氮离子注入及DLC涂层对Ti6Al7Nb合金在人工唾液中微动磨损性能的影响（英文）

通过往复滑动微动磨损实验研究Ti6Al7Nb合金、氮离子注入Ti6Al7Nb合金、DLC涂层Ti6Al7Nb合金在人工唾液环境下的磨损性能。运用X射线衍射分析、拉曼光谱分析、三维轮廓分析、扫描电镜形貌和摩擦动力学行为分析等方法,详细讨论了表面改性层的磨损特性。结果表明:随着氮离子浓度的增加,Ti6Al7Nb合金的抗微动磨损性能提高。具有DLC涂层的低氮离子注入Ti6Al7Nb合金显示出良好的抗微动磨损性。此外,由于其特殊的结构,DLC涂层组具有更好的耐腐蚀性能。在人工唾液环境下,DLC涂层Ti6Al7Nb合金组相比氮离子注入Ti6Al7Nb合金组具有更好的抗磨损性能。     

Ti6Al7Nb合金氮离子注入层在小牛血清溶液中的扭动微动摩擦磨损性能

利用高能离子注入及增强沉积系统对Ti6Al7Nb合金做了不同剂量的氮离子注入处理,采用球/平面接触模式,对Ti6Al7Nb合金及其离子注入层/ Zr2O球（直径为25.2 mm）接触副在小牛血清介质条件下进行了扭动微动磨损实验研究。结合动力学分析,借助X射线衍射仪（XRD）、三维形貌仪（3D-profiler）和扫描电镜（SEM）分析了测试材料成分及其扭动微动磨损磨痕形貌和微观组织结构, 探讨了Ti6Al7Nb合金及其离子注入层的扭动微动运行行为和损伤机制。结果表明：N+离子注入在钛合金表面形成了氮化钛层,使钛合金表面的微观硬度明显提高,随着注入剂量的增加,钛合金的硬度逐渐升高,磨痕逐渐变小,磨粒逐渐变细,其抗扭动微动磨损性能也提高     

钛及其合金的扭动微动摩擦磨损特性

采用新型扭动微动试验机在法向载荷为50、80和110 N及角位移幅值为0.3°~10°的条件下进行TA2和TC4合金与ZrO2对磨球的扭动微动试验。在摩擦动力学行为研究的基础上,结合磨痕形貌微观分析,考察TA2和TC4合金的扭动微动磨损特性。结果表明:可用摩擦扭矩—角位移曲线和摩擦扭矩时变曲线表征合金的扭动微动行为,获得了TA2和TC4合金的扭动微动运行工况微动图,TA2合金的混合区较TC4合金的宽。摩擦扭矩随法向载荷和角位移幅值的增加而增加,在相同试验条件下,TA2合金的摩擦扭矩始终大于TC4合金的。在部分滑移区,损伤轻微;在混合区和滑移区,损伤加剧,扭动微动摩擦磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥落。     

Hank’s溶液和生理盐水中纯钛的复合微动腐蚀特性

采用球/甲面接触方式,进行纯钛(TA2/TA2)在Hank's溶液和生理盐水中的常温切向和径向复合微动腐蚀实验.实验接触角θ为45.,最大径向载荷Fmax为100、200和300N,微动循环周次为5×104次.在摩擦动力学分析和耗散能计算分析基础上,用扫描电镜(SEM)和激光共焦扫描显微镜(LCSM)测定了磨损量,分析磨损机制.结果表明:在Hank's溶液和生理盐水中,复合微动F-D曲线呈现准梯形和椭圆形二阶段特征:相同载荷条件下,TA2在Hank's溶液中材料损失量比在生理盐水中小,这与在相同条件下Hank's溶液中的耗散能比在生理盐水中小的结果一致.在二种介质条件下,TA2的复合微动磨损主要以磨粒磨损和剥层方式进行.     

氮离子注入浓度对钛及其合金扭动微动磨损性能的影响（英文）

通过等离子体浸没离子注入,在纯钛及Ti6Al7Ni和Ti6Al4V合金表面进行不同剂量的氮离子注入处理。采用ZrO_2球与未处理和处理的钛及其合金平面摩擦副,以小牛血清溶液作为模拟生理介质,进行扭动微动磨损试验。研究氮离子注入处理后钛及其合金表面的特征以及注入剂量对材料扭动微动性能的影响。结果表明:氮离子注入浓度和角位移幅值显著影响钛及其合金的扭动微动运行和损伤行为。随着氮离子浓度增加,扭动微动运行边界向小角位移幅值滑移,中心轻微磨损区减少。钛及其合金的磨损机理为氧化磨损、磨粒磨损和剥层,磨粒磨损是离子注入层的主要磨损机理。     

Ti6A14V合金渗镀Mo-N陶瓷层的微动摩擦学性能

采用离子渗镀技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面形成均匀致密的钼氮陶瓷渗镀层,对陶瓷层微动摩擦学性能进行研究.100000周次微动磨损试验结果表明,渗镀的Mo-N陶瓷层显著提高了Ti6A14V合金的抗微动磨损能力.Ti6Al4V合金微动磨损机制是粘着与磨粒磨损的综合效应,Mo-N陶瓷层微动磨损机制是犁削.     

化学镀Ni-B和Ni-B/BN镀层微动磨损性能研究

采用化学镀液相沉积技术,以钛合金TA7为基体材料,分别镀覆Ni-B合金镀层和Ni-B/BN自润滑复合镀层,对镀层进行微动磨损性能测试和镀层表面形貌观察.结果表明:在微动磨损过程中完全滑移状态下,Ni-B/BN镀层中六方BN微粒具有类似石墨层状结构,该Ni-B/BN镀层具有自润滑性能,使其摩擦因数比Ni-B镀层低,即Ni-B/BN复合镀层在滑移区耐微动磨损性能要优于化学镀Ni-B二元合金镀层.     

Ti6Al4V合金渗镀Mo-N表面改性层在不同腐蚀环境下的抗磨损行为研究

采用等离子渗镀技术在钛合金(Ti6Al4V)表面形成均匀致密的钼氮合金渗镀层.在3.5%NaCl溶液、0.5 mol/L 的H2SO4溶液、0.02 mol/L的Na3P04溶液和亨氏溶液中,对比研究了Ti6Al4V合金及其钼氮改性层的抗腐蚀磨损性能.20 000周次腐蚀环境下的微动磨损试验结果表明,渗镀的Mo-N改性层显著提高了Ti6Al4V合金的抗腐蚀磨损能力.电化学噪音测量结果证明,Mo-N改性层削弱了Ti6Al4V合金腐蚀和磨损相互耦合增幅的作用.     

α+β型生物钛合金磁控溅射TiN涂层磨损性能

为提高Ti6Al7Nb合金耐磨性,采用磁控溅射技术在合金表面制备了TiN涂层,通过扫描电镜、光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和销-盘式磨损实验研究了涂层的相结构和磨损性能.结果表明:涂层与基材结合良好,涂层的成分与结构随溅射时间而变化.溅射3 h时,涂层由表及里的相组成依次为TiN、TiN+Ti2N、Ti2N,其中TiN层硬度提高至基材的3倍.在10～40 N载荷下涂层明显改善了合金的抗磨损性.表面改性后合金的磨损机制由原来的氧化磨损+粘着磨损转变为以磨粒磨损为主.     

超细晶纯钛的微动疲劳特性

利用自行设计的微动疲劳实验夹具装置研究超细晶纯钛在柱面-平面接触下的微动疲劳特性,分析循环应力对其微动疲劳寿命的影响,通过观察接触区磨损和断口形貌,分析其微动损伤机制。结果表明,当法向载荷不变时,超细晶纯钛的微动疲劳寿命随着循环应力的增加而减小,比常规疲劳寿命更小。微动疲劳裂纹于接触区边缘萌生,磨损区破裂严重且附着有磨粒,在磨粒磨损作用下加速了试样的疲劳失效。断口同时呈现出疲劳形貌和微动形貌,形貌从平滑转向粗糙直至断裂,裂纹由小变大,裂纹扩展速率也逐渐增加,且在裂纹扩展区存在二次裂纹;由于受力不均在裂纹扩展区与断裂区之间存在山脊状形貌。     

Effect of N-ion implantation and diamond-like carbon coating on fretting wear behaviors of Ti6Al7Nb in artificial saliva

The tribology behaviors of Ti6Al7Nb, its alloy with N-ion implantation, and its alloy with diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating were investigated in artificial saliva. Fretting wear tests of untreated, N-ion implanted and DLC coated Ti6Al7Nb alloys plate against a Si₃N₄ ball were carried out on a reciprocating sliding fretting wear test rig. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, 3-D profiler, SEM morphologies and frictional kinetics behavior analysis, the damage behavior of surface modification layer was discussed in detail. The results indicated that the fretting wear behavior of Ti6Al7Nb alloy with N-ion implantation was increased with the dose increase of the implanted nitrogen ions. Moreover, the DLC-coated Ti6Al7Nb alloy with low ion implantation could improve the fretting wear behavior greatly. In addition, the Ti6Al7Nb with DLC coating had better corrosion resistance due to the special compact structure. All results suggested that the Ti6Al7Nb with DLC coating had better wear resistance than that with N-ion implantation in artificial saliva.     

Effect of nitrogen ion implantation dose on torsional fretting wear behavior of titanium and its alloy

Various doses of nitrogen ions were implanted into the surface of pure titanium, Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4V, by plasma immersion ion implantation. Torsional fretting wear tests involving flat specimens of no-treated and treated titanium, as well as its alloys, against a ZrO₂ ball contact were performed on a torsional fretting wear test rig using a simulated physiological medium of serum solution. The treated surfaces were characterized, and the effect of implantation dose on torsional fretting behavior was discussed in detail. The results showed that the torsional fretting running and damage behavior of titanium and its alloys were strongly dependent on the dose of the implanted nitrogen ions and the angular displacement amplitude. The torsional fretting running boundary moved to smaller angular displacement amplitude, and the central light damage zone decreased, as the ion dose increased. The wear mechanisms of titanium and its alloys were oxidative wear, abrasive wear and delamination, with abrasive wear as the most common mechanism of the ion implantation layers.     

等离子渗氮与喷丸强化复合改进钛合金抗微动损伤性能

利用直流脉冲等离子电源装置对Ti6A14V钛合金表面渗氮处理,研究了渗氮层的相组成、硬度分布、韧度及摩擦学性能,采用喷丸形变强化(SP)对渗氮层进行后处理,以达到联合提高钛合金微动疲劳(FF)抗力的目的.研究结果表明:脉冲电源等离子技术可在钛合金表面获得由TiN、Ti2N、Ti2A1N等相组成的渗氮层,该改性层能够显著地提高钛合金常规磨损和微动磨损(FW)抗力,但降低了基材的FF抗力.渗氮层的减摩和抗磨性能与SP引入的表面残余压应力协同作用,使钛合金FF抗力超过了SP单独作用.提高渗氮层韧度对改善钛合金FF和FW性能均十分重要.     

钛合金自冲铆接头微动磨损机理及疲劳性能

对钛合金同种TA1-TA1（TT）及异种TA1-Al5052（TA）,TA1-H62（TH）自冲铆接头进行疲劳试验,用扫描电子显微镜对断口及微动区进行观测研究其微动磨损机理,并研究下板强度对接头疲劳寿命和失效形式的影响.结果表明,断口裂纹萌生区即为微动磨损区.微动磨损导致微动区亚表面产生微裂纹并逐步扩展为宏观疲劳裂纹导致接头最终失效;微动磨屑在微动磨损过程中主要起减轻磨损作用.总体上TT接头具有最优疲劳性能,疲劳载荷较高时TA接头疲劳性能优异,疲劳载荷较低时TH接头疲劳性能优异.两板强度相当且疲劳载荷较高时失效形式主要为铆钉断裂,疲劳载荷较低时失效形式主要为下板断裂;而下板强度与上板强度相差较大时,疲劳失效形式为下板断裂.     

TC4合金在不同环境介质中微动磨损行为研究

采用SRV-IV微动磨损试验台,研究TC4钛合金在空气和纯水介质中不同位移幅值下的微动磨损行为及其在模拟海水中的微动腐蚀特性,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜分别对磨痕表面形貌、磨损体积及磨痕轮廓进行表征,分析了钛合金在不同环境介质中的微动磨损机制。结果表明:摩擦系数随位移幅值的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,磨损体积随位移幅值的增大而增大;干摩擦条件下,摩擦系数较高且波动剧烈,磨损体积较小,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损并伴有氧化磨损;与干摩擦相比,水介质中的摩擦系数较低,磨损体积显著增大,且模拟海水中的摩擦系数更低更稳定,磨损轮廓更深,说明腐蚀与磨损之间存在"正"交互作用;TC4合金在纯水介质中的微动磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,而在模拟海水中的微动磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损。     

The relation between electrochemical tests and in vitro evaluation of titanium alloy biocompatibility

In this paper, the electrochemical behaviour of the titanium and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy in artificial saliva (Tani&Zucchi and Carter–Brugirard), ion release tests and in vitro biocompatibility of human osteoblasts (HOB) were studied. Titanium and its implant Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy present self‐passivation and very stable passive films in Tani&Zucchi artificial saliva of pH = 2.5; 5; 6.7; 9; the total quantity of ions released in the artificial saliva and corrosion rates are very low, proving a very good corrosion resistance and very low toxicity. In undoped and doped Carter–Brugirard saliva, the open circuit potentials have highly electropositive values, denoting passive state and good stability; the open circuit potential gradients, simulating the non‐uniformity of the saliva composition, show very low values, no danger for the implant integrity. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy was evaluated on the basis of cell morphology and cell viability. The results obtained revealed a high biocompatibility between HOB and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy.     

Comparison between corrosion behaviour of implant alloys Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4Zr in artificial saliva

The present paper investigates two different titanium alloys: Ti6Al7Nb – a well‐established implant biomaterial and Ti6Al4Zr – a relatively new titanium alloy. Roughness is evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance by contact angle measurements. Furthermore, an extensive characterization was done in order to evaluate and compare the electrochemical behaviour for both titanium alloys in artificial Fusayama and Afnor saliva, at different immersion times, and consisted of Tafel plots, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, metals ions release was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). In both studied artificial saliva, Ti6Al4Zr alloy presents a better electrochemical behaviour according to corrosion rates from both electrochemical techniques and ICP‐MS.     

Torsional fretting corrosion behaviours of Ti6Al4V alloys in Hank’s simulated body fluid

ABSTRACT

Torsional fretting corrosion in a physiological medium is one of the main reasons that artificial joints fail. In this study, we carried out experiments on torsional fretting corrosion in Titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) against Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) ceramic balls under 37°C in a Hank’s simulated body fluid. During the tests, we recorded electrochemical corrosion parameters using an electrochemical analysis system in real-time. We analysed the torsional fretting dynamics behaviours, damage mechanisms, and electrochemical corrosion behaviours in detail using the micro-examinations of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), a profilometer, and an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The results showed that the dynamics behaviours strongly depended upon the torsional angular displacement amplitude and the number of cycles. The friction torque increased with increases in the torsional angular displacement amplitude and normal load. We established a running condition fretting map (RCFM), which included three fretting running regimes: a partial slip regime (PSR), a mixed fretting regime (MFR), and a slip regime (SR). We determined that the influences of torsional fretting on electrochemical corrosion behaviours were strongly correlated to the angular displacement amplitude. Under large angular displacement amplitudes, the corrosion of the Ti6Al4V alloys in Hank’s simulated body fluids were accelerated by torsional fretting, especially during the initial stage of the test. However, when the angular displacement amplitude was smaller than 1°, the corrosion potentials and corrosion currents were almost invariable during the entire duration of the test. The damage to the Ti6Al4V alloy was the result of wear and corrosion. The wear mechanisms were attributable to delamination and abrasive wear in the three fretting regimes. We observed almost no damage on the contact centre and only slight scratches and wear on the contact edge in the PSR. In MFR testing, the damage zone extended to the contact centre and the sticking zone (which exhibited no damage) contracted to the contact centre with increases in the number of cycles. Ultimately, in MFR and SR testing, the damage mechanisms were primarily the result of abrasive wear, oxidation wear, tribochemical reactions, adhesion wear, and electrochemical corrosion.