aging stages were subjected to physical and chemical tests. The measured physical and consistency properties were used to calculate various temperature susceptibility indices. Corbett analysis, Ion exchange chromatography, HP-GPC, and FT-1R analysis were used to study the effect of aging on the molecular nature of asphalts.     

Influence of Asphaltenes on the Rheological Properties of Blended Paving Asphalts

Abstract

Some of the refineries in India produce asphalt by blending propane deasphalting (PDA) pitch and heavy extract. This investigation reports the rheological and chemical characterization of various blends made with PDA pitch and heavy extract. The main objective is to develop an understanding on the influence of asphaltene change on the changes in the rheological properties under all aged conditions. Three blend proportions were manufactured using three different crude sources, and all the blends were subjected to short- and long-term aging. All the blends were tested for steady shear, creep and recovery, and stress relaxation properties. A chemical composition analysis of all the blended asphalt samples was carried out under all three aging conditions. It was seen that the proportion of PDA pitch considerably controls the rheological properties and that the kinetics of short-term aging are completely different when compared to long-term aging for blended asphalt.     

聚乙烯薄膜的光氧老化及影响因素

研究了光氧老化过程对聚乙烯薄膜物理性能的影响,对比考察了光稳定剂对不同种类、不同厚度聚乙烯薄膜耐光氧老化性能的影响。结果表明,这种薄膜的老化性能可用力学、热学、光谱参数表征;当薄膜厚度为30－150μm时,不加光稳定剂的薄膜厚度对光氧老化性能的影响不大,加光稳定剂后薄膜厚度对光氧老化性能的影响是随膜厚的增大而迅速增大。     

Influence of multi-dimensional nanomaterials on the aging behavior of bitumen and SBS modified bitumen

The influence of multi-dimensional nanomaterials on the aging behavior of bitumen and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS) modified bitumen was compared. The laboratory aging methods included thin film oven test, pressure aging vessel and accelerated ultraviolet aging. The results showed that the deterioration of physical and rheological performances of two types of bitumens during thermal oxidation and photo oxidation aging could be slowed down by adding multi-dimensional nanomaterials effectively. In contrast with base bitumen, multi-dimensional nanomaterials had a better improvement on anti-aging ability of SBS modified bitumen. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test result manifested that multi-dimensional nanomaterials could retard the degradation of SBS modifiers during the aging process.     

Performance evaluation of asphalt containing layered double hydroxides with different zinc ratio in the host layer

The effects of five layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with different zinc ratio on the physical and rheological properties, chemical components, and anti-UV aging performance of asphalt were evaluated. Results show that LDHs improve the deformation resistance of asphalt at high temperature. After UV aging, LDH-modified asphalts show the smaller changes of physical and rheological properties and chemical components in comparison with asphalt, indicating the improved UV aging resistance. By comparison, the LDHs with higher ratio of zinc in the layers have the more outstanding UV reflection ability, leading to a beneficial effect in improving UV aging resistance of asphalt.     

油藏条件下聚合物溶液老化数学模型新探

聚合物老化降解是影响高温油藏中聚合物驱效果的重要因素。利用油藏数值模拟技术评估聚合物老化降解对驱替效果影响的技术关键在于聚合物老化降解数学模型的建立。基于聚合物老化降解的黏度一阶常微分方程建立了油藏条件下的黏度修正模型,给出了油藏条件下聚合物黏度变化的偏微分方程描述形式。结合聚合物质量守恒方程,证明了在黏浓关系是多项式关系的条件下,黏度修正模型是成立的。黏度修正模型揭示了油藏中任意一点聚合物黏度受到聚合物自身降解和流动两方面影响的过程,描述了聚合物老化降解过程中质量浓度不变,黏度降低的物理现象,比目前商业数值模拟器中的黏度模型更加贴近聚合物在多孔介质中流动的物理实际。修正黏度模型的推导与论证为聚合物老化降解的数值模拟研究提供了理论支持。     

Effect of Nano-zinc Oxide on the Morphology and Ultraviolet Aging Properties of Various Bitumens

Effect of nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) on the morphology and ultraviolet (UV) aging properties of two bitumens was investigated by atomic force microscopy, physical properties and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy before and after UV aging. The results show that the mechanism of nano-ZnO depends on the base bitumen. In one case, nano-ZnO contributes to the homogeneous dispersion of bee-like structures. In the other case, it leads to the separation of asphaltenes from the matrix. Compared with B2, nano-ZnO exhibits a better improvement in UV aging resistance of B1 by showing the lower increased viscosity values, rheological aging index, and carbonyl indexes.     

超分子紫外阻隔材料改性沥青的研究与应用

采用超分子紫外阻隔材料制备了路用耐老化沥青和屋面防水用耐老化沥青,研究了超分子紫外阻隔材料对基质沥青和SBS改性沥青物理性能和老化性能的影响。结果表明超分子紫外阻隔材料可显著改善基质沥青和SBS改性沥青的耐紫外光老化性能,并明显提高沥青混合料的抗车辙能力。