AP1000核电厂ATWS事故分析

对美国三代核电厂(AP1000)所有未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态(ATWS)进行分析,确定失去正常给水ATWS为最极限的ATWS。通过敏感性分析对多样化驱动系统(DAS)控制保护逻辑进行改进:蒸汽发生器(SG)宽量程低水位触发蒸汽旁排隔离及堆芯补水箱(CMT)动作,并立即停运主冷却剂泵(RCP)。按照改进后的DAS逻辑进行最终工况分析,结果表明:在整个电厂寿期内,考虑最极限的慢化剂温度系数(MTC),失去正常给水ATWS的反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)峰值压力满足验收准则,且有较大的裕度。     

AP1000核电厂丧失主给水ATWS事故CMT注射分析

堆芯补水箱（CMT）是AP1000核电厂非能动堆芯冷却系统（PXS）的重要组成部分。在通常情况下,当主泵开启时,CMT即使被触发,也不能注入堆芯。然而在某些事故工况下,即使主泵开启,CMT也有可能注入,它将直接影响事故进程及分析结果。应用压水堆核电厂通用系统程序RELAP5MOD3.1对AP1000核电厂丧失主给水ATWS事故进行了计算分析,验证了美国西屋公司LOFT4AP2.0.1程序计算结果的正确性,并分析找出了CMT成功注入的根本原因。     

全厂断电事故下非能动核电厂系统响应及敏感性研究

福岛核事故发生以后,全厂断电事故成为了关注的热点。为了研究核电厂在全厂断电事故后的系统响应,文章采用系统分析程序针对非能动核电厂的系统、设备建立系统级模型,并开展计算分析。获得了主回路系统、安全系统关键参数的瞬态响应,得出如下结论：全厂断电事故后,非能动核电厂依靠蒸汽发生器（SteamGenerator,SG）和非能动余热排出系统（PassiveResidualHeat Removal system,PRHR）能够及时带出堆芯衰变热;PRHR启动的早晚影响SG二次侧冷却剂进行堆芯余热的带出,但对反应堆冷却能力的影响并不大;堆芯补水箱（CoreMakeupTanks,CMT）向主回路注入冷却剂的质量和速率对主回路温度、压力、稳压器液位的影响很大,可考虑调节CMT注入管线的阻力,使CMT注入流量在合理的水平,防止稳压器发生满溢。     

AP1000核电厂SGTR事故工况下CMT水位分析

本文使用LOFTTR2AP-1.6程序分析了AP1000核电厂在蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故工况下堆芯补水箱（CMT）的水位变化情况.分析结果表明,即使在极端的情况下,SGTR工况也不会导致CMT的水位下降到触发自动卸压系统（ADS）动作的整定值,不会导致更为严重的瞬态,符合压水堆用户要求文件（URD）的规定.     

CAP1000核电厂全功率范围SGTR事故研究

对CAP1000非能动核电厂在部分功率、零功率和热备用条件下发生的蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故进行蒸汽发生器满溢评价。对典型的部分功率、零功率和热备用运行条件下的SGTR事故分别进行横向敏感性分析,选取每个运行条件下的保守工况,结合满功率事故工况进行纵向功率谱对比,根据其瞬态特性,分析事故进程,评价极限运行工况和关键参数。结果表明：CAP1000核电厂在全功率范围内发生SGTR事故均不会导致蒸汽发生器满溢,且最严重的工况发生在满功率条件下。     

AP1000主给水管道断裂事故中PRHR系统冷却能力分析

使用机理性分析程序建立包括主冷却剂系统、专设安全设施及相关二回路管道的AP1000核电厂模型,对AP1000核电厂主给水管道断裂事故进程进行计算分析。着重分析了非能动余热排出（PRHR）系统在主给水管道断裂事故工况中的瞬态响应、热工水力行为及其冷却能力,并针对PRHR系统流道阻力特性的不确定性对冷却能力的影响进行分析。分析结果表明,在主给水管道断裂事故中,PRHR系统的热移出功率最终能够与堆芯的衰变功率相匹配,有能力带走衰变热,保证一回路系统最终处于安全停堆状态,不发生堆芯损伤,当PRHR系统阻力系数增加时,PRHR系统的流量和换热功率会降低,对PRHR系统冷却能力造成影响。     

非能动核电厂支持事件树分析的ATWS慢化剂反馈分析

在非能动核电厂的ATWS事故中,可能由于反应堆冷却剂系统超压而导致系统损坏。本文使用系统分析程序对AP1000核电厂各种系统工况下的慢化剂温度系数进行研究分析,确定了事故过程中反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)不超压的极限慢化剂温度系数。该分析结果为概率安全分析中的ATWS事件树分析提供了必要的支持。     

基于RELAP5的蒸汽发生器传热管断裂事故分析

基于RELAP5/MOD3.4分析软件建立了1 000 MW核电机组一回路模型,在发生多根蒸汽发生器传热管道双端断裂事故（SGTR）瞬态下对发生事故后30 min内无人为操作的5种不同断裂工况进行了主要参数对比分析,并且对蒸汽发生器（SG）发生满溢时间进行了敏感性分析。研究表明：传热管断裂根数不同,各参数变化趋势相似;断裂根数越多,破口初始流量越大,触发系统动作越早;破口面积、主泵运作、主给水关闭时间、辅助给水投入时间和投入量都会影响SG满溢时间。对CPR1000机组发生多根SGTR事故对比分析和事故后各设备动作对SG满溢时间影响的研究有实际设计和运行参考价值。     

SGTR事故SG满溢分析扩展研究

采用热工水力系统程序进行核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故蒸汽发生器（SG）满溢分析，验证在该事故下SG不会发生满溢；对SGTR事故进行扩展研究，考虑多种传热管破裂情况，包括单根传热管双端断裂、多根传热管双端断裂和传热管破口，并将3种情况的分析结果进行比较，给出SGTR事故最极限的工况。研究结果表明，单根传热管双端断裂工况下，SG不会发生满溢，且与其他2种工况相比满溢裕量最小，在所有分析工况中最极限。      

基于FPGA的核安全级仪控系统设计与验证

为解决基于微处理器技术的核电厂安全级数字化仪控系统（DCS）中软件共因故障（CCF）的问题,通过多样性手段避免当未能紧急停堆的预计瞬态（ATWS）发生或反应堆保护系统（RPS）因CCF导致丧失安全功能的风险,本文设计了一种基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列（FPGA）技术的核安全级DCS系统平台,并以核电厂中RPS为实例测试验证平台的功能性能。结果表明:基于FPGA的核安全级DCS系统平台在可用性、适用性和可靠性等方面都满足核电厂安全级数字化仪控系统的要求。      

Safety design of Pb–Bi-cooled direct contact boiling water fast reactor (PBWFR)

In Pb–Bi-cooled direct contact boiling water small fast reactor (PBWFR), steam is generated by direct contact of feedwater with primary Pb–Bi coolant above the core, and Pb–Bi coolant is circulated by steam lift pump in chimneys. Safety design has been developed to show safety features of PBWFR. Negative void reactivity is inserted even if whole of the core and upper plenum are voided hypothetically by steam intrusion from above. The control rod ejection due to coolant pressure is prevented using in-vessel type control rod driving mechanism. At coolant leak from reactor vessel and feedwater pipes, Pb–Bi coolant level in the reactor vessel required for decay heat removal is kept using closed guard vessel. Dual pipes for feedwater are employed to avoid leak of water. Although there is no concern of loss of flow accident due to primary pump trip, feedwater pump trip initiates loss of coolant flow (LOF). Injection of high pressure water slows down the flow coast down of feedwater at the LOF event. The unprotected loss of flow and heat sink (ATWS) has been evaluated, which shows that the fuel temperatures are kept lower than the safety limits.     

压水堆核电厂主给水管道水锤计算及分析

核电厂二回路主给水系统是保证蒸汽发生器冷却的重要系统,同时也是水锤频发的管段,研究水锤对主给水系统的规律对于系统稳定运行具有重要意义。文章以主给水系统作为研究对象,通过Flowmaster软件的瞬态计算功能,建立给水泵、控制阀门等边界条件下的数学模型,计算阀门、泵关闭时产生的水锤压力,并且导出压力等参数的瞬时变化解。结论验证了Flowmaster瞬态计算功能计算水锤的可行性,结合工程实例说明,增加给水控制阀、给水泵关闭时间能有效控制水锤,改变给水泵、给水控制阀关闭触发信号间隔能缓解水力冲击,以及管径等因素对水锤的影响,对于实际工程中的设计和系统优化具有一定指导作用。     

Fully-coupled transient simulation for RCS and SPCS of an integral reactor plant

Design features of SMART such as a built-in once-through steam generator (OTSG) and a close interaction between the feedwater flow rate and steam pressure controls leads to the necessity of fully-coupled transient analysis tools of the reactor coolant system (RCS) and the steam and power conversion system (SPCS) for the purpose of a plant control system development. A fully-coupled transient simulation tool, MMS/SMART, was developed to test the capability of the plant control system for the normal load-following event and the anticipated abnormal events. The MMS/SMART was composed of several interacting MMS modules with numerical data, each of which represented a component of the SMART plant and a control logic. The RCS and the SPCS with their control logics were modeled using default modules such as a pipe, pump and tank. The developed MMS/SMART was validated by using the scaled-down experimental data and the analysis result from the TASS/SMR code. A simulation result for the 100–50–100% load-following operation with a 25%/min rate shows that the feedwater flow rate and the steam pressure are controlled well as expected, except for small-amplitudes of steam pressure fluctuation at the lower power operating region. The loss of turbine load event was also simulated and the result shows that the plant can be operated stably with the steam bypass control system.     

核电站非能动辅助给水系统仿真研究

以先进核电站AP1000为研究对象,在其蒸汽发生器二次侧设计了1套耗汽驱动汽动辅助给水泵的非能动辅助给水系统。使用RELAP5程序计算分析全厂断电事故下设计系统的运行特性,研究其应对事故工况的能力。计算结果表明：全厂断电事故下,设计的非能动辅助给水系统可有效地排出堆芯余热,保证反应堆的安全;由于冷却剂体积收缩,170 min时稳压器排空;该系统可连续运行200 min,排出事故后的大部分堆芯余热。非能动辅助给水系统可作为全厂断电事故后的应急缓解方案。     

AP1000给水丧失事故定性分析

针对AP1000核电站,基于两流体最佳估算系统程序RELAP5建立热工水力模型,基于Matlab/Simulink软件及工业组态软件建立相关控制系统数学模型,用于对正常给水丧失事故的计算分析。建模数据主要参考AP1000 Design Control Document(AP1000 DCD),由于建模数据不够充分、详尽,模型不够精确,文中事故分析以定性分析为主。计算结果表明：RELAP5具备计算自然循环的能力,计算结果与DCD中正常给水丧失事故结果总体趋势基本一致,非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）、堆芯补水箱（CMT）系统能够及时、有效地排出堆芯余热和堆芯衰变热,确保堆芯安全。PRHRS余热排出能力对事故发展有明显影响,模型中PRHRS余热排出能力较强,使冷却剂温度更快地降低到较低水平,导致CMT更早投入以及随后反应堆各参数响应的不同。     

秦山核电厂蒸汽发生器水位控制试验

简要介绍了蒸汽发生器水位控制系统的运行方式和试验方法。试验项目包括旁通阀控制试验、主给水阀控制试验和旁通阀与主给水阀的切换试验。文中给出了试验结果,即在液位扰动和核动率扰动时,蒸汽发生器液位的变化过程。经过两个月的运行和瞬态试验,证明蒸汽发生器水位控制系统满足设计要求。     

TRACE modeling and its verification using Maanshan PWR start-up tests

This study consists of two steps. The first step is the establishment of TRACE (TRAC/RELAP Advanced Computational Engine) models for important components, such as pressurizers, steam generators, feedwater control system and steam dump control system and others, in Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant using SNAP (Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Program)/TRACE. These component models were tested and compared with Maanshan startup test data to verify their accuracy. Key parameters were identified to refine the models further. The next step was the incorporation of the above component models into the Maanshan whole-plant TRACE model. TRACE transient analyses of scenarios such as load reduction and turbine trip were performed and their results were compared with the corresponding plant data from Maanshan startup tests. Analysis results indicate that the Maanshan TRACE plant model predicts not only the behaviors of important plant parameters consistently with the plant data, but also their associated numerical values with respectable accuracy.     

小型压水堆完全丧失电源引发的严重事故研究

以压水堆严重事故最佳估算程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.4为核心软件,以假想的小型压水堆为研究对象,建立了1个径向3通道、轴向10节块的核反应堆严重事故计算模型,研究了完全丧失电源初因事件引发的严重事故过程,并对事故停堆后蒸汽发生器给水持续300s的缓解措施进行了分析。计算结果表明：蒸汽发生器辅助给水对于延迟事故进程,缓解事故后果具有重要作用。     

The thermal-hydraulics of a simulated PWR facility during steam generator tube rupture transients

The thermal-hydraulics of the semi-scale test facility during steam generator tube rupture transients were investigated in this paper. The test facility simulates the main features of a Westinghouse four-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant.The constructed analytical model simulated both the intact and broken loops, and included the vessel (lower plenum, core, upper plenum, upper dome), the hot legs, pressurizer and the primary and secondary sides of the U-tube steam generators. The two-phase Modular Modeling System code, which was developed by the Electric Power Research Institute, and the EASY5 simulation language were used in carrying out the calculations. A control model was developed to simulate the major facility control systems and to perform the necessary control functions.Calculations were carried out during the first three hundred seconds of the event, where the automatically functioning plant protection system components were assumed to operate. The impact of reactor scram, pressurizer heater activation, main steam isolation valve closure, emergency core cooling system activation, pump trip, main feedwater termination, auxiliary feedwater injection, and atmospheric dump/safety relief valves opening/closing on the system response was calculated.The time histories of the thermal-hydraulic conditions, such as pressure and temperature, are presented for one, five and ten-tube ruptures. Comparisons with experimental data and RELAP-5 (MOD 1.5) calculations are also given.