纳米Al对RDX基炸药机械感度和火焰感度的影响

采用机械混合法制备了含纳米Al的RDX基混合炸药,测试了其机械感度和火焰感度,用扫描电镜表征了纳米Al及其炸药的表面形貌,分析了感度变化的原因。结果表明,加入纳米Al后,RDX基炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度增大;随着纳米Al含量的增加,撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度明显增大;且含纳米Al炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度均高于含微米Al炸药。纳米Al及含纳米Al炸药均存在微量团聚现象,在一定程度上影响了含纳米Al的RDX基炸药的感度。     

纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药撞击感度的性能研究

在超声波的环境下制备了不同配比的纳米HMX(奥克托今)/微米RDX(黑索今)复合炸药,并对纯RDX炸药和自制炸药的撞击感度进行了比较。结果发现,在实验配比范围内,纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药比纯RDX炸药敏感,且随HMX含量的增加,撞击感度降低。     

NTO含量对RDX基含铝炸药机械感度及爆速的影响

制备了不同3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)含量的RDX基含铝炸药,用爆炸概率法和电测法测试了其机械感度和爆速,研究了NTO含量对RDX基含铝炸药机械感度和爆速的影响。结果表明,随着NTO含量的增加,含铝炸药的机械感度明显降低,撞击感度由34%降至2%,摩擦感度由30%降至2%;在相同密度下,随着NTO含量的增加,含铝炸药的爆速降低,当NTO质量分数为35%时,爆速降至7 764m/s,与不含NTO的RDX基含铝炸药相比,降低了169m/s。     

含硼金属炸药水下能量的实验研究

通过水下试验测试了含硼铝、硼镁、硼镁铝合金、硼钛、硼锆等混合金属粉炸药的水下能量,并与相应含铝炸药的水下能量进行了对比.结果发现,以HMX为基金属粉的质量分数20%时,镁粉、镁铝合金与硼粉混合后水下(总能量)比单独使用硼粉时约提高40%;含硼铝质量分数20%的炸药的水下总能量比含铝质量分数20%炸药高约7%;以RDX为基,含硼铝、硼镁、硼镁铝合金质量分数20%炸药的水下总能量比含铝20%的炸药均有提高,其中硼镁达到9%.随着硼铝金属粉含量的增加,水下总能量不断提高,均高于相应含铝炸药,当硼铝金属粉质量分数为35%时达到最高,比含铝35%炸药约高7%,含量40%后开始降低.硼粉与铝粉混合使用,可提高硼粉氧化效率和炸药水下总能量.     

纳米LaCoO3对RDX基混合炸药的热分解特性和感度的影响

用DSC和DTA研究了LaCoO3对含AP的RDX基混合炸药热分解特性的影响。结果表明,纳米LaCoO3对含有AP的RDX基爆炸混合物的热分解具有一定的催化作用;纳米LaCoO3使RDX基混合炸药的撞击感度和热感度降低,摩擦感度增大。     

纳米铝对RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量的影响

为了探索纳米铝对RDX基压装炸药的水下爆炸能量的影响,测试了含纳米铝、微米铝、以及纳米铝和微米铝级配的RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量,分析了其水下爆炸能量的变化规律。结果表明,RDX基压装炸药中,当单独使用纳米铝或微米铝时,纳米铝对炸药水下爆炸总能量的提高不如微米铝;当铝粉总质量分数为30%,且纳米铝和微米铝的质量比为1∶2时,水下爆炸总能量比单独使用微米铝时提高7%,说明纳米铝和微米铝合理级配能够提高铝粉的能量释放效率。当铝粉总质量分数为35%时,即使采用级配也无法提高含铝炸药的水下爆炸能量。     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

超细RDX/Al混合炸药的制备及性能

以超细RDX为主体炸药,通过添加Al粉,干法工艺制备出超细RDX/Al混合炸药;对制得的样品进行了撞击感度、摩擦感度测试。实验结果表明,相对超细RDX,超细RDX/Al混合炸药的撞击感度和摩擦感度有一定程度的降低。     

RDX的TNT包覆钝感研究

为降低RDX的机械感度,维持其爆炸性能,研究了用少量TNT包覆RDX的钝感方法。以RDX为主体炸药成分,以质量分数3％～10％的TNT为含能钝感剂,再加入质量分数2％～3％的含能增塑剂和微量水溶性表面活性剂,利用TNT和含能增塑剂在水中不同温度的熔化和凝固结晶,通过水悬浮分散包覆工艺,将TNT和含能增塑剂包覆在RDX颗粒的表面,制得内层为RDX、外层为TNT的双层混合炸药。分析了包覆钝感的工艺条件及炸药包覆后的粒径和SEM的变化情况。研究表明,该RDX—TNT双层混合炸药的撞击感度可降至20％以下,摩擦感度降至28％以下,压制成药柱的密度为1．73g／m^3,爆速可达8400m／s。     

硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响

为了研究硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响,采用圆筒试验研究了含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药加速圆筒壁膨胀速度和格尼能的变化过程,并与不含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药进行了对比,分析了硝酸酯对炸药能量释放特性及金属驱动能力的影响。结果表明,硝酸酯可改善RDX基含铝炸药的铝氧比,改变其反应速率;在反应初期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度低于不含硝酸酯的炸药,而在爆炸反应中后期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度以及格尼能均高于不含硝酸酯的炸药;含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的能量释放特性使其适合用于破片战斗部中,可提高其金属驱动能力。     

CL-20对硝酸酯炸药性能的影响

以HMX硝酸酯炸药配方为基础,用六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)部分替代HMX,计算了含CL-20的硝酸酯炸药的密度、爆热和爆速,并与测试结果进行了对比;测试了其机械感度。结果表明,随着CL-20含量的增加,硝酸酯炸药的实测密度、爆热、爆速均明显增加;当CL-20质量分数为50%时,硝酸酯炸药的实测密度、爆热和爆速分别为1.907g/m3、6 826J/g和9 125m/s,撞击感度由34%提高到40%,摩擦感度由28%提高到60%。     

FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性

为研究FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性,对其进行了冲击波感度试验和冲击起爆试验,结合冲击波在铝隔板中的衰减特性,确定了FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的临界隔板值和临界起爆压力,并通过锰铜压阻传感器记录了起爆至稳定爆轰过程压力历程的变化。结果表明,以Φ40mm×50mm的JH-14为主发装药时,FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药临界隔板值分别为37.51和34.51mm,对应的临界起爆压力为10.91和11.94GPa;起爆压力为11.58GPa时,FOX-7炸药的到爆轰距离为25.49~30.46mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为27.68GPa,爆轰速度为8 063m/s;起爆压力为14.18GPa时,RDX基含铝炸药的到爆轰距离为17.27~23.53mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为17.16GPa,爆轰速度为6 261m/s。     

Effect of Al/O Ratio on the Detonation Performance and Underwater Explosion of HMX‐based Aluminized Explosives

The performance of detonation and underwater explosion (UNDEX) of a six‐formula HMX‐based aluminized explosive was examined by detonation and UNDEX experiments. The detonation pressures, detonation velocities, and detonation heat of HMX‐based aluminized explosive were measured. The reliability between the experimental results and those calculated by an empirical formula and the KHT code was verfied. UNDEX experiments were carried out on the propagation of a shock wave and a bubble pulse of a 1 kg cylindrical HMX‐based aluminized explosive underwater at a depth of 4.7 m. Based on the experimental results of the shock wave, the coefficients of similarity law equation for the peak pressure and attenuation time constant of shock wave were in acceptable agreement. The bubble motion during UNDEX was simulated using MSC.DYTRAN software, and the radius time curves of bubbles were determined. The effect of the aluminum/oxygen ratio on the performance of the detonation and UNDEX for an HMX‐based aluminized explosive was discussed.     

Underwater detonation performance of the aluminum film explosive

A new aluminized explosive is proposed, and the approach is to replace the aluminum powder in the traditional aluminized explosive with an aluminum film. The purpose is not only to improve mechanical properties and lower the impact sensitivity of traditional aluminized explosives, but also to reduce environmental pollution in the aluminum particle production process. The pressure-time curves of the aluminum film explosive and RDX are measured in underwater explosion experiments. The peak pressure, impulse, shock wave energy, and bubble energy are obtained by analyzing the curves. The results of the study indicate that the peak pressure of the aluminum film explosive is lower than that of RDX. However, the aluminum film explosive maintains a high pressure for a longer period of time. The large amount of energy is found to liberate by subsequent reactions of the Al film with the primary detonation products. The increase in the explosion energy of the aluminum film explosive is based mainly on the increase in the bubble energy.     

铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压和爆速的影响

利用锰铜压力传感器和测时仪测量了不同铝含量的RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速。拟合出爆压、爆速与铝含量的关系式,分析了铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压、爆速的影响因素。结果表明,随着铝含量的增加,RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速呈线性减小。计算了铝粉的质量分数在0~40%时所对应的PC-J=A(x)0ρD2中的A(x)值,拟合出A(x)值与铝含量的关系式,得到RDX基含铝炸药爆压与爆速之间的关系式。     

Combustion heat of the Al/B powder and its application in metallized explosives in underwater explosions

An underwater explosion test is used to determine the detonation properties of metallized explosives containing aluminum and boron powders. An oxygen bomb calorimeter (PARR 6200 calorimeter, Parr Instrument Company, USA) is used to obtain the heat of combustion of the metal mixtures. As the content of boron powders is increased, the heat of combustion of the metal mixtures increases, and the combustion efficiency of boron decreases. The highest value of the combustion heat is 38.2181 MJ/kg, with the boron content of 40%. All metallized explosive compositions (RDX/Al/B/AP) have higher detonation energy (including higher shock wave energy and bubble energy) in water than the TNT charge. The highest total useful energy is 6.821 MJ/kg, with the boron content of 10%. It is 3.4% higher than the total energy of the RDX/Al/AP composition, and it is 2.1 times higher than the TNT equivalent.     

铝粉含量和粒径对乳化炸药作功能力的影响

为研究铝粉对乳化炸药作功能力的影响,在负氧平衡的乳化炸药中分别添加不同含量和粒径的铝粉,采用测时仪法测定其爆速;通过水下爆炸实验计算出含铝乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量等参数。结果表明,当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为5%时,含铝乳化炸药的爆速最大,分别为5 128、5 071m/s;当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为20%时,乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量均随着铅粉含量的增加而增大,比冲击波能分别增加19.7%、15.3%;比气泡能分别增加12.6%、13.7%,总能量分别增加15.1%、14.5%。     

Cast aluminized explosives (review)

This paper reviews the current status and future trends of aluminized explosives. The major focus is on cast compositions, which encompass both the melt-cast trinitrotoluene (TNT) based and the slurry cast polymer-based compositions. Widely reported RDX and HMX based aluminized compositions with TNT used as a binder are discussed in detail. Various researchers have suggested a 15–20% Al content as an optimum from the viewpoint of velocity of detonation. A higher Al content, however, is incorporated in most of the compositions for a sustained blast effect, due to the potential of secondary reactions of Al with detonation products. The effect of the aluminum particle size on performance parameters (velocity of detonation, etc.) is included. There are some recent works on nanometric Al based compositions, and the results obtained by various researchers suggest mixed trends for RDX-TNT compositions. Studies on nitrotriazol and TNT based compositions bring out their low vulnerability. Some of the interesting findings on ammonium dinitramide and bis(2,2,2-trinitro-ethyl)nitramine (BTNEN) based compositions are also included. The review brings out superiority of polymer based aluminized explosives, as compared to conventional TNT based compositions, particularly, with respect to low vulnerability. In general, aluminized plastic bonded explosives find numerous underwater applications. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is also incorporated, particularly, for enhancing underwater shock wave and bubble energy. Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene appears to be the binder of choice. However, nitrocellulose, polyethylene glycol, and polycaprolactone polymer based compositions with energetic plasticizers, like bis-dinitropropyl acetal/formal (BDNPA/F, 1/1 mix), trimethylol ethane trinitrate, and triethylene glycol dinitrate are also investigated. Polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone polymer based compositions are found to be low vulnerable, particularly, in terms of shock sensitivity. Highly insensitive polymer bonded nitrotriazol based compositions are being pursued all over the globe. The highly insensitive CL-20/AP combination meets the demands of high density and high velocity of detonation. Glycidyl azide polymer and poly nitratomethyl methyl oxetane appear to be binders of interest for plastic bonded explosives in view of their superior energetics. The vulnerability aspects of these compositions, however, need to be studied in detail. Brief information on plastic bonded and gelled thermobaric explosives is also included. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 98–115, July–August, 2008.