自动售货机金钱管理系统中 AOP 框架设计与应用

针对传统自动售货机软件体系结构中软件各组件间关系复杂、组件职责不清晰等问题基础上,转向AOP技术,提出了一种面向自动售货机实时系统软件开发领域的可复用、分层的面向方面软件实现框架R-AoSAS,该架构使得功能组件模块和非功能组件模块分离,为了实现功能组件和非功能组件的绑定或组合,该框架通过调用方面的Join Point作为它们之间的接口。在应用该框架进行实时系统软件开发时,对于定时服务、任务创建和任务调度等非功能约束的实现可以交给R-AoSAS框架核心控制层提供的时间管理模型和任务调度模型去完成,从而在软件产品层面上提高系统软件开发的质量和软件的复用性。为了验证R-AoSAS的性能,将该框架应用于金钱管理系统的开发设计,从该系统的应用中充分体现了该框架的应用前景。     

Toward automated feature model configuration with optimizing non-functional requirements

ContextA software product line is a family of software systems that share some common features but also have significant variabilities. A feature model is a variability modeling artifact, which represents differences among software products with respect to the variability relationships among their features. Having a feature model along with a reference model developed in the domain engineering lifecycle, a concrete product of the family is derived by binding the variation points in the feature model (called configuration process) and by instantiating the reference model.ObjectiveIn this work we address the feature model configuration problem and propose a framework to automatically select suitable features that satisfy both the functional and non-functional preferences and constraints of stakeholders. Additionally, interdependencies between various non-functional properties are taken into account in the framework.MethodThe proposed framework combines Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) to compute the non-functional properties weights based on stakeholders’ preferences and interdependencies between non-functional properties. Afterwards, Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning is applied to find the optimal feature model configuration.ResultOur approach improves state-of-art of feature model configuration by considering positive or negative impacts of the features on non-functional properties, the stakeholders’ preferences, and non-functional interdependencies. The approach presented in this paper extends earlier work presented in [1] from several distinct perspectives including mechanisms handling interdependencies between non-functional properties, proposing a novel tooling architecture, and offering visualization and interaction techniques for representing functional and non-functional aspects of feature models.Conclusionour experiments show the scalability of our configuration approach when considering both functional and non-functional requirements of stakeholders.     

Information Systems Development as an Activity

Information systems development (ISD) is analysed in this paper as asystemic work activity, using Activity Analysis and Development (ActAD)as the theoretical framework. ISD is regarded here as the process bywhich some collective work activity is facilitated by newinformation-technological means through analysis, design, implementation,introduction and sustained support, as well as process management. Itis a temporary, boundary-crossing activity which draws its actors,means, rules, etc. from two sides – typically a software companyand the IS user organization. ISD is analysed as a part of a networkof activities, too, around software development and a computer-supporteduse activity. A theoretical framework and a pragmatic checklist arepresented for studying ISD activities. It is argued that the activity-theoretical framework provides a theoretically foundedbut detailed and practicable procedure for studying ISD as a workactivity in context.     

可信软件非功能需求形式化表示与可满足分析

可信软件的可信性由其功能需求和非功能需求共同来体现,其中,非功能需求的实现是可信软件获得用户对其行为实现预期目标能力的信任程度的客观依据.针对可信软件的重要性以及对可信软件的迫切需求,在可信软件的早期需求工程阶段,提出可信软件非功能需求驱动的过程策略选取方法.首先,对可信软件需求进行定义,提出由功能需求和非功能需求中的可信关注点构成可信需求,非可信关注点的非功能需求则定义为软目标,用于表达质量需求,基于模糊集合论和信息熵对可信软件非功能需求进行排序并获取可信关注点和软目标.在此基础上,提出可信软件非功能需求驱动的过程策略选取方法.传统的软件早期需求工程阶段的目标是为了获取满足需求的技术及设计决策,与此不同,本文对可信软件非功能需求进行分析的目标是获取过程策略,从过程角度解决可信软件生产问题.由于非功能需求间复杂的相关关系,尤其是因为存在冲突关系,故提出了基于可满足性问题求解方法推理过程策略的方法,选取满足可信软件非功能需求的过程策略.最后,通过第三方可信认证中心软件的案例,说明所提出方法的可行性.     

Can the case for CASE technology be advanced by Process Improvement?

Findings of a case study that focused on understanding how software development proceeded in a small Information Systems Department (ISD) located within a major public sector service are presented. The observations collected relate to a period prior to, during and after the introduction of a CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) tool. They are based on a combination of minutes from quality circle meetings, interviews and regular on-site observations by the first author. The study used a framework loosely based on SEI's CMM model to characterize the state of practice before and after the introduction of the tool and to assess process improvement.Prior to the introduction of the first CASE tool a typical ISD software development task was a standalone single reporting application. The software development process model consisted simply of requirements acquisition and program development. Both these activities for a particular application were carried out by an individual developer within a few months. The former activity involved the client/user, with the level of participation dependent on the developer. Similarly, program development varied from one developer to another, with most effort being expended on coding and testing. Not surprisingly, maintenance was locked to the original developer.A decision that ISD should develop larger and more complex applications triggered the purchase of a CASE tool. Typically, the larger applications would be developed by a team of about five people over a period of twelve or more months. The introduction of CASE tools, first Case Designer 5.1 then Designer 2000, had a marked effect on the working practices of ISD. Specifically two more stages were introduced into the development activity: designing via an entity-attribute relationship model and validation via rapid prototyping; and greater attention was paid to the management of testing and fault reporting.The paper explores whether the benefits accrued by ISD can be attributed to the CASE tool, the changes in work practices, or a combination of both.     

可信软件非功能需求可满足性经济学方法分析

针对软件可信性的重要性以及非功能需求的策略选取对软件可信性的影响,提出了一种在早期需求工程阶段将用于辅助决策的经济学和需求工程相结合的方法,并提出了可信软件非功能需求可满足性的策略选取框架,以辅助策略选取。首先,对功能需求及经济学方法概念进行了定义和转换,例如,将软件开发过程中的非功能需求看作经济学生产过程中的生产要素、软件的利益相关者看作生产过程中的生产者等;并定义了非功能需求分解模型。在此基础上,基于模糊集合论和信息熵对软件非功能需求进行模糊排序从而获取利益相关者的关键非功能需求,并利用经济学中生产过程的相关方法计算使用策略的可信性效益,辅助策略的选取。以移动基础维护管理平台为例,使用提出的方法,说明了所提方法的可行性。     

软件非功能需求权衡代价

软件非功能需求的实现涉及软件质量这一重要问题,非功能需求的满足程度,直接影响软件质量的满足程度.针对一直以来对软件质量的一贯重视以及软件非功能需求权衡的重要性,借鉴微观经济学领域的生产理论、替代弹性原理和线性规划方法,提出了软件非功能需求权衡代价分析方法并开发了辅助工具.首先,对项目组前期完成的可信软件非功能需求可满足性分析方法进行改进,提出了利益相关者通过协商获取非功能需求评估数据的方法,建立了非功能需求本体概念并构建本体知识库;针对实现非功能需求的策略,使用前期已完成的策略推理方法,对推理产生矛盾的策略提出权衡代价分析方法;通过分析策略实施代价,为软件开发及演化提供具有实际可操作的权衡决策依据,从更加符合产业化需要的角度解决软件非功能需求权衡问题;最后,基于可信第三方认证中心软件案例的维护及演化需要,对推理出矛盾的策略进行权衡代价分析,并给予决策建议,说明所提出方法的可行性.     

基于.NET的图书信息管理系统的研究

针对当前图书信息管理比较混乱的问题,本文设计了异构图书信息管理系统,首先对系统的需求从功能性需 求和非功能性需求两方面进行了分析;其次对系统进行了总体分析;最后给出了部分功能的具体实现。本文对图书管理人员 和软件研发人员都具有积极的作用。     

Quality requirements engineering for systems and software architecting: methods, approaches, and tools

Requirements engineering and software architecture are quite mature software engineering sub-disciplines, which often seem to be disconnected for many reasons and it is difficult to perceive the impact of functional and non-functional requirements on architecture and to establish appropriate trace links for traceability purposes. In other cases, the estimation of how non-functional requirements, as the quality properties a system should pose, is not perceived useful enough to produce high-quality software. Therefore, in this special issue, we want to highlight the importance and the role of quality requirements for architecting and building complex software systems that in many cases require multidisciplinary engineering techniques, which increases the complexity of the software development process.     

一个表示和运用非功能性需求的框架

本文分析了一个软件开发进程中表示和运用非功能性需求的综合框架，该框架的目的是开发一套技术以调整软件开发进程中的设计决策，从而强调了依据非功能需求，探索合理化的软件开发进程。     

A layered Virtual Organization architecture for grid

Virtual Organizations (VOs) are dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources. VOs are widely accepted in grid and other distributed computing environments. Previous VO research produces several separate tools to provide part of the functionality including user registration, user mapping, authentication, authorization, and VO management. However, none of the work covers all the functionality or focuses on non-functional properties. This paper formally defines virtual organization in terms of three functional requirements and four non-functional properties. The functional requirements are user management, resource management, and VO management. The non-functional properties are decentralization, flexibility, simplicity, and efficiency. The problem is formulated as designing a VO architecture to satisfy the functional requirements and achieve the non-functional properties at the same time.     

需求分析与获取的方法学与技术

本文给出需求工程的一般框架，在对需求分类的基础上主要讨论非功能性（即非行为性）需求，提出对软件需求规范和分析技术的要求，并强调对现有相关工作评价的其中两个方面。     

Managing software requirements using quality function deployment

In this article we describe and discuss QFD (quality function deployment) as a framework for managing software requirements. Experiences were gained while participating as researchers in a commercial large-scale software telecommunications project at Ericsson Radio Systems AB. We found that prerequisites for succeeding with QFD include having visible customers and users, forming a cross-functional team adequately trained in QFD, and allowing adequate time for its first application. Advantages of using QFD are: better focus on customers and users, an effective means of prioritizing and communicating software requirements; and managing non-functional requirements. Issues not fully supported by QFD include adequate abstractions levels in describing requirements, handling temporal relations between requirements and initiating the use of QFD for a new development project.     

Decomposition in Real-Time Safety-Critical Systems

Existing formal techniques for the development of software for use in safety-critical systems do not adequately address non-functional system requirements such as those involving timing. In this paper we describe a formal development method in which specifications may be decomposed into unexceptional programs whilst preserving the functional and timing requirements of the specification. We illustrate the method with a speed monitoring example.     

Information system development activities and inquiring systems: an integrating framework

This article presents a framework that maps information system development (ISD) activities on systems for the creation of knowledge. This work addresses the relevant and persisting problem of improving the chances of ISD success. The article builds upon previous research on knowledge aspects of ISD, abandoning the idea of a monolithic approach to knowledge and presenting a pluralistic approach based on the idea that different inquiring systems can support micro-level ISD activities. The article is divided into two parts. The first part presents the theoretical development of the framework based on ISD literature and on Churchman's (1971) inquiring systems. The second part presents the use of the framework in an ISD project. The case is used to show the applicability of the framework and to highlight the advantages of this approach. The main theoretical implication is that the framework provides a new way to see the development of a system in terms of the knowledge created in the process. The main practical implication of the framework is that it improves the managers' ability to guide ISD activities as knowledge activities embedded in a knowledge process, a crucial element in development projects.     

Automatic synthesis and verification of real-time embedded software for mobile and ubiquitous systems

Currently available application frameworks that target the automatic design of real-time embedded software are poor in integrating functional and non-functional requirements for mobile and ubiquitous systems. In this work, we present the internal architecture and design flow of a newly proposed framework called Verifiable Embedded Real-Time Application Framework (VERTAF), which integrates three techniques namely software component-based reuse, formal synthesis, and formal verification. Component reuse is based on a formal unified modeling language (UML) real-time embedded object model. Formal synthesis employs quasi-static and quasi-dynamic scheduling with multi-layer portable efficient code generation, which can output either real-time operating systems (RTOS)-specific application code or automatically generated real-time executive with application code. Formal verification integrates a model checker kernel from state graph manipulators (SGM), by adapting it for embedded software. The proposed architecture for VERTAF is component-based which allows plug-and-play for the scheduler and the verifier. The architecture is also easily extensible because reusable hardware and software design components can be added. Application examples developed using VERTAF demonstrate significantly reduced relative design effort as compared to design without VERTAF, which also shows how high-level reuse of software components combined with automatic synthesis and verification increases design productivity.     

SQA-Mashup: A mashup framework for continuous integration

ContextContinuous Integration (CI) has become an established best practice of modern software development. Its philosophy of regularly integrating the changes of individual developers with the master code base saves the entire development team from descending into Integration Hell, a term coined in the field of extreme programming. In practice, CI is supported by automated tools to cope with this repeated integration of source code through automated builds and testing. One of the main problems, however, is that relevant information about the quality and health of a software system is both scattered across those tools and across multiple views.ObjectiveThis paper introduces a quality awareness framework for CI-data and its conceptional model used for the data integration and visualization. The framework called SQA-Mashup makes use of the service-based mashup paradigm and integrates information from the entire CI-toolchain into a single service.MethodThe research approach followed in our work consists out of (i) a conceptional model for data integration and visualization, (ii) a prototypical framework implementation based on tool requirements derived from literature, and (iii) a controlled user study to evaluate its usefulness.ResultsThe results of the controlled user study showed that SQA-Mashup’s single point of access allows users to answer questions regarding the state of a system more quickly (57%) and accurately (21.6%) than with standalone CI-tools.ConclusionsThe SQA-Mashup framework can serve as one-stop shop for software quality data monitoring in a software development project. It enables easy access to CI-data which otherwise is not integrated but scattered across multiple CI-tools. Our dynamic visualization approach allows for a tailoring of integrated CI-data according to information needs of different stakeholders such as developers or testers.     

System security requirements: A framework for early identification,specification and measurement of related software requirements

One of the responsibilities of developers is the early definition of non-functional requirements (NFR) at the system level and their related allocation as functional user requirements (FUR) at the software level. To identify some of the widely consensual security elements that could be used in a standards-based security framework, the security-related terminology and views from three sets of international standards (ECSS, IEEE and ISO) are analyzed and integrated. Next, the set of concepts adopted by ISO 19761 for describing software functionality at a lower level are introduced, thereby ensuring that the proposed framework is designed for measurement purposes as well. For the capture of security concepts, the proposed framework is designed using soft-goal interdependency graphs (SIG) and three main system NFR-security types: system availability, confidentiality and integrity. This standards-based system security framework at the function and service level can support software developers to derive such requirements in the early stages of the development process. Finally, an ATM example for the measurement of system security NFR allocated as software FUR within a service-oriented architecture (SOA) is presented.     

Composer: meeting non-functional aspects of hypermedia authoring environment

This paper discusses the importance of non-functional requirements in the design of hypermedia authoring tools, which typically provides multiple graphical abstractions (views). It focuses on creating products and services that operate robustly across a broad range of environments, and that take into account the changeable needs of their users over time, as they become more familiar with the tool. In order to meet these non-functional aspects, this paper proposes a microkernel-based architecture for authoring tools, where the microkernel is responsible for instantiating the requested extensions (plugins), maintaining the core data model that represents the hypermedia document under development, and notifying changes in this model to plugins interested in them. Based on the proposed architecture, a new version of Composer (an NCL authoring tool) is presented, rewritten from scratch. Results from experiments show that the discussed non-functional requirements are adequately met.