复合固体超强酸S2O2-8/NiFe2O4的制备及催化性能的研究

采用共沉淀法和浸渍法制备了S2O2-8/NiFe2O4复合固体超强酸催化剂,并以乙酸和乙醇为原料合成了乙酸乙酯,考察了Fe∶Ni的原子配比,焙烧温度,焙烧时间,浸渍液浓度等对催化剂催化性能的影响.结果表明:当Fe∶Ni原子比为2∶1,焙烧温度为500℃,焙烧时间为 5 h,浸渍液浓度为 0.5 mol/L时,催化活性最好, 酯化率可达83.50%,重复使用5次以上酯化率仍不低于80.0%.该工艺产率高,腐蚀性及污染性小,催化剂可回收、活化、重复使用.     

复合固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/NiFe_2O_4的制备及催化性能的研究

采用共沉淀法和浸渍法制备了S2O82-/NiFe2O4复合固体超强酸催化剂,并以乙酸和乙醇为原料合成了乙酸乙酯,考察了Fe∶Ni的原子配比,焙烧温度,焙烧时间,浸渍液浓度等对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明:当Fe∶Ni原子比为2∶1,焙烧温度为500℃,焙烧时间为5 h,浸渍液浓度为0.5 mol/L时,催化活性最好,酯化率可达83.50%,重复使用5次以上酯化率仍不低于80.0%。该工艺产率高,腐蚀性及污染性小,催化剂可回收、活化、重复使用。     

稀土Sm促进的S2O82-/SnO2-Fe2O3固体酸的制备及表征

以(NH4) 2S2O8溶液为浸渍溶液,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了添加稀土Sm元素的固体酸催化剂S2O82-/SnO2-Fe2O3-Sm2O3,采用FT-IR、XRD、TG-DTA等分析方法对催化剂进行表征.将催化剂应用于乙酸正丁酯的合成反应,考察了铁锡元素摩尔比、浸渍液浓度、焙烧温度、焙烧时间和稀土含量等条件对固体酸催化性能的影响,得到催化剂的最佳制备条件为:铁锡元素摩尔比为1∶4,(NH4)2S2O8浸渍液浓度为2.0 mol/L,焙烧温度为500℃,焙烧时间为2.5h,添加稀土氧化钐含量为3％,乙酸正丁酯的酯化率最高达98％以上.添加稀土Sm元素的催化剂稳定性能良好,再生实验表明催化剂结焦及S2O2-基团的流失是催化剂失活的主要原因.     

SO4^2-/La2O3-ZrO2催化合成亚油酸乙酯

将SO4^2/ZrO2负载镧制备了新型催化剂SO4^2-/La2O3-ZrO2,以亚油酸和乙醇的酯化反应为探针，考察了不同制备条件对催化剂性能的影响，结果表明，La^2＋浸渍浓度为0．07mol／L，经110℃烘干后于500℃焙烧3h所得催化剂活性最好。采用正交实验法对影响酯化反应的因素进行考察，最佳实验条件为n（醇）：n（酸）：6：1，反应时间6h，催化剂用量3％（亚油酸），酯化率可达93．7％．且该催化剂具有良好的重复使用和再生能力。     

纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／CoFe2O4催化合成棕榈酸异辛酯的研究

利用硝酸铁和硝酸钴为原料制备了纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／CoFe2O4催化剂。透射电镜（TEM）测量结果表明,自制催化剂颗粒粒径在20～50nm。实验探讨了硫酸铵浸渍浓度、催化剂焙烧温度、焙烧时间对催化剂催化活性的影响;并以纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／CoFe2O4为催化剂,研究了棕榈酸与异辛醇合成棕榈酸异辛酯过程中影响酯化率的主要因素。实验确定的最优合成条件是：醇酸物质的量比2．0：1,催化剂质量分数（占反应物总质量的分数）0．50％,反应时间3．0h,并添加了带水剂,在此条件下反应的酯化率可达97．4％。     

S2O82-/ZrO2-TiO2固体超强酸催化剂的制备及其酯化性能

利用共沉淀和低温陈化法制备S2O82-/ZrO2-TiO2固体超强酸作为合成硬脂酸正丁酯的催化剂.通过XRD、FT-IR和SEM对催化剂进行表征,考察n(Zr)∶n(Ti)、焙烧温度、浸渍液浓度和浸渍时间对催化剂催化活性的影响,以酯化合成硬脂酸正丁酯实验为探针,同时考察反应温度和n(硬脂酸)∶n(正丁醇)对酯化率的影响.结果表明,在n(Zr)∶n(Ti) =2∶2、浸渍液(NH4)2S2O8浓度0.5 mol·L-1、浸渍时间6h、焙烧温度500℃、n(硬脂酸)∶n(正丁醇)＝1∶3、催化剂用量0.2 g、反应温度120℃和反应时间3h条件下,酯化率可达98.69％.     

铁系固体超强酸Fe2O3/S2O2-8的制备及丁酸异戊酯的合成

Fe2O3/S2O8^2-超强酸是直接由Fe2O3制备而成。本文研究了焙烧温度对催化活性的影响，探索了催化酯化反应的最佳条件。实验结果表明：Fe2O3/S2O8^2-超强酸催化剂是一种性能良好的酯化催化剂，制备简单，能够循环使用，无三废污染，催化效率高，对丁酸异戊酯酯化率可高达96．02％。     

新型钒系固体超强酸S_2O_8~（2-）/V_2O_5催化剂的制备研究

以NH4VO3为原料,（NH4）2S2O8为浸渍液,添加一定量Fe2O3,用沉淀-浸渍法制备出新型S2O82-/V2O5-Fe2O3固体超强酸催化剂。以合成乙酸苄酯作为探针反应,考察不同制备条件下超强酸的催化活性。研究发现,最优条件为：V2O5与Fe2O3的摩尔比为n（V2O5）∶n（Fe2O3）=1.0∶1.0,浸渍液浓度为1.5 mol/L,焙烧温度350℃,焙烧时间3 h效果最佳,催化剂的活性最好。     

固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2-SiO_2催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

研究了用S2O82-浸渍钛硅复合氧化物,制得固体超强酸S2O82-/TiO2 SiO2。用柠檬酸与丁醇的酯化反应来考察制备催化剂的各因素对反应的影响,当反应时间为6h,以及制备催化剂的n(Ti)∶n(Si)为1∶1,(NH4)2S2O8溶液的浓度为0.3mol/L,浸渍时间为8h,焙烧温度为400℃及焙烧时间为5h等情况下制得的催化剂具有很高的催化活性。在合适的条件下,用于催化柠檬酸和正丁醇的酯化反应,可得无色透明的酯化产物柠檬酸三丁酯,酯化率较高,且催化剂可重复使用。     

固体酸S2O2-8/ZrO2-SiO2催化合成马来酸二辛酯

用S2O8^2-浸渍锆硅复合氧化物，制得固体酸催化剂S2O8^2-／ZrO2-SiO2。用马来酸酐与正辛醇的酯化反应考察了催化剂的活性，并与硫酸、对甲苯磺酸等催化剂的催化效果比较。结果表明：对于给定反应，S2O8^2-对ZrO2-SiO2的促进作用明显高于S24^2-；当n(Zr)：n(Si)为l：6，用硝酸铵作硅酸钠的沉淀剂，用0．7mol/L，的过硫酸铵浸渍12h，在550℃下焙烧3h制得的催化剂S2O8^2-／ZrO2-SiO2具有最高的催化活性，用于催化马来酸酐和正辛醇的酯化反应，可得无色透明的酯化产物，3h内酯化率达98．4％，较S2O8^2-／ZrO2-SiO2催化剂的酯化率提高了约18％．     

钕-铝系稀土色料的研制

通过钕-铝系列色料合成实验,分析不同配比及不同矿化剂等对色料呈色效果的影响,确定最佳工艺方法。对实验结果进行XRD及色度分析,确定其主晶相为钕酸铝,试样的明度均在70以上,色彩鲜艳亮丽。     

Phase equilibrium in binary La2O3-Dy2O3 and ternary CeO2-La2O3-Dy2O3 systems

Cerium oxide doped with oxides of rare earth elements is a multifunctional material, a wide range of uses which is associated with its unique physicochemical properties. Phase diagrams of multicomponent systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of new materials with improved characteristics.In this work, phase equilibria in ternary CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ and binary La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ systems in the whole concentration range were studied. No new phases have been identified in these systems. An isothermal section of the phase diagram of the CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ system at a temperature of 1500 °С is constructed. No new phases have been detected in the system. It was found that in the studied ternary system solid solutions are formed on the basis of (F) modification of CeO₂ with structure of fluorite type, monoclinic (B), cubic (C) and hexagonal (A) modifications of Ln₂O₃.In the La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ binary system (1500–1100 °С) three types of solid solutions are formed: based on hexagonal modification A-La₂O₃, monoclinic modification B-Dy₂O₃ and cubic modification C-Dy₂O₃ separated by two-phase fields (A+B) and (B+C), respectively. The boundaries of the regions of homogeneity of solid solutions based on A-La₂O₃ are determined by compositions containing 35–40, 20–25, 15–20 mol% Dy₂O₃ at 1500, 1250, 1100 °C, respectively. From the obtained data it follows that the solubility of Dy₂O₃ in the hexagonal modification of lanthanum oxide is 39 mol% at 1500 °C, 23 mol. % at 1250 °C and 16 mol% at 1100 °C. The limits of existence of solid solutions based on monoclinic B-modification are determined by compositions containing 30–35, 65–60 (1250 °С), 35–40, 55–60 (1100 °С) 40–45, 70–75 (1500 °C) mol% Dy₂O₃.In the studied system, with a decrease in temperature from 1500° to 1100°C, there is a decrease in the solubility of La₂O₃ in the crystal lattice of cubic solid solutions of C-type from 16 to 10 mol%.     

Polycrystalline In2O3 and In2O3/Y2O3 photoanodes

Single crystal In₂O₃ shows promise as a photoanode for the decomposition of water. Because of various difficulties in the preparation of the single crystal material, two simple techniques were developed for the preparation of polycrystalline In₂O₃ anodes. One method involves the thermal decomposition of the nitrate while the other utilizes the chemical vapour deposition technique. Voltammograms and photoresponse spectra of these anodes are compared to the single crystal material. Among other observations, it is noted that the quantum efficiencies of the thermally decomposed films are comparable to the single crystal material. It is also shown that the on-set potential can be shifted to more negative values by forming the mixed oxide In₂O₃/Y₂O₃.     

Fe2+/H2O2体系O2生成路径

掌握Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系O₂的生成路径,可为避免H₂O₂无效分解,开发经济高效的Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系利用技术指明方向。采用添加自由基捕获剂的方法,探究Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内各种自由基对O₂生成速率的影响,进而确定O₂的生成路径。结果表明:Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内不会产生大量O₂^-·,O₂^-·不是生成O₂的主要反应物质;O₂^-·被全部捕获后,体系中仍产生大量O₂^-·,但此时无O₂生成,证明生成O₂的反应由·OH和HO₂·两种自由基直接参与。分析认为反应·OH+HO₂·-H₂O+O₂是体系内O₂生成的主要路径。控制Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系定向生成·OH,抑制HO₂·的产生,是提高Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系中H₂O₂利用率的有效手段。     

Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中铝、铁的反应行为

以Al2O3, Fe2O3和Na2CO3为原料,对Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中的反应行为进行了详细研究. 基于溶出率与时间、温度的关系,证明Na2O×Al2O3和Na2O×Fe2O3的生成反应动力学都服从Zhuralev-Lesokin-Tempelman模型,表观活化能分别为186.59和80.92 kJ/mol,表明Na2O×Fe2O3比Na2O×Al2O3在动力学上更易形成;Al2O3易与Na2O×Fe2O3反应形成Na2O×Al2O3和Fe2O3,在1273 K烧结30 min,所得熟料Al2O3溶出率达98.51%;Fe2O3对Na2O×Al2O3的形成有双重作用,在1273 K下可加速Na2O×Al2O3的形成,超过1323 K,促使Na2O×Al2O3分解成Na2O和b-Al2O3,且随着温度升高或时间延长,分解程度增高,从而导致熟料中Al2O3溶出率显著降低.     

H2O2 / O3, H2O2 / UV And H2O2 / Fe2+ Processes For The Oxidation Of Hazardous Wastes

Activated hydrogen peroxide produces very reactive OH-radicals which destroy hazardous contaminants in water. The principles and different methods of activation are described. Results from laboratory studies show the numerous applications of this new technology. A successful scaleup of laboratory tests to an industrial level is discussed. Finally, a cost estimate for treating different types of water with hydrogen peroxide is presented.     

Propylene metathesis over Re2O7/Al2O3-B2O3 catalysts

A series of alumina aluminum borate (AAB) with various Al/B molar ratios were prepared by the coprecipitation method. The supported rhenium oxide catalysts with various contents of Re₂O₇ were also prepared by the impregnation method with perrhenic acid. The catalytic activity and stability of Re₂O₇/AAB catalysts for the reaction of propylene metathesis were tested in a fixed-bed microreactor. It was found that Re₂O₇/AAB is more active, stable and regenerable than Re₂O₇/Al₂O₃ for propylene metathesis. The optimum Al/B molar ratio was found to be in the range of 4–10.