TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊连接组织形貌研究

使用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功地实现了TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)钛合金的有效连接,并对焊接接头组织进行了研究.结合TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊的特点,分析了TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊合区的组织形貌及特征.结果表明:TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊合区组织为细密的等轴晶组织,焊接过程中焊缝最大温度并未超过相变温度,且经历了很大的塑性变形.焊缝与母材过渡区域存在大量α/β界面相及界面产物,α/β界面相及界面产物会对接头力学性能造成不良影响,应进行焊后热处理予以消除.     

钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊探索

通过对钛合金热物理性能分析，比较了钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊特性；针对钛合金的特点特别设计和使用了可以满足钛合金搅拌摩擦焊的搅拌头、垫板、冷却和保护装置等；并且对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊焊缝和接头进行了观察分析，还对接头力学性能进行了测试，初步试验结果表明搅拌摩擦焊可以实现钛合金焊接，接头强度可以达到母材强度90％以上，但是搅拌摩擦焊工艺、参数、搅拌头还需要进一步优化，性能指标还可以进一步提高。     

体育器材用Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金的FSW接头组织与性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法,进行5 mm厚体育器材用的Ti-3Al-2.5V钛合金对接焊试验,并通过OM,TEM,SEM,维氏硬度计和力学性能测试仪进行了显微组织、表面硬度、拉伸性能和冲击性能的测试与分析。结果表明,接头焊核区由动态再结晶α和薄片状α+β组成;接头最低硬度位于前进侧热影响区处;接头系数达95%,接头冲击吸收功达到母材的112%。     

一种高强度Ti-6Al-4V钛合金丝材制备工艺的研究

对不同氧含量的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金采用控温热拉拔试验,制得φ1.0mm、φ2.0mm、φ2.5mm三种不同规格的丝材,研究Ti-6Al-4V钛合金中氧含量及控温热拉拔制备方法对材料组织和力学性能的影响.分析结果表明:氧含量对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金轧制坯料金相有明显的影响,氧含量越高,α相的相对含量越多,φ8.0mm轧制坯料等轴α相的尺寸为2～5μm,拉拔成φ2.0mm后获得约0.5μm的超细晶粒;随着合金中氧含量的增加、拉拔规格的细化,丝材的力学性能提高,塑性下降;含氧0.14wt%的Ti-6Al-4V φ2.0 mm丝材抗拉强度和塑性分别达到1270 MPa和12%,综合力学性能优良:进一步分析发现,Ti-6Al-4V丝材室温拉伸时发生沿等轴α相晶界的韧性断裂,超细晶粒及高密度位错是材料获得高强度的根本所在.     

TC17(α + β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头相组成及织构分析

利用电子背散射衍射技术对TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头测试并分析,对接头各区域进行相鉴定和织构分析.结果表明,与母材相比,焊态接头两侧热力影响区α相减少,β相增多.由于焊缝区冷却迅速快,焊态焊缝处发生动态再结晶,生成了大量的亚稳定β相晶粒. TC17(β)侧母材及热力影响区的织构分布密度比TC17(α+β)侧强,且焊态焊缝区产生(5 4 6)[■]织构,轧面与(1 1 1)近似平行.经过610℃热处理后,焊缝区亚稳定β相发生分解,形成细小的次生α相和β相.与焊态焊缝相比,热处理后焊缝区晶体稍有转动,焊缝区织构强度较焊态有较大增强,形成(5 5 7)[■]织构.热处理前后的焊缝区晶体取向都存在着ND方向与[1 1 1]靠近,轧面与(111)接近平行的择优取向.     

激光选区熔化生物医用Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳行为

分析了SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳行为及相应的微观组织和断口形貌,设置与SLM试样化学成分相同的轧制态Ti-6Al-4V合金进行对比研究.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、结合电子背散射衍射(EBSD)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合金的微观组织进行分析.结果表明,三点弯曲疲劳裂纹起始于准解理断裂表面附近的应力集中,随后向内扩展.SLM成形Ti-6Al-4V合金的弯曲疲劳寿命高于轧制成形Ti-6Al-4V合金,SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金内部孔洞缺陷导致表面附近应力集中,促进疲劳裂纹形核;而SLM Ti-6Al-4V合金中随机取向的α+β晶粒、二次裂纹和孔洞延缓了裂纹扩展,提高了疲劳寿命.对于轧制态Ti-6Al-4V合金,由大量近似取向α晶粒组成的宏观区引起应力集中,形成微裂纹,导致疲劳裂纹形核,而且宏观区对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用较小,不利于材料的疲劳寿命.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金的轧制与组织性能

采用光学显微镜、透射电镜和拉伸试验等手段,研究了多道次两向轧制和单向轧制对不同原始状态(热轧态、水淬态和空冷态)Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,热轧态Ti-6Al-4V合金的组织为片状α相+β相+少量等轴α相,水淬态Ti-6Al-4V合金形成了针状马氏体组织,空冷态Ti-6Al-4V合金形成了网状组织。Ti-6Al-4V合金适宜的两向轧制温度为700 ℃,此时合金中可见颗粒状β相弥散分布在α基体上。两向轧制Ti-6Al-4V合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度从高至低顺序为:水淬态>热轧态>空冷态,且轧向强度要高于横向;相较于单向轧制,两向轧制明显降低了Ti-6Al-4V合金板材拉伸性能的各向异性,且水淬态Ti-6Al-4V合金的轧向和横向强度差异最小,700 ℃轧制Ti-6Al-4V合金的主要细化机制为位错细化。     

搅拌头受力模型及应用

针对搅拌摩擦焊实际过程,建立了搅拌针扎入阶段和稳定焊接阶段搅拌头的受力模型,通过与实测数据对比分析对模型进行了验证.由受力模型可知无论扎入阶段或稳定焊接阶段搅拌头的薄弱部位均为搅拌针根部,若设计不当易从搅拌针根部破坏.在此基础上,针对Ti-6Al-4V的搅拌摩擦焊,将模型用于指导搅拌头设计.结果表明,合理的搅拌头设计是实现钛合金搅拌摩擦焊的关键,在合适的焊接工艺参数下可以获得成形良好的焊缝.     

激光焊接对SPF/DBTi-6Al-4V合金疲劳性能的影响

研究了SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金及其激光焊接接头静态拉伸性能和疲劳性能,并获得S-N曲线.通过观察组织特征和疲劳断口形貌,分析了激光焊接对SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,SPF/DB T-6Al-4V合金激光焊接接头的抗拉强度略低于母材抗拉强度,而疲劳强度明显低于母材疲劳强度,约为其抗拉强度的40%.SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金组织为α+β等轴细晶组织,其焊接接头组织为含α,针状马氏体α'和少量β相的魏氏组织结构.焊接接头组织结构的不均匀性,以及组织的粗大化是导致激光焊接接头疲劳性能下降的重要原因.SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金疲劳断裂为塑性断裂,其焊接接头疲劳断裂为准解理断裂,这显著降低激光焊接接头的疲劳性能.而焊接气孔等焊缝表层微小几何不连续缺陷的存在往往成为激光焊接接头疲劳断裂的裂纹源.     

可生产带卷的高强度α-β钛合金

日本神户制钢所的大山英人先生因开发了KSTi-9钛合金荣获2001年度日本钛协会技术成果奖。大山英人先生从1982年开始进行Ti-6Al-4V的断裂研究，1984年硕士毕业后进入神户制钢所，从事了2年的近β钛合金的研究，其后进行了β钛合金的组织控制研究。并在神户制钢所首次成功轧制了Ti-15-3-3-3带卷，还开发了Ti-16V-4Sn-3Al-3Nb合金。从1997年开始开发KSTi-9钛合金。 世界钛加工材产量的5100t中有一半是钛合金，其中α-β合金占绝大多数，特别是以Ti-6Al-4V为主体的合金。但Ti-6Al-4V在使用中存在不足，最大的缺点是冷加工性差，例如当…     

The Effect of Friction Stir Welding on Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V

Fusion welding can deteriorate corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. However, the use of friction stir welding leads to a more appropriate corrosion resistance. In this study, the corrosion resistance of welded zones of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using friction stir welding technique is evaluated. For these purposes, the study of structural characteristics using SEM and FESEM equipped with EDS micro-analyses was conducted. Micro-hardness test was also employed to estimate the hardness of welded zones. Corrosion behavior was investigated by a potentiostat instrument. SEM micrographs, EDS and XRD analyses confirmed non-uniformity of chemical composition within the welded zones. The results reveal that the stir zone contains typical alpha and prior beta phases. Nevertheless, thermomechanical zone included equiaxed and bimodal lamellae structure. Furthermore, the presence of different types of phases and microstructure in the thermomechanical zone led to reduced corrosion resistance. The corresponding values of corrosion current density in the stir zone, thermomechanical zone and base metal were 0.048, 0.55 and 0.032 µA, respectively. Corresponding corrosion potential for these zones was estimated as ?207, ?110 and ?157 mV. Evidently, the results show that corrosion resistance of thermomechanical zone is less than that of the stir zone and both zones have lower value than the base metal.     

Unveiling the Residual Stresses,Local Micromechanical Properties and Crystallographic Texture in a Ti-6Al-4V Weld Joint

In this work,the micromechanical properties,crystallographic texture,welding residual stresses and their evolution after plastic strain were investigated in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy tungsten inert gas weld joint.It was found that the welding process affected the Young modulus and microhardness values in both α and β phases in the different regions of the weld joint.The highest microhardness and Young modulus values of a phase were recorded in the heat-affected zone,whereas the highest values of these characteristics for the β phase were found in the fusion zone(FZ).The change in the micro mechanical properties was accompanied by a change in the crystallographic texture components of the dominant a phase from(0001)10-10 and (11-20) 10-10 components in the base material to(10-10) 11-20 and(11-20) 3-302 components in the FZ.The introduction of tensile testing resulted in a continuous stress relaxation and improved the weld joint performances.     

Process Modeling of Ti-6Al-4V Linear Friction Welding (LFW)

A fully coupled thermomechanical finite-element analysis of the linear friction welding (LFW) process is combined with the basic physical metallurgy of Ti-6Al-4V to predict microstructure and mechanical properties within the LFW joints (as a function of the LFW process parameters). A close examination of the experimental results reported in the open literature revealed that the weld region consists of a thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and a heat-affected zone (HAZ) and that the material mechanical properties are somewhat more inferior in the HAZ. Taking this observation into account, a model for microstructure-evolution during LFW was developed and parameterized for the Ti-6Al-4V material residing in the HAZ. Specifically, this model addresses the problem of temporal evolution of the prior ??-phase grain size (the dominant microstructural parameter in the HAZ) during the LFW process. This model is next combined with the well-established property versus microstructure correlations in Ti-6Al-4V to predict the overall structural performance of the LFW joint. The results obtained are found to be in reasonably good agreement with their experimental counterparts suggesting that the present computational approach may be used to guide the selection of the LFW process parameters to optimize the structural performance of the LFW joints.     

Linear friction welding of a near-β titanium alloy

The linear friction welding (LFW) behaviour of near-β titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (Ti-5553) was investigated by varying the processing conditions of frequency and axial pressure. The examined mechanical properties of the welded material included microhardness and tensile properties. The maximum strains experienced by the material during LFW for each set of welding parameters were estimated based on the process parameters and then evaluated using Aramis, a three-dimensional optical deformation measurement system. The LFWed Ti-5553 was examined with electron backscatter diffraction techniques to relate the texture and phase changes to the thermomechanical conditions. Characterisation of the welds included analysis of the microstructural features of the weld region and the thermomechanically affected zone in relation to the parent material.     

Dissimilar friction stir welding between 5052 aluminum alloy and AZ31 magnesium alloy

Dissimilar friction stir welding between 5052 Al alloy and AZ31 Mg alloy with the plate thickness of 6 mm was investigated. Sound weld was obtained at rotation speed of 600 r/min and welding speed of 40 mm/min. Compared with the base materials, the microstructure of the stir zone is greatly refined. Complex flow pattern characterized by intercalation lamellae is formed in the stir zone. Microhardness measurement of the dissimilar welds presents an uneven distribution due to the complicated microstructure of the weld, and the maximum value of microhardness in the stir zone is twice higher than that of the base materials. The tensile fracture position locates at the advancing side (aluminum side), where the hardness distribution of weld shows a sharp decrease from the stir zone to 5052 base material.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Effects on the Surface Texture,Superplastic Forming,and Fatigue Performance of Titanium 6AL-4V Friction Stir Welds

The speed and feed effects of the friction stir welding (FSW) process on the surface texture along the top of a butt welded nugget were studied. The tests were conducted using fine grain (0.8-2 μm) titanium alloy 6Al-4V with a nominal thickness of 2.5 mm. It was shown that the pin tool marks along the top surface of the weld can be highly detrimental to both the superplastic forming (SPF) characteristics and the fatigue performance of welded panels. Removing the marks by machining the top surface after FSW was found to eliminate the predominant tearing of the weld during SPF and most of the fatigue life of across the weld was also restored. Through additional development of the FSW process parameters, the butt welded nugget was made to have equivalent SPF characteristics as the parent sheet material. By using a water-cooled pin tool and other cooling techniques, it is believed that the weld zone can be kept below the beta transus temperature during FSW, which enables the formation of a grain structure that is uniquely conducive to superplastic behavior, when compared to conventional fusion welding processes.     

热输入对双光束激光焊接Ti-6Al-4V合金T型接头焊接过程、焊缝成形、组织及力学性能的影响

采用双光束同步激光填丝焊接的方法制备了Ti-6Al-4V合金T型接头,使用高速摄像机拍摄了焊接过程图像并研究了热输入对焊接过程稳定性、焊缝成形、组织及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,热输入显著影响熔池行为和填丝焊接熔滴过渡,进而影响T型接头焊缝形貌及质量。随着热输入的增加,T型接头组织发生变化,晶粒尺寸变大。热影响区及焊缝处的马氏体使得这2个区域的显微硬度高于母材。另外,沿蒙皮方向及筋条方向的抗拉伸强度随着热输入的增加而增大。由于接头处马氏体增强作用,拉伸断裂均发生于母材处。