基于HVS模型的误差扩散方法

针对传统误差扩散算法处理过程中图像边缘信息不完整,中色调区域有纹理结构存在的问题,提出一种基于人类视觉系统(HVS)模型的误差扩散半色调方法。该方法先对原图像进行了图像分割,在非边缘区域采用传统误差扩散算法处理,边缘区域采用基于HVS模型的误差扩散系数进行误差扩散处理,最后再在HVS模型的基础上对像素进行矫正。实验结果表明该算法能够有效减少图像细节损失,保留原图像信息。     

基于K-means聚类的数字半色调算法

数字半色调是在二值设备或多色二值设备上实现图像再现的一门技术,提出将K-means聚类法应用在数字半色调技术中。算法中应用人类视觉系统模型(HVS)和印刷模型最大限度减少原始灰度连续调图像和半色调图像之间的视觉误差;利用K-means聚类法将灰度图像划分成聚类分区,在每个聚类分区应用最小平方法(least-squares)最小化二值半色调图像和原始灰度级图像之间的平方误差,所构造的半色调算法与基于模型的最小平方法(LSMB)算法相比,随着聚类分区的增加,图像平滑且边缘清晰度增加,尤其是在图像细节部位。与LSMB算法比较,该算法的均方误差值有所降低,而权重信噪比和峰值信噪比提高了0.2～2 dB,模拟实验结果验证了算法的有效性。     

基于光照模型和视觉特性的半色调彩色图像的实时仿真

利用人类视觉系统的生理特性,提出了一种基于光照模型的半色调模式的真实感彩色图像的实时仿真方法,该方法合三维目标的成像过程,将场景中视觉2°视锥小区域的平均灰度信息转换为明暗象素点阵模式,从而实时地生成半色调模式的实感彩色图像。在微机上进行了编程设计和实验,实验结果表明,本文提出的方法不但可产生三维视觉效果舒适的真实感图像处理速度极快,图像数据量也大大降低,这为场景图像的实时仿真、输出和图像传输等提供先进的实用的数字技术。     

基于图像极小相似度的填充曲线半色调方法

扫描路径是数字半色调技术的关键环节。针对行扫描误差扩散方法、Hilbert—Peano曲线半色调方法的不足，提出了基于图像极小相似度的填充曲线半色调方法。该方法首先定义了一个与待处理图像像素个数相等的非连通带权图及其相关的一个连通带权图；其次求出后者的最小生成树；再次根据最小生成树将非连通的原图连接成连通图，该连通图即为图像的极小相似度曲线；最后从该曲线的任意一点出发，沿此曲线深度优先处理图像的每一个像素。实验表明，用新的扫描路径处理后得到的半色调图像的整体效果较好；图像不存在与扫描路径相关的规律性纹理；图像边缘更加平滑，其边缘对比度指标比现有方法优一个数量级；图像的非边缘区域误差最小。     

基于最小二乘法模型半色调的印刷图像质量检测

从微观角度分析半色调图像印刷中将计算机的图像像素信息转换到印刷中的网点图像信息的过程,通过最小二乘法模型半色调对图像质量进行检测,可以得到客观的图像质量和颜色视觉效果.     

一种呈现清晰纹理的快速误差扩散算法

清晰地呈现图像的细节纹理结构是现代数字半色调技术研究的重要方面.提出一种简单有效、且能保持原图像纹理结构的半色调误差扩散算法.该算法以Ostromoukhov算法为基础,根据图像灰度空间的局部分布特征,通过计算误差扩散像素点的局部视觉纹理反馈信息,对原固定阈值进行调节.实验结果表明,改进后的算法生成的半色调图像再现的纹理结构清晰自然,且具有蓝噪声特性,在PSNR、UIQI和SSIM三项指标评测方面均有较好表现.     

半色调图像的质量评价研究

数字半色调技术是图像再现系统的核心,其算法的优劣直接影响到再现图像的视觉质量。对两类典型的数字半色调图像质量评价方法进行了简要介绍。基于Visual C#编程语言建立了数字半色调算法实验平台,并根据所得图像质量参数对各算法在再现图像的质量、运行时间等方面进行比较和分析。     

利用六边形网格实现半色调抖动技术的研究

针对传统的半色调抖动技术存在水平和竖直方向上的人工痕迹以及网格化轮廓等缺陷,提出了一种新颖的基于六边形网格的抖动矩阵构造方法。首先,将原驱散式Bayer抖动矩阵进行元素重组和离散旋转以构造一个更为合理的抖动矩阵,然后按照新矩阵对图像进行半色调化处理。实验结果表明,该抖动算法不但能够显著消除传统抖动技术所存在的不利因素,而且比其他同类的改进抖动算法具有更强的色调再现能力和细节表现力。     

多级半色调技术在电纸书显示优化中的应用

针对电纸书显示屏灰度等级不足的问题,提出了利用半色调图像处理技术的改进算法实现电纸书显示优化的方法.在阐述半色调技术与电子纸特点的基础上,介绍了抖动算法和误差扩散算法,通过对这两种算法进行改进提高电纸书显示的灰度级数及视觉效果.其中重点对误差扩散算法中的阈值、滤波器及扫描方式的设定进行设计,并提出一种基于误差动态检测的新的改进算法,能有效提高图像灰度级数,改善电纸书的图像显示质量.最后在电纸书系统平台上实现仿真,通过质量评价参数客观地评测了各种算法.     

用于图像认证的可恢复半脆弱数字水印

为了提高图像认证的可靠性,提出了一种用于图像内容认证的可恢复半脆弱数字水印方案,该方案不仅能鉴别数字图像内容的真实性,还可近似恢复图像中被篡改的区域。该方案基于半色调处理技术,首先将图像半色调处理后生成的二值水印图像经JBIG2压缩后作为嵌入水印,然后经量化索引调制嵌入小波域。用该方案嵌入水印后的图像,在检测时,不但可以定位图像中被篡改的区域,还可以对提取的恢复水印进行解压,并可通过逆半色调处理来重建原图像,用它的对应部分替换被篡改区域来实现对被篡改图像的篡改恢复。此外,由于该算法采用密钥来控制水印的嵌入位置,从而保证了水印的安全性;仿真实验是采用一般性操作和篡改操作相结合的方法,实验结果表明,该算法在保护数字图像内容真实性方面是可行的。     

A New Model-Based Digital Halftoning and Data Hiding Designed With LMS Optimization

This work employs the well known least-mean-square (LMS) method to design an adaptive filter to produce high-quality halftone images. The filter can be regarded as a transformation medium between original gray level images and corresponding halftone images. Experimental results indicate that the proposed LMS-designed halftoning offers the extra benefit of edge enhancement. Since a halftone image is typically used in printing, a modified printer model, which can coordinate with the proposed LMS-designed halftoning, is proposed to eliminate the harm caused by the dot-gain effect in printing. Moreover, two data hiding applications, the direct embedding LMS-designed halftone technique (DELDH) and the information sharing LMS-designed halftone technique (ISLDH), are proposed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed LMS-designed halftoning. The experimental results show that, both techniques can be used with the proposed modified printer model to achieve excellent image quality and decoded visual patterns     

A fuzzy neural approach to design of a Wiener printer model incorporated into model-based digital halftoning

This paper presents the design of a Wiener model for a class of laser electrophotographic printers utilizing a fuzzy neural approach. The feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating the proposed spatial-based Wiener printer model into the framework of model-based digital halftoning is also investigated. The Wiener model comprises a two-dimensional FIR filter followed by a nonlinear static mapping. The nonlinear static mapping is synthesized based on a fuzzy neural network to account for the tone distortion commonly observed in a printing system. A set of systematic steps for parametric identification/optimization and evaluation of the Wiener printer model is proposed. Experimental results as well as a comparative study show that the Wiener model-based halftoning approach is superior (in terms of image quality) to conventional ones and comparable to the one utilizing a comprehensive printer model. Another comparative study reveals that the Wiener printer model, though computationally less efficient than the conventional dot-overlap model, consumes significantly less time to process an image than the comprehensive printer model does.     

Importance Driven Halftoning

Most halftoning techniques have been primarily concerned with achieving an accurate reproduction of local gray-scale intensities while avoiding the introduction of artifacts. A secondary concern in halftoning has been the preservation of edges in the halftoned image. In this paper, we will introduce a new halftoning technique that utilizes a bandpass pyramid to achieve an accurate reproduction of important attributes in the image. Ink is distributed through the bandpass pyramid primarily according to a user defined importance function. This technique has three main characteristics. First, our technique can produce results similar to many other halftoning techniques by allowing a generic importance function to be specified. If the chosen importance function is average intensity we obtain results similar to traditional halftoning. We also show how the importance function can be changed to highlight areas with high variance. Second, in addition to changing the importance function, the drawing primitives can also be changed. By using line segments instead of single pixels as drawing primitives we illustrate how edge enhancement can be achieved. Third, this technique allows the user to easily limit the number drawing primitives used. This is useful in limited resource rendering.
In addition to providing a tailorable halftoning technique our method can easily be adapted to produce two tone non-photorealistic (NPR) images. We illustrate this by showing how sketched effects can be achieved by aligning the drawing primitives according to different image attributes.     

Coloured visual cryptography using fixed size meaningful share

Visual cryptography is a useful technique for sharing secret information on a public channel. One of the major strengths of visual cryptography is that the hidden secret, once extracted, can be visualized by the human eye without going through complex computations for decoding. In this paper, a novel visual cryptography scheme is offered that encodes a colour secret image into two meaningful shares. Our proposal provides improvements that allow the size of the meaningful share to stay fixed. This keeps the image from the attention of possible attackers during the transmission. In addition, our new scheme provides three patterns which produce better visual equality for each meaningful share. It also allows a user to produce a different secret image/share with the desired visual effects. Experimental results have demonstrated the practicability and effectiveness of our new scheme.     

Comprehensive Halftoning of 3D Scenes

The display of images on binary output hardware requires a halftoning step. Conventional halftoning algorithms approximate image values independently from the image content and often introduce artificial texture that obscures fine details. The objective of this research is to adapt a halftoning technique to 3D scene information and thus to enhance the display of computer generated 3D scenes. Our approach is based on the control of halftoning texture by the combination of ordered dithering and error diffusion techniques. We extend our previous work and enable a user to specify the shape, scale, direction, and contrast of the halftoning texture using an external buffer. We control texture shape by constructing a dither matrix from an arbitrary image or a procedural texture. Texture direction and scale are adapted to the external information by the mapping function. Texture contrast and the accuracy of tone reproduction are varied across the image using the error diffusion process. We halftone images of 3D scenes by using the geometry, position, and illumination information to control the halftoning texture. Thus, the texture provides visual cues and can be used to enhance the viewer's comprehension of the display.     

Digital halftoning by iterative isotropic error feedback

An error diffusion scheme for digital halftoning is proposed. The scheme is an iterative and isotropic error feedback process. Also, to compensate for the nonlinear tone reproduction by laser printers due to ink drop overlaps, we incorporate Pappas-Neuhoff's simplified printer model into the new error diffusion scheme. It appears that the proposed halftoning technique enhances the perceived tone continuity of halftone hard copies, and it alleviates the objectionable structured halftone textures of some existing methods. In addition, a mechanism is suggested to preview a halftone print on a gray-level CRT monitor. The user can interactively set the desired brightness of the halftone print and balance image contrast and tone continuity, which are two mutually exclusive subjective criteria for halftone reproduction.     

一种利用回归神经网络黑白图像着色算法研究

研究了利用神经网络对序列黑白(灰度)图像进行着色的问题。针对以往基于人工或者半自动化技术的黑白图像着色技术效率低下、视觉效果较差的缺陷,提出了一种利用三层神经网络、无须人工干预的图像自动着色算法。首先将灰度图像分割成小块,通过对小块提取灰度特征、空间特征等作为神经网络的输入,训练得到一个回归神经网络。在着色过程中,可以利用该神经网络将图像中各像素由灰度空间投影到一个经过压缩的色彩空间,从而实现了图像的自动着色过程。实验结果显示本方法能有效地将灰度图像着色,并且由于使用了一个压缩的色彩空间,使得计算效率和着色效果都得到了有效的提高,能很好地逼近原始的真实图像。     

小波域鲁棒自适应公开水印技术

先前众多的DWT(discrete wavelet transform)域水印算法几乎都是私有水印或易脆水印,而针对版权保护的鲁棒的、公开的小波域水印算法却极少.在充分考虑人类视觉系统掩蔽特性的基础上,首先给出基于图像分块的临界噪声阈值矩阵JND(just noticed difference),进而提出了一种基于DWT的鲁棒公开水印技术.算法首先把原图像各8(8块按Hilbert扫描顺序排列,然后在原图像分块的Hilbert序列中选取两相邻块分别进行一层DWT,再结合各分块JND阈值,通过不同强度地调整两相邻块各对应细节子带均值之间的大小关系以自适应地嵌入水印.嵌入水印具有很好的透明性,水印嵌入强度是与原图像特征相自适应的.同时,水印的提取无须求助于原图像.此外,实验结果也证明,该算法对常见图像处理操作、有损压缩和裁剪、挤压、像素移位等几何变换有较高的鲁棒性,特别是信号增强操作处理几乎不影响水印的正确提取,所以该算法是有效和实用的.     

基于空间填充曲线的半色调算法

本文提出了一种基于空间填充曲线的半色调算法ＨＡＭＳＦＣ（ＨａｌｆｔｏｎｉｎｇＡｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍＢａｓｅｄｏｎＳｐａｃｅ－ＦｉｌｌｉｎｇＣｕｒｖｅｓ）用于中等分辨率激光打印机输出连续灰度图象。此算法的基本思想是使量化误差沿空间填充曲线的方向扩散，而且，为了提高输出质量，在此算法中还引入了打印模型以弥补打印机输出时所造成的失真。