石墨烯作为轧钢机轴承润滑脂添加剂的研究*

为改善轧钢机轴承用润滑脂的性能,采用不同质量分数的石墨烯对润滑脂进行了改性,测定各润滑脂样品的锥入度和滴点,使用四球摩擦试验机研究石墨烯对润滑脂摩擦学性能的影响,使用扫描电子显微镜、白光干涉仪和拉曼光谱仪等分析石墨烯在润滑脂中的减摩抗磨机制。结果表明:石墨烯作为添加剂能提高润滑脂的滴点和改善润滑脂的极压性能以及减摩抗磨性能。当石墨烯质量分数为0.2%时,对润滑脂极压性能的提升效果最好,表现为烧结负荷和综合磨损值最大,较基础脂分别提高了29.0%和24.0%;当石墨烯质量分数为0.3%时,对润滑脂减摩抗磨性能的提升效果最好,摩擦因数和磨斑直径较基础脂润滑时分别下降了22.4%和13.0%,磨损体积减少了43.0%,且最大无卡咬负荷提高了21.2%。石墨烯在摩擦过程中,吸附在摩擦表面,形成保护薄膜阻止了摩擦副材料的直接接触,减少了磨损,同时提高了润滑脂的承载能力。     

硅镁型复合纳米添加剂的摩擦学及自修复性能研究

用化学方法制得粒径约为40 nm的硅镁型复合纳米添加剂,分别采用四球摩擦磨损试验机、环-块摩擦磨损试验机和齿轮试验机考察了其作为矿物油添加剂的抗磨减摩性能及对磨损表面的修复作用.用扫描电子显微镜、粗糙度测定仪以及X射线光电子能谱仪等对摩擦副磨损表面进行了分析,并探讨其修复作用机制.结果表明:制备的硅镁型复合纳米添加剂具有优良自修复性能,可以很好覆盖磨损表面,能显著降低磨损表面的粗糙度.其自修复作用机制是由于硅镁型复合纳米粒子在摩擦表面形成沉积并在接触区的高温高压下熔融铺展形成低剪切强度的表面膜, 由于这层膜的剪切强度比较低,可以减少摩擦界面的粘着磨损,故表现出良好的减摩抗磨和自修复性能.     

导电聚苯胺在润滑脂中的导电能力及减摩抗磨性能的研究

采用导电高分子材料—聚苯胺粉末作为润滑脂导电添加剂,合成新型电力复合脂。分别对制备的电力复合脂的体积电阻率以及接触电阻（铜片）进行测试,并采用往复摩擦磨损试验机对其室温下在钢-铜,钢-钢摩擦副的摩擦学性能进行研究。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察金属表面并利用能谱分析仪（EDS）对表面元素成分进行分析。结果表明,聚苯胺粉末能够将基础脂的体积电阻率降低2个数量级;当添加量为2%时,在钢-铜、钢-钢摩擦副上均可获得最好的减摩效果;当添加量为5%时,也可在多数情况下获得好的抗磨效果。EDS分析结果表明,在润滑脂中添加聚苯胺粉末能在金属表面生成含氮化学反应膜,同时聚苯胺可以抑制摩擦过程中氧与金属的反应。     

油胺修饰镍纳米粒子在锂基脂中的摩擦学性能*

为提高镍纳米粒子作为润滑脂添加剂的减摩和抗磨能力,采用油胺对其进行修饰以减少团聚,通过SEM、FT-IR和XRD对OA-Ni的微观形态和结构进行了表征,利用四球摩擦试验机和TE77往复摩擦试验机考察表面修饰的镍纳米粒子(OA-Ni)对锂基润滑脂摩擦学性能的影响,并探讨其在润滑脂中的减摩抗磨机制。结果表明:制备的油胺修饰镍纳米粒子呈不规则的圆片状,粒径约为100 nm,在润滑脂中有良好的分散性;经油胺表面改性的镍纳米粒子能有效改善锂基脂的摩擦学性能,抗磨和减摩性能分别提升了36.6%和15%。磨损表面分析结果表明,在摩擦过程中油胺修饰的镍纳米粒子在摩擦表面形成了主要成分为Fe2O3、 Fe3O4、NiO、Ni2O3等金属氧化物的摩擦化学膜,提高了锂基脂的摩擦学性能。     

锂盐型电力复合脂的导电性和摩擦学性能

以三种锂盐:四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)、六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)和双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiNTf2)作为锂基润滑脂导电剂制得了三种电力复合脂。分别采用DDSJ-308A型电导率仪,GEST-121型体积表面电阻率测试仪和HLY-200A型回路电阻测试仪对电力复合脂的导电性进行了测试。并采用Optimol SRV-I型振荡往复摩擦磨损试验机对电力复合脂在室温下的摩擦学性能进行了测试。结果表明,三种锂盐可以提高润滑脂的导电性,还可以改善润滑脂的摩擦学性能。利用Micro-XAM3D轮廓扫描仪测量了磨痕体积,采用扫描电子显微镜和PHI-5702型多功能X射线光电子能谱仪对磨损表面进行了表征和分析。分析结果表明,在摩擦过程中形成了包含吸附膜和化学反应膜的边界膜,使得减摩抗磨性能得到了改善。     

质子型离子液体水溶液对GCr15轴承钢的摩擦学性能研究

以质子型离子液体:二羟乙基胺正辛酸(Bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium] caprylate,BOEAC)作为添加剂,配置了不同质量浓度的BOEAC水溶液,使用MS-10A摩擦试验机对质子离子液体水溶液的减摩抗磨性能、极压性能和润滑稳定性能进行试验研究。试验结果表明:BOEAC离子液体水溶液具有显著的减摩抗磨性能,其中10%BOEAC离子液体水溶液的最大无卡咬负荷高达847N,相比于纯水(98N)减摩抗磨性能显著,甚至高于普通基础油,可作为水基润滑液的极压添加剂。BOEAC离子液体能够显著改善其水溶液的成膜性能,这是由于BOEAL分子能够在摩擦副表面迅速形成吸附膜和化学反应膜,使摩擦副表面的摩擦系数降低,抗磨性能提升。作为一种不含卤素等有毒元素的新型绿色离子润滑剂,可通过调节BOEAC浓度配比,替代传统润滑剂,在各种工况中应用。     

新型S-N型三取代三嗪衍生物的合成及其与磷酸三甲酚酯在菜子油中的摩擦学研究

合成了一种新型无磷三正辛硫基取代三嗪衍生物（TOTY），利用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了单剂TOTT、磷酸三甲酚酯（TCP）以及含不同质量比的TOTY和TCP的复合添加剂在菜子油中的摩擦学研究；用x射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析了磨损表面形貌和元素化学形态。结果表明：所考察的添加剂都能有效提高基础油的承载能力；在一定的条件下，单剂TOTY和TCP能够有效地提高基础油的减摩和抗磨性能；TOTY／TCP复合剂在基础油中表现出协同抗磨和减摩效应。在摩擦过程中，含上述添加剂的菜子油与摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应，在摩擦副表面生成混合边界润滑膜，从而起到了减摩抗磨作用。     

纳米碳酸钙颗粒作为钛基脂添加剂的摩擦学性能

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机研究纳米碳酸钙作为复合钛基脂添加剂的摩擦磨损性能，利用X射线光电子能谱仪分析试验后钢球磨斑表面主要元素的化学状态，用扫描电子显微镜观察钢球的磨斑表面形貌。结果表明：纳米碳酸钙作为复合钛基脂添加剂具有明显的减摩抗磨效果；其中纳米碳酸钙质量分数为时3%复合钛基脂具有佳的减摩抗磨效果，与纯钛基脂相比，可使平均摩擦因数降低14.9 %，磨斑直径降低35.1%。在添加纳米碳酸钙的复合钛基脂润滑下，钢球磨斑表面形成了由纳米碳酸钙分解生成的CaO、钛基脂分解生成的TiO2，以及Fe2O3、FeO等无机化合物成分组成的多孔状保护膜，这层保护膜阻止了摩擦表面的直接接触，起到了有效的减摩抗磨效果。     

含酯基苯并噻唑衍生物在菜籽油中的摩擦学性能及作用机制

合成了2种无灰无磷环境友好抗磨添加剂(含酯基苯并噻唑衍生物MBTA和MBTT),利用红外光谱和元素分析对其分子结构进行了表征.使用四球机考察了2种添加剂在菜籽油中的极压、抗磨和减摩性能,结果表明,2种苯并噻唑衍生物在适当范围内改善了菜籽油的抗磨性能,且添加剂MBTA的抗磨性能优于添加剂MBTT;2种添加剂仅仅在低载荷下有一定的减摩作用,添加剂MBTA和MBTT分别将菜籽油的最大无卡咬负荷提高了75.5% 和66.7%.使用XPS分析了添加剂MBTA在钢球磨斑表面的摩擦膜化学组成,发现添加剂MBTA在摩擦过程中活性硫元素与金属表面发生了摩擦化学反应,其生成的摩擦膜主要由FeS和/或FeS2组成.     

非硫磷有机钼添加剂的制备及其摩擦学研究

采用二羟乙基十八胺与钼酸铵作为原材料,合成一种新型非硫磷有机钼添加剂N-十八烷基亚胺二乙醇钼酸二酯(HOAM),并利用红外光谱仪(IR)及电感耦合等离子光谱发生仪(ICP)和元素分析(EA)对其进行结构表征,通过热重分析(TGA)研究其热稳定性。以锂基脂为基础脂,应用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察HOAM与市售的Molyvan 855添加剂在锂基脂中的抗磨减摩性能及极压承载能力;应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线近边结构吸收光谱(XANES)分析其磨斑形貌及摩擦膜的钼元素的化学组成。试验结果表明：HOAM具有较好的热稳定性,减摩性能和极压性能良好,其作为添加剂添加在锂基脂中可使钢球磨斑直径减小、磨斑形状变规则、犁沟变浅;非硫磷有机钼添加剂HOAM在摩擦过程中在摩擦副表面发生化学反应,生成了含MoO-42的润滑膜,相比Molyvan 855具有更好的抗磨减摩性能。     

几种纳米粒子作为润滑脂修复添加剂的试验研究

在MRH-3高速环块摩擦磨损实验机上,研究了纳米微粒Cu,Al,Al2O3,MgO加入到通用锂基脂中的摩擦学性能。并采用扫描电子显微镜,能量色散谱仪分析了摩擦表面的形貌和元素组成。结果表明:含有纳米Cu,Al,Al2O3,MgO粒子的润滑脂对摩擦表面均有很好的减摩和修复能力,但各种粒子的效果有所不同,其中Al2O3,Cu,Al3种粒子要比MgO具有更好的效果。     

Tribological behaviour of protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified LABSA as lubricants and additives

Two typical protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LABSA) were synthesised, and their tribological behaviours used as both lubricants compared with PAO10 and additives in PAO10 were evaluated with an Optimol SRV‐I oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. The results show that the two novel protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified LABSA exhibited excellent friction‐reducing and anti‐wear properties as lubricants and can also significantly improve the tribological performance of the base fluids as friction modifier additives. The worn surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicating that the excellent anti‐wear and friction‐reducing performance could attributed to the boundary lubrication films that could contain both the tribochemical film composed of organic amine decomposed from the protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts and the stable chemical absorbed film through the interactions between the sulfonate anions and surface metallic atoms during the sliding process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study the Sensitivity of Solid Lubricating Additives to Attapulgite Clay Base Grease

The focus of this study was the development of a new lubricating grease, using surface-modified attapulgite clay as thickener and synthetic oil (PAO 40) as the base oil. The tribological sensitivity of the new grease was investigated by studying the effect of adding three solid additives [KB₃O₅, MoS₂, graphite and a graphite/MoS₂ mixture (mass ratio 3:2)]. Its tribological behavior was compared with that of traditional bentone grease by adding MoS₂. The dropping point and the cone penetration of the new grease were also investigated and analyzed. The wear scar diameter of the base grease was measured on an MRS-1 J (G) four-ball tester, and the tribological sensitivity of solid lubricating additives to attapulgite clay base grease was evaluated using an Optimol SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester. The addition of MoS₂ and the graphite/MoS₂ mixture to the new lubricating grease improved its friction-reducing ability, while the addition of KB₃O₅ improved its antiwear ability. The additives MoS₂ and the graphite/MoS₂ mixture also increased the load-carrying capacity of the base grease. The attapulgite clay grease containing MoS₂ had a better friction-reducing ability than the traditional bentone grease containing MoS_2.     

Erratum to: Study the Sensitivity of Solid Lubricating Additives to Attapulgite Clay Base Grease

The focus of this study was the development of a new lubricating grease, using surface-modified attapulgite clay as thickener and synthetic oil (PAO 40) as the base oil. The tribological sensitivity of the new grease was investigated by studying the effect of adding three solid additives [KB₃O₅, MoS₂, graphite and a graphite/MoS₂ mixture (mass ratio 3:2)]. Its tribological behavior was compared with that of traditional bentone grease by adding MoS₂. The dropping point and the cone penetration of the new grease were also investigated and analyzed. The wear scar diameter of the base grease was measured on an MRS-1 J (G) four-ball tester, and the tribological sensitivity of solid lubricating additives to attapulgite clay base grease was evaluated using an Optimol SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester. The addition of MoS₂ and the graphite/MoS₂ mixture to the new lubricating grease improved its friction-reducing ability, while the addition of KB₃O₅ improved its antiwear ability. The additives MoS₂ and the graphite/MoS₂ mixture also increased the load-carrying capacity of the base grease. The attapulgite clay grease containing MoS₂ had a better friction-reducing ability than the traditional bentone grease containing MoS_2.     

Alkyl Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Friction Reduction and Anti-Wear Additive in Polyurea Grease for Steel/Steel Contacts

Five room temperature ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (L-P104), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (L-P106), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (L-P108), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (L-P110), and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (LB106) were studied as 1 wt% additives of polyurea grease for steel/steel contacts. Their tribological behaviors as additives of polyurea grease for steel/steel contacts were evaluated on an Optimol SRV-IV oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester and an MRS-1J (G) four-ball tester at room and high temperatures. The friction test results showed that the ILs, as 1 wt% additives in polyurea grease for steel/steel contacts, had better friction reduction and anti-wear properties at high temperature than at room temperature, and ILs can significantly improve the friction reduction and anti-wear properties of polyurea grease compared with base grease containing 1 wt% of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (T204). The excellent tribological properties are attributed to the formation of a surface protective film composed of FeF₂, nitrides, and compound containing the P–O bonding on the lubricated metal surface by a tribochemical reaction. The ordered adsorbed films and good miscibility of ILs with the base grease also contributed to the excellent tribological properties. Wear mechanisms and worn steel surfaces were studied by a PHI-5702 multifunctional X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and a JSM-5600LV scanning electron microscope.     

添加剂对聚氨酯材料摩擦性能的影响

为改善聚氨酯水润滑轴承材料的性能,在聚氨酯预聚体中分别添加不同含量的润滑脂、消泡剂和合成蜡,制备3种聚氨酯复合材料;利用CBZ-1型船舶轴系摩擦磨损试验机测试复合材料在不同工况下的摩擦学性能,利用激光干涉位移表面轮廓仪和超景深显微镜观察不同聚氨酯复合材料对摩副的表面形貌,探讨材料在水润滑条件下的磨损机制。结果表明:润滑脂和消泡剂的添加提高了聚氨酯材料的稳定性,再添加合成蜡有效地改善其在高压工况下的润滑状态;在高压工况下,与纯聚氨酯材料对摩的铸铜盘磨损后出现犁沟现象,表现出磨粒磨损的特征并伴随着黏着磨损,而与复合聚氨酯材料对摩的铸铜盘磨损后仅出现黏着磨损的特征。润滑脂、消泡剂和合成蜡能有效提高聚氨酯材料的耐磨性以及降低对摩副的磨损损耗,从而提高了聚氨酯材料作为水润滑轴承的安全性和可靠性。     

PTFE基复合材料海水润滑下的摩擦学性能研究

研究碳纤维/聚四氟乙烯（CF/PTFE）、玻璃纤维/聚四氟乙烯（GF/PTFE）复合材料与氮化硅陶瓷配副在海水环境下的摩擦学性能与润滑机制,分析滑动速度对摩擦副海水润滑性能的影响规律。结果表明：在海水润滑条件下,随着滑动速度的增加,PTFE、CF/PTFE、GF/PTFE材料与Si3N4陶瓷配副时的摩擦学性能均有明显改善,摩擦因数与磨损率均呈显著降低的趋势,其中CF/PTFE复合材料表现出更为优异的摩擦学性能,在1 000 r/min滑动速度下摩擦因数低至0.026。磨损表面表征结果表明,在海水润滑条件下,PTFE基复合材料在摩擦过程中由于摩擦化学反应生成了润滑膜,可为摩擦副提供良好的润滑和减磨作用,从而减少摩擦磨损行为的发生。