硫化氢环境中17-4PH钢抗氢致开裂与应力腐蚀开裂性能

根据美国NACE标准研究了17-4PH钢在酸性H2S水溶液中的抗氢致开裂(HIC)和应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的性能,利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜(SEM)观察了裂纹及组织形貌,并结合理论分析了材料的氢致开裂与应力腐蚀开裂行为。结果表明:17-4PH钢在标准NACE试验溶液中会产生氢致裂纹,试样内部微裂纹主要在晶界、夹杂等缺陷处成核并扩展;标准C型环试样在0.8σs的恒应力作用下,浸泡于饱和硫化氢溶液中,720h内3组试样均发生断裂,表明其SCC敏感性较大,试样的宏观裂纹由边缘向内部扩展;扫描电镜结果显示,SCC断口有明显的脆性断裂(解理断口)特征,应力腐蚀开裂是由HIC引起,且裂纹扩展形式多为穿晶型。     

50Mn18Cr4WN奥氏体钢的应力腐蚀和氢致开裂

本文采用悬臂弯曲预裂纹试样应力腐蚀试验方法和紧凑拉伸试样恒载荷法测定了50Mn18Cr40WN奥氏体钢在含C1-和NO3-的水溶液中应力腐蚀以及电解充氢条件下氢致开裂的门槛值,并对应力腐蚀和氢致开裂的裂纹走向与断口形貌进行了观察.50Mn18Cr4WN钢在含C1-和NO3-的水溶液中均能产生应力腐蚀开裂,且在含NO3-的水溶液中比在含C1-的水溶液中应力腐蚀敏感性大.在电解充氢条件下,50Mn18Cr4WN钢也能产生氢致开裂.     

环境断裂研究进展

本文介绍了环境断裂近年来的研究进展.第一部分是功能材料的环境断裂.研究发现,铁电陶瓷如PZT和Ba-TiO3在有水或无水环境中,应力能使压痕裂纹发生滞后扩展(即存在应力腐蚀).恒电场能引起铁电陶瓷的畴变,不协调畴变会产生内应力,电场和应力场对环境断裂存在耦合作用,因此,恒电场下环境断裂的本质是内应力引起的环境断裂;对磁致伸缩材料如(ThDy)Fe2,应力和磁场均能引起畴变,卸载压痕裂纹在湿空气中的滞后扩展以及恒磁场引起的滞后畴变及滞后开裂均能发生.第二部分是关于氢压裂纹(白点)的再认识.氢压裂纹形核前是一个内壁光滑的空腔,微裂纹从空腔壁产生,而后连接形成白点.白点断口和含白点试样的断口概念不同,对车轮钢,前者为准解理的穿晶断裂,和氢致滞后开裂断口相同,但后者则依赖断裂方式和试样厚度.钢中白点除了产生二次裂纹外,对各种断口形貌均没有影响.车轮钢的滞后断裂由原子氢引起,与白点无关.     

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依据NACE标准研究了X80级管线钢的抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（SSCC）和氢致开裂（HIC）行为。研究表明该X80级管线钢具有较好的抗SSCC和HIC性能,其中临界名义应力Sc达到：1 265 MPa;裂纹敏感率、裂纹长度率和裂纹厚度率均为0;酸性环境下氢的扩散以及应力集中的交互作用导致材料的韧性损失,从而促使裂纹的形成和扩展,最终导致材料断裂。以均匀细小的针状铁素体为主的显微组织具有优良的抗SSCC＆HIC性能。     

钢制工件淬火冷却开裂的原因是什么? 常见淬火冷却裂纹有哪几种?

正工件淬火冷却开裂的主要原因是冷却过程中产生的拉伸应力超过了钢的抗拉强度。对钢的强度有不良影响的夹杂物、大块碳化物以及钢中原有的各种微小裂纹,都会促使工件在淬火冷却时开裂。常见的淬火冷却裂纹有纵向裂纹、横向裂纹(包括弧形裂纹)和表面裂纹。1)纵向裂纹这种裂纹深度较大,走向大体上与工件的纵向一致。纵向裂纹常在工件完全淬透的情况下出现,通常是由组织应力造成的。钢中的带状夹杂物会促发纵向开裂。锻造时形成的裂纹也会在淬火冷却应力作用下扩展为深裂纹。对存在纵向裂纹的工件的纵剖面进行显微组织分析,不难对上述两种促发纵向开裂的因素加以区别。如属前者,必然可以清晰地观察到带状夹杂物;如属后者,裂纹表面应存在黑色的氧化物、其两侧应存在明显的脱碳层。     

超高强钢延迟裂纹的研究

采用四点弯曲试验及表面裂纹法试验分别研究了37SiMncrMoV 钢焊接接头的氢致裂纹和应力腐蚀开裂。高湿度能增大氢致裂纹和应力腐蚀开裂倾向。扫描电镜显示了氢致裂纹断口的沿晶断裂特征.用扫描电镜及光学显微镜研究了热影响区的局部熔化区及淬火区显微组织对裂纹倾向的影响。采用改进的焊接工艺,防止了高压容器的低应力破坏。     

2.25Cr-1Mo钢氢致开裂行为及回火脆对抗氢致开裂性能的影响

    采用电解充氢方法分别对回火脆态和脱脆态2.25Cr-1Mo钢氢致开裂行为进行实验研究,通过甘油测氢法测定了2.25Cr-1Mo钢发生裂纹扩展时钢中扩散的平均氢浓度.为进一步了解回火脆对抗氢致开裂性能的影响,利用有限元软件分别对氢在回火脆态与脱脆态2.25 Cr-1Mo钢中的扩散过程进行模拟分析,系统研究了在应力-氢环境交互作用下裂纹尖端周围的氢扩散规律,并给出了裂纹扩展时裂尖局部位置的氢浓度大小.     

高锰钢连铸坯纵向开裂原因分析

Mn13高锰钢连铸坯有纵向裂纹。采用扫描电镜、高温拉伸试验和高温激光共聚焦显微镜、电子探针分析等检测了裂纹的形貌、Mn13钢的高温力学性能以及Mn13钢凝固过程中的组织演变。试验结果表明:纵向裂纹深度达40 mm,裂纹附近无保护渣卷入; Mn13钢在1 200℃以下温度的塑性较差,较易开裂。在1 200℃左右Mn13钢奥氏体晶界开始析出碳化物,进一步增大了铸坯的开裂倾向;由于结晶器内保护渣熔化不均匀,导致凝固坯壳厚度不均匀,从而使铸坯产生凹陷和纵向裂纹。提高凝固坯壳厚度和结晶器热流的均匀性是避免Mn13钢连铸坯纵向开裂的重要途径。     

贝氏体组织管线钢的氢致开裂行为

依据NACE TM2048-2005标准测试了热轧态X120管线钢的氢致开裂敏感性,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜观察裂纹和组织形貌,结合氢压理论讨论了贝氏体组织管线钢的氢致开裂行为。结果表明,X120管线钢的氢致裂纹多从较大尺寸的夹杂物处萌生;氢致裂纹沿原奥氏体晶界扩展,部分裂纹穿过板条贝氏体组织,块状贝氏体铁素体组织有较好的抗氢致开裂性能。     

Q235钢CO_2气体保护焊焊接接头的疲劳寿命及断口分析

对某型号装载机上发生开裂的Q235钢焊接油箱进行了断口观察、有限元结构分析和热点应力法疲劳评价、化学成分检测、硬度检查和金相分析,对发生开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明,油箱和连接件材料均为Q235钢,油箱母材夹杂物情况和显微组织正常,母材品质没有明显问题。油箱的最大应力出现在焊接角部位置,热点应力法计算出的焊接应力集中部位的应力幅值为21 MPa,低于IIW给出的FAT级别63 MPa,油箱不会发生疲劳断裂。硬度测试结果表明,在焊接材料和焊接热量方面也没有明显的问题。断口为脆性断口,裂纹产生于焊接热影响区的粗晶区,属于焊接冷裂纹中的焊趾裂纹。油箱开裂的原因可能与氢致开裂有关。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.