炼油厂产品深度脱硫工艺的研究进展

综述了国内外开发和应用的脱硫技术,通过一系列实例阐述了近年来催化加氢脱硫及非加氢脱硫的工艺进展。该技术主要有催化加氢脱硫（改进催化剂的合成、先进的反应器设计、蒸馏与加氢脱硫组合等）及非加氢脱硫技术（烷基化脱硫、溶剂萃取脱硫、沉淀脱硫、吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫和膜分离脱硫等）;评述了催化加氢脱硫、烷基化脱硫、吸附脱硫和氧化脱硫等脱硫技术的特点和研究应用前景。     

轻质燃料油脱硫技术研究进展

阐述了加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫、生物脱硫和萃取脱硫等轻质燃料油脱硫技术及相应脱硫原理,比较不同脱硫工艺的优缺点,展望脱硫工艺的发展方向,为了得到超低硫含量的燃料油,减少投资和降低成本,使生产过程对环境更加友好,将更多的研究集中于生物脱硫、离子液体脱硫和耦合脱硫等其他脱硫技术。     

FCC汽油非临氢脱硫技术进展

综述了国内外开发和应用的FCC汽油非临氢脱硫技术,该技术主要有生物脱硫、催化裂化脱硫、吸附脱硫、溶剂抽提脱硫、烷基化脱硫、氧化脱硫和膜分离脱硫等;评述了催化裂化脱硫、吸附脱硫和氧化脱硫等技术的特点和研究应用前景。     

非加氢脱硫技术研究与应用进展

综述了吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫、沉淀脱硫、生物脱硫、烷基化脱硫等几种非加氢脱硫技术的研究进展,特别是烷基化脱硫技术在FCC汽油中的脱硫机理与应用情况,指出非加氢脱硫技术,尤其是烷基化脱硫技术和生物脱硫技术具有较好的应用前景.     

汽油和柴油氧化脱硫技术进展

综述了国内外汽油、柴油氧化脱硫技术进展。介绍了选择性氧化脱硫、超声波氧化脱硫、光催化氧化脱硫、等离子体液相氧化脱硫、生物氧化脱硫、电化学氧化脱硫等。认为进一步探讨脱硫机理,提高脱硫效率和油品收率,降低脱硫成本,是氧化脱硫技术研究的重要方向。     

汽油深度脱硫技术进展

催化裂化汽油具有高硫含量、高烯烃含量的特点。本文综述了选择性加氢脱硫技术、催化裂化反应脱硫添加剂、吸附脱硫技术、氧化脱硫技术、烷基化脱硫技术、离子液体脱硫技术、溶剂抽提脱硫技术。选择性加氢、催化裂化、吸附脱硫和氧化脱硫技术均已比较成熟,烷基化脱硫、离子液体脱硫、溶剂抽提脱硫技术很有发展前景。     

油品非加氢脱硫技术新进展

综述了IRVAD、S-Zorb、LADS等吸附脱硫工艺,酸碱精制、有机溶剂脱硫、离子液体脱硫等萃取脱硫技术,烷基化脱硫技术,细菌脱硫、微生物脱硫、新型生物脱硫等生物脱硫技术,膜分离脱硫技术,添加剂脱硫技术,并比较了不同方法的优缺点。最后,从清洁生产的角度出发,对非加氢脱硫的前景进行了展望。     

联醇工艺中脱硫工艺技术的发展

论述和对比了联醇工艺中原料气脱硫所采用的栲胶脱硫工艺、ADA脱硫工艺、PDS脱硫工艺、氧化锌脱硫工艺、氧化铁脱硫工艺、活性炭脱硫工艺、铁钼加氢转化法脱硫工艺、有机硫水解脱硫工艺的技术原理和工艺特点;提出了将湿法脱硫与干法脱硫工艺进行合理组合,并结合有机硫水解装置的脱硫工艺选择理念;总结了“3次脱硫2次转化”脱硫工艺在联醇生产中的重要作用.     

非加氢脱硫技术研究进展及其在原油预脱硫中的应用展望

综述了目前轻质油品非加氢脱硫以及原油预脱硫的相关技术,关于轻质油品非加氢脱硫技术详细叙述了氧化脱硫、吸附脱硫和溶剂萃取脱硫等技术的研究进展,简要介绍了络合脱硫、膜分离脱硫等技术,阐述了各非加氢脱硫技术的特点及脱硫效果;针对原油预脱硫技术,主要介绍了物理法原油预脱硫、超声-氧化法原油预脱硫、电化学法原油预脱硫以及微生物法原油预脱硫等技术的研究进展,指出应用能耗低、操作条件温和、脱硫效果好的非加氢脱硫手段是未来的发展趋势,同时指出综合应用非加氢脱硫技术对原油进行预脱硫处理将是未来重要的研究方向。     

汽油和柴油的氧化脱硫技术新进展

论述了氧化法脱除汽油和柴油中有机硫技术进展。介绍了过氧化物氧化脱硫、臭氧氧化脱硫、氧气氧化脱硫、超声波氧化脱硫、生物氧化脱硫、电催化氧化脱硫和光化学氧化脱硫等,分析了不同方法的优势及应用现状。今后氧化脱硫技术研究的重要方向是进一步研究脱硫机理、提高脱硫率和降低成本。     

精-异丙甲草胺在大豆及土壤中的残留动态

为了评价精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态及环境安全性,在天津、吉林两地同时进行了精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态试验.结果表明,天津地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为19.1 d,在土壤中的半衰期为27.9 d;吉林地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为21.4 d,在土壤中的半衰期为34.1 d.收获的大豆籽粒中精-异丙甲草胺最终残留量均为未检出.     

苯酚在浊点萃取中凝聚层相的增溶规律

采用分光光度法测定了苯酚在非离子表面活性剂单相胶束溶液中和在非离子表面活性剂两相浊点萃取时凝聚层相中的增溶结果.实验表明：溶质在凝聚层相的增溶与表面活性剂形成胶束的结构有关.当凝聚层相的表面活性剂形成正相胶束时,溶质在凝聚层相的增溶规律和在表面活性剂胶束溶液中的增溶规律一致;当凝聚层相的表面活性剂形成反相胶束时,溶质在凝聚层相和在溶液相的浓度关系可理解为在这两种溶剂之间的分配随着凝聚层相的含水率逐渐降低趋近于一定值,溶质的分配系数也趋近于一定值.     

Stress Distribution in Single Lap Joints with a Cracked Composite Adherend—Part II: Laminated Adherends

The effect of a crack in the overlap region of an adhesive single lap joint is studied on the shear stress distribution in adhesive layer. Each adherend is considered to be a laminated composite material with unidirectional fibers aligned in the direction of the applied load. Crack location is selected to be in the top adherend laminate, in the form of cut fibers and matrix bays. The crack can occur in any layer. The shear-lag model is used to derive the equilibrium equations which are then solved by means of eigenvector expansion. The effects of adhesive thickness, crack size, and location in the adherend, total number of layers in each adherends, volume fraction of fibers, and type of fibers are investigated on the shear distribution in the adhesive as well as load distribution in the intact fiber at the crack tip located in the top adherend. The effect of dissimilar laminated adherends is also investigated on the adhesive shear stress distribution. According to the results, in the presence of a crack, the peak shear stress in the adhesive layer and load concentration in the fibers are very susceptible to the adhesive thickness and number of layers in laminated adherends.     

宝钢转炉钢包用耐火材料的现状及发展趋势

综述了宝钢转炉钢包用耐火材料的变化过程及使用现状 ,重点介绍了近年来宝钢在钢包耐火材料使用上的一些技术进步 ,提出了存在的问题及对策 ,展望了今后宝钢转炉钢包的发展方向。     

Oral Administration of Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid Prevents Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice

Disorders of the metabolism of essential fatty acids (EFAs) are related to atopic dermatitis (AD). Concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), an EFA, in the serum of AD patients are lower than those in healthy volunteers. Recently we developed a fermented DGLA oil, and examined whether oral administration of DGLA prevents development of dermatitis in NC/Nga mice, which spontaneously develop human AD-like skin lesions. NC/Nga mice were fed a diet either containing or not containing DGLA for 8 weeks under in air-uncontrolled conventional circumstances. Clinical skin severity scores were significantly lower in mice fed DGLA than in mice not fed it. Scratching behavior and plasma total IgE levels were also reduced in the DGLA group, in association with histological improvement. DGLA suppressed clinical severity of skin lesions dose-dependently, with an increase in DGLA contents in phospholipids of skin, spleen, and plasma. Discontinuation of DGLA administration resulted in the onset of dermatitis and a decrease in DGLA contents in skin, spleen, and plasma. These findings indicate that oral administration of DGLA effectively prevents the development of AD in NC/Nga mice, and that DGLA in phospholipids is a compound of key importance in the development and prevention of dermatitis.     

The Role of the Phosphorus Atom in Drug Design

Although the phosphorus atom is found in a variety of oxidation states, most of the phosphorus-containing molecules of pharmacological importance possess phosphorus in the form of phosphonate or phosphinate functional groups, or in a major oxidation state as a phosphate group. The most common occurrence of phosphorus in drugs is either in prodrugs or in compounds for which the phosphorus atom plays a role in the biological activity, such as in modified nucleotides, in metabolically stable analogues of metabolites bearing phosphate groups, and as bioisosteric analogues of carboxyl groups.     

双草醚在不同pH溶液及三种水体中的光解

以高压汞灯为光源,研究了除草剂双草醚在水溶液中的光降解情况。结果表明,在不同pH值缓冲溶液中,双草醚的光解速率为：pH5〉pH7〉pH9,说明双草醚在偏酸性环境中稳定性较差;在以碳酸氢氨、尿素、磷酸二氢钾这三种最常用的化肥作为添加物的水溶液中,磷酸二氢钾对双草醚的光解表现出较为明显的光敏化作用,碳酸氢氨和尿素对双草醚有微弱的光猝灭作用。     

Erythrocyte Deformability and Na,K-ATPase Activity in Various Pathophysiological Situations and Their Protection by Selected Nutritional Antioxidants in Humans

The physicochemical and functional properties of erythrocytes are worsened in a variety of diseases. Erythrocyte deformability refers to their ability to adjust their shape according to external forces exerted against them in the circulation. It is influenced by the functionality of the Na,K-ATPase enzyme, which is localized in their membranes. The proposed review is focused on knowledge regarding changes in erythrocyte Na,K-ATPase activity, and their impact on erythrocyte deformability in various pathophysiological situations observed exclusively in human studies, as well as on the potential erytroprotective effects of selected natural nutritional antioxidants. A clear link between the erythrocyte properties and the parameters of oxidative stress was observed. The undesirable consequences of oxidative stress on erythrocyte quality and hemorheology could be at least partially prevented by intake of diverse antioxidants occurring naturally in foodstuffs. Despite intensive research concerning the effect of antioxidants, only a small number of investigations on erythrocyte properties in humans is available in databases. It is worth shifting attention from animal and in vitro experiments and focusing more on antioxidant administration in human studies in order to establish what type of antioxidant, in what concentration, and in which individuals it may provide a beneficial effect on the human organism, by protecting erythrocyte properties.     

Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Supplements on the Vital Indicators in Mice Differently Prone to Diet-Induced Obesity

We studied the effects of the addition of large neutral amino acids, such as tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp), in mice DBA/2J and tetrahybrid mice DBCB receiving a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 65 days. The locomotor activity, anxiety, muscle tone, mass of internal organs, liver morphology, adipokines, cytokines, and biochemical indices of animals were assessed. The Tyr supplementation potentiated increased anxiety in EPM and contributed to a muscle tone increase, a decrease in the AST/ALT ratio, and an increase in protein anabolism in both mice strains. Tyr contributed to a decrease in liver fatty degeneration and ALT reduction only in DBCB that were sensitive to the development of obesity. The addition of Trp caused an increase in muscle tone and potentiated an increase in anxiety with age in animals of both genotypes. Trp had toxic effects on the livers of mice, which was manifested in increased fatty degeneration in DBCB, edema, and the appearance of micronuclei in DBA/2J. The main identified effects of Tyr on mice are considered in the light of its modulating effect on the dopamine neurotransmitter metabolism, while for the Trp supplement, effects were presumably associated with the synthesis of its toxic metabolites by representatives of the intestinal microflora.     

Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: A management model that makes the best use of limited information

A model that simulates changes in mineral N in the soil and N uptake by crops has been adapted to require as little detailed information as possible so that it is useful as an aid to management. The adapted model, which was developed in the UK, was tested against data from six experiments on winter wheat in the Netherlands. It proved reasonably successful in simulating the amounts of mineral N found in the soil in early spring and the changes that resulted from applying small amounts of fertilizer N in February. It was much less successful in simulating the effects of later, larger applications of N, mainly because the mineral N measured in the soil did not seem to respond to these applications. The uptake of N by the crops and their production of dry matter were simulated very well in some cases and rather less so in others.