一种在NLOS环境下应用于NB-IoT系统的组合定位算法

传统非视距(NLOS)误差下无线定位的TDOA算法通常是减弱NLOS误差影响或直接提取LOS测量值,对于窄带物联网(NB-IoT)需要解决LOS与NLOS传输并存下的定位精度问题。文中采用最小二乘法对NLOS和LOS传播进行鉴别,然后对NLOS下的TDOA值进行优化处理。在此前提下,提出一种组合定位的算法,采用Taylor级数展开法计算LOS传输情况,用CHAN算法计算NLOS传输情况,再通过组合定位得到定位结果。仿真结果表明,改进后算法在NLOS的信道环境下的定位性能明显提高。     

一种改进的无线定位算法

Taylor级数展开法和Chan算法是两种性能优良的利用电波到达时间差(TDOA)的定位算法,前者简单实用,但是其缺点是对初值比较敏感；后者在视距(LOS)传播环境下有较高的定位精度,二者结合可以大大提高定位的精度。但是在非视距(NLOS)传播环境下Chan算法精度会受到较大的影响,从而影响到Taylor级数展开法的定位精度。本文根据NLOS传播环境下附加传播时延和均方根时延扩展的统计特性,对NLOS误差的均值和方差进行估计,对TDOA测量值进行修正,采用Chan算法计算初值,再利用Taylor级数展开法进行定位,并与其它两种基于Taylor级数展开法的定位方法结果进行了比较。仿真结果表明,该算法能够提高NLOS传播环境下的定位精度,性能优于另外两种基于Taylor级数展开法的定位方法。     

一种基于随机森林的LOS/NLOS基站识别方法

蜂窝移动通信环境复杂多变,在基站和移动台之间不可避免会出现电波的非视距（Non-Line-of-Sight,NLOS）传播,使基站和移动台之间的距离测量误差显著增大,导致定位性能急剧下降。为了准确识别出视距（Line-of-Sight,LOS）与非视距传播的基站信号,提出了一种基于随机森林的LOS/NLOS基站识别方法,通过分析移动台与各基站接收机测量距离与定位误差之间的相关性,选择LOS/NLOS测量距离作为特征进行分类器训练,再将分类器用于LOS/NLOS基站的识别。仿真结果表明,该方法对NLOS基站的正确识别率达到90%以上,能取得较好的定位性能。     

一种基于散射体模型的NLOS误差抑制方法

在无线定位中,非视距（NLOS）传播成为高精度定位的主要障碍,它严重约束了无线移动台的定位精度。提出了一种新颖的减小非视距误差的方法。该基于到达时间（TOA）分布的定位算法是以多径散射为测量模型的。通过匹配由散射体模型产生的若干多径信号的TOA测量值的统计方法,可以获得视距（LOS）条件下基站与移动台之间的TOA估计值。由此,获得的LOS的TOA估计值可以用于任何传统的TOA定位算法。在NLOS环境中,该算法表明TOAA统的定位精度得到显著的提高。     

多天线NLOS定位误差抑制算法

为抑制非视距传播造成的定位误差,提出一种基于对各基站TOA测量结果进行NLOS判别的误差抑制算法。与传统基于TOA统计信息的NLOS抑制不同,算法直接利用移动台多天线接收数据判别基站视距状态,然后融合LOS和NLOS基站测量结果解算移动台位置。NLOS判别机制采用多天线接收数据估计信道莱斯K因子,利用K因子在LOS/NLOS下服从的不同概率分布在信号处理层面对NLOS基站进行判别。算法最后采用约束最优化方法融合识别后的LOS和NLOS基站的TOA测量结果解算移动台位置。仿真结果表明,所提融合NLOS基站TOA解算算法可有效提高NLOS存在时的定位精度。      

用于修正NLOS误差的超宽带定位方法

近年来,基于超宽带系统的室内定位凭借其高精度和高稳定性等优点得到了广泛应用。在复杂室内环境中,超宽带信号在障碍物间的非视距传播导致定位基站和标签之间的距离测量值产生额外误差从而导致定位精度下降。文章提出一种用于修正非视距(NLOS)误差的超宽带定位方法,通过基于自适应增强算法识别 NLOS 传播,识别后通过测量值重构对应视距测量值并计算位置坐标,最后通过无迹卡尔曼滤波算法修正定位误差。实验结果表明,该算法有效消除了 UWB 定位系统中较大的 NLOS 误差,提高了定位精度,具有很好的稳定性。     

一种改进的NLOS环境下的TDOA/AOA混合定位算法

在蜂窝移动通信系统中,利用基站测量的到达时间差(TDOA)和电波到达角(AOA)的混合定位方法能够比传统的TDOA方法提供更高的定位精度。但是在非视距(NLOS)条件下,当AOA的测量误差超过一定值时,定位的误差仍然很大。该文根据NLOS传播环境下附加传播时延服从指数分布的特性,估计附加时延的均值和方差,对TDOA测量值进行重构,再以AOA方法进行辅助定位。仿真结果表明,该算法能显著提高传统的TDOA和TDOA/AOA方法在NLOS传播环境下的定位精度。     

基于参数重构的非直达波混合定位算法

在蜂窝无线定位中,非视距(non-line-of-sight,NLOS)误差是影响定位精度的主要因素之一,故如何减轻NLOS误差影响是无线定位研究的热点。本文针对NLOS环境下的定位问题,提出基于参数重构的混合定位算法。首先利用波达角（angle-of-arrival,AOA）重构方法重构直达波AOA,随后充分利用AOA的重构结果,以最大似然估计法迭代估计直达波的波达时延（time-of-arrival,TOA）,最后利用这两个重构后的参数以视距（line-of-sight,LOS）混合定位方法估计出移动台的位置,以实现NLOS环境下的单基站定位,并获取较高的定位精度。这种方式无需视距与非视距识别,改进了传统的单目标参数重构模式。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。      

基于非视距误差直接估计的定位跟踪算法

在蜂窝无线定位中,由于非视距（non-line-of-sight, NLOS）误差是影响定位精度的主要因素之一,所以如何减轻NLOS误差影响成为当前无线定位研究的热点。本文针对NLOS环境下的定位跟踪问题,提出一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（extended Kalman filter ,EKF)的定位跟踪算法。该算法首先在最小二乘准测下推导出估计测量值中NLOS误差的直接计算公式,然后使用约束加权最小二乘（constrained weighted least squares, CWLS）方法计算出每一个测量值中所含的NLOS误差,最后利用NLOS误差估计值去修正EKF滤波,以便适应NLOS环境下的定位跟踪,并获取高的定位精度。这种方式不依赖于特定的NLOS误差分布,也无需视距（line-of-sight, LOS）和非视距识别。数值结果表明该算法相比较于经典EKF算法和基于NLOS迭代的EKF算法可以快速有效地抑制定位误差,并且可以在极为恶劣的NLOS环境下满足FCC的定位要求。另外,复杂性实验表明该算法可适用于实时跟踪。      

适用于NLOS传播环境的几何定位方法

基于非视距传播(NLOS)的影响,移动通信环境中波达时间(TOA)的测量误差具有正偏置的特性,本文提出了一种简单的几何定位方法。该方法根据基站分布和TOA测量数据确定出若干个定位点,对这些点的坐标取平均值即得到移动台的位置估计。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效提高NLOS传播环境下的定位精度,对LOS传播条件下的定位精度影响小。     

基于蜂窝网的抗NLOS定位算法研究

非视距（NLOS）误差是蜂窝网定位系统的主要误差源，直接影响基于蜂窝网络的定位系统的推广和应用。针对提高抗NLOS定位精度算法的研究，分别从NLOS传播特性、NLOS鉴别和NLOS抑制算法等几个方面进行了详细的分析和讨论，综述了该领域的最新研究进展，并提出了自己的观点。     

NLOS identification for UWB localization based on import vector machine

Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) based localization is one of the most promising techniques for high accuracy localization. The crucial factor that aggravates the localization precision is None-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) propagation. To address this issue, we propose a novel NLOS identification algorithm with feature selection strategy and a localization algorithm based on Import Vector Machine (IVM) with high accuracy and low complexity. The feature selection strategy further meliorates the classification accuracy. The probability outputs of IVM is employed by the localization algorithm and yields higher positioning accuracy than its counterpart methods – Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM). Simulation results prove that IVM is a robust and efficient method for NLOS identification and localization.     

Analysis of wireless geolocation in a non-line-of-sight environment

We present an analysis of the time-of-arrival (TOA), time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA) and signal strength (SS) based positioning methods in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment. Single path (line-of-sight (LOS) or NLOS) propagation is assumed. The best geolocation accuracy is evaluated in terms of the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) or the generalized CRLB (G-CRLB), depending on whether prior statistics of NLOS induced errors are unavailable or available. We then show that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) using only LOS estimates and the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimator using both LOS and NLOS data can asymptotically achieve the CRLB and the G-CRLB, respectively. Hybrid schemes that adopt more than one type of position-pertaining data and the relationship among the four methods in terms of their positioning accuracy are also investigated.     

Wireless Location Estimation With the Assistance of Virtual Base Stations

In recent years, wireless location estimation has attracted a significant amount of attention in different areas. Various types of radio signals are applied for the development of location-estimation algorithms. In this paper, the range measurements acquired from the received time-based information are adopted, and the modified least square (LS) method is utilized to process the raw data and to finally locate the target object. Practical issues, such as the nonline-of-sight (NLOS) errors and the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) effect, are of concern. The NLOS error will cause a large nonnegative bias while measuring the propagation delay, which will lead to an unreliable result for location estimation. On the other hand, a large GDOP value corresponds to a poor geometric topology, which will result in inferior performance by adopting most of the existing location algorithms. The proposed location-estimation algorithms with virtual base stations (VBSs) will both mitigate the influence from the NLOS errors by imposing the geometric constraints and reduce the GDOP effect by incorporating the assisted VBSs. Two iterative schemes are proposed, including the center-of-gravity-based VBS (VBS-CG) and the minimal GDOP-based VBS (VBS-MG) algorithms, to determine the required number and the locations of the assisted VBSs. The proposed VBS algorithms are compared with other existing location-estimation schemes via simulations. The performance of the VBS-MG algorithm is observed to outperform the other schemes, particularly under the environments with larger NLOS errors and poor geometric layouts.     

Prediction of cellular characteristics for various urbanenvironments

The propagation channel for UHF/X-band waves in the city is modeled for two typical cases in the urban scene: (a) by regularly distributed rows of buildings placed on a flat terrain; and (b) by an array of randomly distributed buildings placed on rough terrain. The law of distribution of buildings in both cases is assumed to be Poisson. The loss characteristics in such urban propagation channels, as well as the co-channel interference parameter, the carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I), are investigated. In case (a), the three-dimensional multi-slit waveguide model is used for LOS conditions, and the two-dimensional multi-diffraction model is used for NLOS conditions. In case (b), the statistical parametric model of wave propagation is used, including single and multiple scattering effects, diffraction from buildings' roofs, the actual built-up relief, and various positions of receiver and transmitter antennas on rough terrain. The full algorithm for predicting propagation and cellular characteristics to increase the accuracy of radio and cellular maps is presented