A Novel Wavelet Packet Division Multiplexing Based on Maximum Likelihood Algorithm and Optimum Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation for Rayleigh Fading Channels

Wavelet packet division multiplexing (WPDM) is a high-capacity, flexible, and robust multiple-signal transmission technique. In this paper, a novel WPDM system based on optimum pilot symbol assisted modulation (OPSAM) and a maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm is studied for Rayleigh fading channels. The ML detecting algorithm and the new discrete wavelet packet transform structure, which is based on pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) using a least mean squares algorithm, are two novel aspects of the presented system. An expression for the bit error rate of the WPDM scheme on quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is derived in the presence of flat fading and Gaussian noise. It is demonstrated by simulation results that the OPSAM WPDM scheme can provide greater immunity to flat fading channels and Gaussian noise than the OPSAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme, the differential QPSK WPDM scheme, and the normal PSAM WPDM scheme.     

Practical coding for QAM transmission of HDTV

It is demonstrated how modulation schemes based on QPSK can be directly incorporated into QAM-based systems. It is argued that this leads directly to an easily implementable structure that is both efficient in bandwidth and data reliability. It is contended that the correct solution to the concatenated coding problem for HDTV transmission is to simply extend the modulation codes developed for QPSK-to-QAM modulation. In nonconcatenated situations, a trellis code based on a binary code at rate 2/3 is usually best. However, this is not the case for higher error rates at the output of the trellis decoder (e.g., when a symbol error correcting decoder follows as a concatenated code). The reason for this follows from an analysis of the effect of the number of nearest neighbors on the error rate. A four-way partition of QAM is a natural extension of QPSK modulation; it is a simple matter to incorporate any good QPSK code into a trellis coding scheme for QAM modulation. A concatenated coding scheme based on QPSK trellis codes and symbol error correcting coding is proposed. An example is presented to show the advantages of this approach     

Variable rate transmission and blind rate detection for coherentDS-CDMA mobile radio

A variable rate data transmission and blind rate detection scheme is proposed for coherent DS-CDMA mobile radio. The data to be transmitted is first transformed into a QPSK symbol sequence, then multiplied by the rate-matched repetition code of `1, -1'. And finally spread over a wide bandwidth. At the receiver, the received signal is despread by a matched filter and non-coherent rate detection is applied. The despread signal sample sequence is then multiplied by a repetition code of detected rate to recover the original transmitted QPSK symbol sequence. The probability of rate detection error for a three-rate case is evaluated by computer simulations in a two-path Rayleigh fading channel     

一种改善频谱利用率的新式混合非对称喷泉映射策略

喷泉码的原理是利用传送端产生无限多个编码数据分组,直至接收端正确地接收足够数量的编码数据分组,便可以恢复出原来的未编码信息。这种特性说明,在解出原有未编码的信息过程中,所有编码数据分组具有几乎相等的重要性。本文利用这个特性,提出了一种应用于喷泉码中的新式BPSK/QPSK混合非对称映射策略。此策略可以显著地提高系统的频谱使用率,尤其在信道具有较低信噪比的情况下。本文首先给出了AWGN信道中各种映射方式符号错误率的理论结果,并利用不同的仿真结果,证明了本文提出的BPSK/QPSK混合非对称映射策略在较低信噪比的AWGN信道下,系统性能优于传统的QPSK调制策略。上述结果提供了如下启示:当传输信道为衰落信道或受到多普勒效应影响时,由于它们的瞬时信噪比较低的可能性较高,本文提出的新的混合调制策略在此类环境具有较好的性能。     

The error performance of Gray encoded QPSK and 8-PSK schemes in afading channel with cochannel interference

Closed-form BER (bit error rate) expressions are derived for Gray-encoded QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) and 8-PSK schemes using coherent detection in a slow Rayleigh fading narrowband channel with fading cochannel interference. Earlier work has been limited to deriving the approximate BER using the canonical Stein (1961) receiver concept. The symbol error rate (SER) for the QPSK scheme is also derived. The desired signal and the cochannel interferer are both PSK signals, modulated by different baseband pulses with identical signaling rate     

A low‐complexity MSK‐based M‐ary cyclic‐shift keying transceiver for direct sequence spread spectrum system over multipath fading channels

In this paper, a low‐complexity spread spectrum system with M‐ary cyclic‐shift keying (MCSK) symbol spreading is proposed. In addition, by using the minimum‐shift‐keying (MSK) as the chip‐level modulation, we obtain a high‐rate QPSK‐MCSK transceiver scheme which not only provides a constant‐envelop and continuous‐phase transmitted signal, but can also achieve a better performance than the conventional direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system. At the transmitter, the data stream is first mapped into QPSK‐MCSK symbols in terms of orthogonal Gold code sequences, then followed by the cyclic prefix (CP) insertion for combating the interblock interference, and finally applying the MSK scheme to maintain the constant‐envelope property. The receiver first performs MSK demodulation, then CP removal, and finally the channel‐included MCSK despreading and symbol demapping. Furthermore, the single input single output (SISO) QPSK‐MCSK transceiver can be easily extended to the multiple input single output (MISO) case by incorporating the space–time block coding for high‐link quality. Simulation results show that the proposed SISO and MISO QPSK‐MCSK systems significantly outperform the conventional DSSS counterparts under the AWGN channel, and attain a more robust performance under the multipath fading channel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同相位噪声谱对QPSK的性能影响分析

研究了相位噪声对QPSK系统的性能影响,利用高斯信道下带有相位噪声的条件误码率公式,分析了不同相位噪声谱所带来的解调损失。相位调制是一种恒包络调制方式,它对调制信号的相位偏移非常敏感,在单频相位噪声模型基础上,把相位噪声功率谱密度与相干解调的误码率公式相联系起来,计算了高斯信道条件下不同相位噪声谱对不同速率QPSK信号的解调损失。     

Low peak‐to‐average power ratio and efficient multicarrier spread spectrum transceivers using hybrid and quadrature cyclic shift orthogonal keying

This paper proposes two bandwidth and power efficient multicode multicarrier spread spectrum (MCSS) system modes based on a new cyclic shift orthogonal keying (CSOK) scheme that leads to low peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) signals. Both system modes can improve the bandwidth efficiency by loading more data bits per symbol block. The first system mode is the hybrid CSOK (HCSOK) mode, which combines phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation symbol with the CSOK symbol, for example, the important hybrid quadrature PSK (QPSK)–CSOK case. The second is the quadrature CSOK (QCSOK) mode that transmits two parallel binary phase shift keying (BPSK)–CSOK branches at the same time. For both modes, maximum likelihood receivers are derived and simplified, leading to efficient fast Fourier transform‐based structures for maximum ratio combining and cyclic‐code correlation. Theoretical bit error rate (BER) analysis is conducted for the hybrid QPSK–CSOK case. Simulation results demonstrate that both the two system modes considerably outperforms the traditional Walsh‐coded MCSS system in terms of bandwidth efficiency, PAPR, BER, and antijamming capability. Furthermore, in indoor channel, QCSOK performs slightly worse than QPSK–CSOK, but it has almost twice the data rate when the code length is large. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of time-delay spread on unequalized TCM in a portableradio environment

This paper studies the effects of time-delay spread on trellis-coded modulation (TCM) in portable radio channels, where equalization is not employed to mitigate frequency-selective fading. The average irreducible bit error rate (BER) of three different TCM schemes are analytically formulated first and then numerically evaluated by simulation. The results for a delay spread lower than 0.2 of the symbol period indicate that the performance of TCM schemes with interleaving/deinterleaving is much better than that of QPSK, and better TCM schemes for flat fading also give better performance under low delay spread. Analytical results indicate that a good TCM scheme in frequency-selective fading channels should have both a large Euclidean distance and a high degree of built-in time diversity. If higher time-delay spread is encountered, TCM does not have advantages over QPSK. We also compare TCM performance with and without diversity. It is found that diversity greatly improves the performance under low delay spread, while the diversity gain quickly diminishes as the RMS delay spread approaches 0.2 of the symbol period     

高速通用数字调制器的设计与实现

为了提高调制器的灵活性和可扩展性,设计了一个中心频率和符号速率可调,且支持多种调制体制的高速通用数字调制器方案,并能产生中频为80MHz,带宽为7.9365MHz的正交相移键控（QPSK）信号和16QAM（正交幅度调制）信号。集中论述基于软件无线电的通用调制算法、符号映射原理和高速成形滤波模块的具体实现。测试结果表明,该方案开放性好,结构简单,体积小,具有一定的实用性和通用性。     

空地高速数据传输研究

针对高速空地数据传输时由于地面反射产生信号衰落、引起码间干扰的问题,阐述了空地数据传输的二径模型、信号衰落的模式及特点;在此基础上,对QPSK、QAM和OVTDM 3种调制体制进行了分析;使用MATLAB对3种调制方式在二径模型下信号的码间干扰进行了仿真、比较,并给出了一种2符号OVTDM的信号波形。仿真及分析结果表明,2符号OVTDM的码间干扰和波形畸变小,频谱利用率高,性能优于QPSK和16QAM。     

Closed-Loop Bias Control of Optical Quadrature Modulator

We describe a relatively simple but effective closed-loop bias control of LiNbO₃ quadrature modulator (QM) for optical quaternary phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) transmission. Simulation and experimental results of the feedback control loop for maintaining near optimal operating points of the QM are described for 12.5-GSym/s optical QPSK. The control loop uses nonhigh-speed off-the-shelf components independent of the symbol rate. Similar performance of the control loop at higher symbol rates using the same components is expected     

基于随机旋转的准正交空时分组码研究

为了提高准正交空时分组码的性能,该文提出基于随机旋转的准正交空时分组码(Random-rotation QO-STBC)的发射分集方法。这种方法对每个输入信息符号序列进行随机旋转,使准正交空时分组码的符号间干扰(ISI)随机化。仿真结果表明,在41 MIMO QPSK调制系统中,采用最大似然检测方法,当误码率为10-5时,新的发射方案比传统的两种准正交空时分组码误码性能有约4dB的增益;当误码率低于10-4时,RR-J码相比于ST-LCP码,仍表现出0.51dB增益;当SNR高于16dB时,RR-J与CFR具有几乎相同的误码性能。文章讨论了实际系统中随机旋转矩阵数受限情况下性能的损失,仿真结果显示当可用随机旋转矩阵数大于16时,对系统性能的影响可以忽略。     

FTN系统中卫星通信QPSK信号的频偏估计研究

本文研究快于奈奎斯特信令(FTN)系统中的无数据辅助的QPSK信号频偏估计方法.相较于奈奎斯特系统,FTN系统的脉冲会叠加的更紧密以此来提高数据速率.据此,将FTN理论应用在卫星通信系统中吸引着众多研究者的目光.然而,由于FTN系统中码间干扰是不可避免的,在接收端准确的估计出频偏变得愈加困难.为了提高估计性能,本文基于接收信号同相与正交分量交叉项与二阶差分项信息,提出一种利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)估计频偏的方法.仿真结果证明,本文提出的方法可以准确地估计出频偏值.     

Performance of MMSE Receiver Based CDMA System with Higher Order Modulation Formats in a Fading Channel

This paper studies the effect of using higher order modulation formats on the performance of minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver based direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems at different loading levels in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and slow fading channels. The performance of BPSK, QPSK, and 16QAM modulation formats are compared and analytical and simulation results are presented in terms of the bit error rates (BER) for these different modulation formats. A comparison of the rejection of the near-far effects for each modulation scheme is also presented. The main contribution of this paper is in showing that user capacity may be increased by using higher order modulation schemes to cause the MMSE receiver to operate away from the interference limiting region. In particular it is shown that under high loading levels, 16QAM outperforms QPSK and BPSK for identical bandwidth and information rate, while at moderate loading levels, QPSK represents the best option. A combination of pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) and linear prediction are used to estimate the fading process. A general structure of the MMSE receiver capable of demodulating a wide range of digital modulation formats in this type of environment is presented.     

单载波MPSK/MQAM调制信号的参数盲估计改进算法研究

当对单载波多进制数字相位调制（Multiple Phase Shift Keying，MPSK）和多进制正交幅度调制（Multiple Quadrature Amplitude Modulation，MQAM）等星座类调制信号进行盲解调时，首先须进行频偏和符号速率的盲估计，传统的多次方谱频偏估计算法与二次小波符号速率估计算法具有较好的估计性能，但由于离散傅里叶变换（Discrete Fourier Transform，DFT）的栅栏效应以及噪声的影响，其估计精度和可靠性有限。针对这些问题，本文采用了新的频率估计方法从而减小栅栏效应的影响提高了频偏和符号速率的估计精度，并提出一种基于信噪比（Signal to Noise Ratio，SNR）和谱峰指数的置信度准则，增强了频偏估计的可靠性。以QPSK和16QAM为例，进行了仿真分析，仿真结果表明，改进算法复杂度略高于传统算法，但其性能优于传统算法性能，可以有效提高频偏以及符号速率的估计精度及其可靠性，16QAM和QPSK具有类似的性能趋势，但需要更高的信噪比才能达到和QPSK相同的性能。本文算法鲁棒性强，具有很好的应用价值。      

Multiple-bit differential detection of offset QPSK

Analogous to multiple-symbol differential detection of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), a multiple-bit differential detection scheme is described for offset QPSK that also exhibits continuous improvement in performance with increasing observation interval. Being derived from maximum-likelihood considerations together with the representation of differentially encoded offset QPSK as a continuous phase modulation, the proposed scheme is purported to be the most power-efficient scheme for such a modulation and detection method.     

A BPSK/QPSK Timing-Error Detector for Sampled Receivers

A simple algorithm for detection of timing error of a synchronous, band-limited, BPSK or QPSK data stream is proposed. The algorithm requires only two samples per symbol for its operation. One of the two samples is also used for the symbol decision. Derivation of thescurve reveals a sinusoidal shape.     

MLD and mse algorithms for adaptive detection of digital signals in the presence of interchannel interference

Adaptive mean-square error (mse) and maximum-likelihood detection (MLD) algorithms for a dual-channel digital communication system in the presence of interchannel interference and white Gaussian noise are presented. The mse algorithm forms estimates of the transmitted symbols from a linear combination of received symbols using weights that minimize the mse between transmitted and estimated symbols. The nonlinear MLD algorithm minimizes the probability of symbol error by maximizing the probability of the received signal samples on the two channels over ail possible transmitted symbol pairs. The probability of error is derived for the two algorithms when quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is used as a modulation technique, and is compared with that of a dual-channel QPSK system having no compensation for the crosstalk.     

Trellis-coded 8PSK with embedded QPSK

A coded eight-phase-shift-keying (C8PSK) method is described that is characterized by a quaternary phase-shift-keyed signal embedded in the modulated sequence. This method is a double-trellis-coded modification of the well-known C8PSK and is referred to as MC8PSK. Five coded bits are generated from four user bits in a single coding step and then mapped to an 8PSK symbol followed by a QPSK symbol. Given comparable decoder or receiver complexity, the coding gains of C8PSK and MC8PSK are comparable. Advantages of MC8PSK concern carrier synchronization. With C8PSK, problems with carrier phase tracking are encountered. With MC8PSK, these can be avoided, since carrier phase control can be based on the embedded QPSK. For some codes, error-free decoding is achievable in any locking condition of a QPSK-dependent PLL (phase locked loop), making synchronization and decoding especially simple. The partitioning of the channel symbol set, the associated bit mapping, and the code design are treated in order to describe MC8PSK. Aspects of receiver synchronization are discussed for C8PSK and for MC8PSK, focusing on QPSK phase-detection principles. The implementation of a four-state MC8PSK modem for an information rate of 2.048 Mb/s is described, and experimental results demonstrating the very robust carrier synchronization are presented