钛合金型腔圆角高速铣削特征研究

钛合金型腔圆角加工容易发生切削负载增大和颤振等现象,导致圆角表面质量较差,难以实现钛合金高效加工。通过钛合金型腔圆角铣削试验,基于铣削力和圆角表面质量检测,分析内圆角铣削特征和原理,并优化铣削参数。试验表明:采用小切削宽度的高速加工,可实现钛合金内圆角的高效加工;在Vc=90m/min,ft=0.06mm/t,ap=20mm,ae=1mm切削参数组合下,切削力相对较小,加工效率高,切削表面质量高。     

型腔模具拐角高速加工的切削力研究

在型腔模具的高速铣削中,拐角处切削力的突变会影响加工的质量和加工效率。拐角高速铣削中,对影响切削力的主要因素有进给速度、轴向切深、径向切深和主轴转速。为了研究拐角加工中切削参数和切削力的关系,先进行了一系列的单因素实验,然后进行四因素四水平的正交试验,通过线性回归正交实验法,建立拐角铣削力预测模型。对该预测模型进行了回归方程和回归系数的显著性检验,证明了该预测模型的显著性及得出各因素的对切削力的影响顺序。该模型可用于高速拐角加工中预测切削力及合理选择铣削参数。     

民用大飞机15-5PH不锈钢内侧圆角铣削试验研究

针对15-5PH不锈钢内侧圆角加工切削力超值突变严重、加工困难等问题,通过正交试验设计方法,开展了内侧圆角铣削试验研究,对各种工况下加工时横向切削力Fy和表面粗糙度进行了测量。运用极差分析方法,确定了各切削参数对横向切削力和表面粗糙度的影响程度,得出每齿进给量和径向切深分别是影响横向切削力和表面粗糙度的主要因素。同时,采用偏最小二乘分析,建立了横向切削力和表面粗糙度预测模型。通过对比预测值和试验值,得到该模型的相对误差较小,验证了其构建的合理性和有效性。     

立铣加工动态切削力预测新方法及应用

通过切削力物理建模、仿真和应用研究来准确地预测切削力,是进行工艺优化的必要前提.动态切削力的预测对于研究切削机理和加工质量的控制都很重要.提出了一种新的螺旋立铣刀加工中动态切削力建模方法,通过微元法建立的切削力数学模型和斜角等厚度切削有限元模型两者结合,对高速铣削淬硬模具钢SKD11的动态切削力进行预测,并且对误差来源进行了分析.本建模方法通过建立单刃切削力数学模型,然后结合有限元分析得到单刃切削力曲线,经离散数据叠加后得到加工过程的动态铣削力曲线.此方法可避免传统建模中需要大量试验求取多个系数且预测精度差的特点.最后通过分析影响结果的主要因素及参数调节方法,保证了预测精度.     

小直径铣刀高速铣削淬硬模具钢不同走刀方式下切削力和加工效率的研究

高速加工是制造技术的一次革命性变革,是当今机械加工技术不可抗拒的发展潮流.小直径铣刀高速加工硬质模具钢时不同的切削条件及切削方式又是影响切削力的重要因素之一.本文主要研究刀具以不同走刀方式,在圆弧拐角处改变不同的进给速度铣削淬硬钢带岛屿的型腔时对切削力、及加工时间的影响情况,从而得出在同样的切削条件下摆线式走刀时刀具所受到的切削力较小,但是其加工效率也较低,相比之下圆弧走刀时刀具所受到的切削力较大而切削效率却较高的结论.故在高速加工时从保护刀具的角度出发易选用摆线走刀方式.     

刀具坐标系铣削力建模及系数识别方法

切削力模型可以计算切削过程的切削力,是预测加工状态、优化加工参数的依据。传统的切削力预测模型都是针对工件坐标系建立的,然而在研究薄壁件多轴加工让刀变形、振动以及刀具磨损等问题时,基于刀具坐标系的切削力表示方式更为直观。为了预测刀具坐标系的切削力,在传统机械切削力模型的基础上,提出了刀具坐标系铣削力预测模型,并提出了基于刀具坐标系测量结果的切削力系数标定方法,最后通过实验验证了所提出的切削力预测模型和切削力系数标定方法,实验结果表明所提出的切削力模型能够准确地预测实际加工中的切削力。     

提高刀具系统刚度的切削振动消减措施

通过切削振动物理模型,分析了刀具产生切削振动的原因以及降低切削力、抑制刀具振动的方法。刀具系统静态和动态刚度对大悬径比深孔和型腔加工切削振动影响较大,重点介绍了提高刀具系统刚度的削振措施。     

椭圆台型腔加工固定循环功能的实现

当前市场上的数控系统均无椭圆台型腔加工固定循环功能,一般也没有椭圆插补功能.为了扩展数控系统的功能,通过建立用球刀加工椭圆台型腔的数学模型,计算出了刀心变高切削等高线时的刀心坐标,并编写了宏程序,然后设置成椭圆台型腔加工固定循环G代码,给出了椭圆台型腔加工的误差预测方法.可用于椭圆台型腔、圆变椭圆型腔、圆台形型腔、椭圆柱型腔及圆柱形型腔的数控编程,并通过实例验证了数学模型及宏程序的正确性.     

恒切削力2D轮廓铣削刀路优化研究

针对零件轮廓曲率半径和精加工余量对切削力的影响,通过正交切削实验,获得轮廓曲率半径、精加工余量与峰值切削力之间的相互影响关系,提出了一种适用于变曲率轮廓铣削的恒切削力2D轮廓铣削刀具路径生成算法。通过生成一条新的偏置路径,即修正的半精加工刀具路径,调节精加工路径各处余量。将此算法应用于包含自由曲线轮廓的不规则型腔加工,结果表明,该算法可以使精加工中的峰值切削力维持在一个恒定的状态,从而改善了加工质量。     

宏程序在拉深凹模加工中的运用

在拉深凹模的加工中，型腔部分的加工通过一般数控程序很容易解决，但凹模圆角部分却很难加工。通常我们采用三种方式加工凹模圆角，一是由钳工手工修锉，这种方法工作量大，很难达到要求，且一致性比较差；二是用成形R铣刀直接加工，这种方法对刀具刃磨比较严格，刀具两切削刃很难磨对称，     

Development of an automatic arc welding system using SMAW process

In end milling of pockets, variable radial depth of cut is generally encountered as the end mill enters and exits the corner, which has a significant influence on the cutting forces and further affects the contour accuracy of the milled pockets. This paper proposes an approach for predicting the cutting forces in end milling of pockets. A mathematical model is presented to describe the geometric relationship between an end mill and the corner profile. The milling process of corners is discretized into a series of steady-state cutting processes, each with different radial depth of cut determined by the instantaneous position of the end mill relative to the workpiece. For the cutting force prediction, an analytical model of cutting forces for the steady-state machining conditions is introduced for each segmented process with given radial depth of cut. The predicted cutting forces can be calculated in terms of tool/workpiece geometry, cutting parameters and workpiece material properties, as well as the relative position of the tool to workpiece. Experiments of pocket milling are conducted for the verification of the proposed method.     

Machining Tactics for Interior Corners of Pockets

The cutter–workpiece contact of an end mill fluctuates when cutting along a curvilinear tool path. It increases sharply when reaching a concave corner. Since conventional contour-parallel tool-path cutting does not take this condition into account, it will cause a momentarily rise of cutting resistance in concave corner regions, producing undesirable effects such as machine chatter, gouging and even cutter breakage. This paper proposes to use machining tactics in which a corner-looping tool path is employed to remove progressively the concentrated material at corner regions, thereby restricting the cutting resistance to an acceptable level. Different corner types are categorised and the procedures of generating the proposed machining tactics are described. Experimental results demonstrate that using the proposed machining tactics can significantly control and reduce the cutting resistance fluctuation encountered in concave corner regions. ID="A1"Correspondance and offprint requests to: Dr H. S. Choy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. E-mail: hangshan@hkem.com     

型腔边界拐角精加工刀轨生成算法的研究

在识别粗加工余料区域的基础上,从均匀径向切削深度、平滑刀轨路径等方面考虑,研究并实现了型腔边界拐角处的精加工刀轨生成算法。采用将拐角区域加工分为多个循环进行渐进切削的策略,可减小径向切深。同时,每一切削循环内切削段和空程刀轨段、各循环之间均采用圆弧过渡,刀轨路径满足一阶连续,从而可减小切削力的变化幅度和方向突变,提高加工精度。     

基于有限元仿真的高速干式切削立铣刀切削温度研究

基于传热学和金属切削理论,在热源法的基础上,建立了高速干式铣削时立铣刀温度场的数学模型;利用有限元软件ANSYS,分析了立铣刀在不同切削工况下温度场的变化规律,推导出了立铣刀平均切削温度的经验公式,以及切削温度与切削用量的关系。     

斜圆柱结构的新型微细球端铣刀的设计与制造

针对微细切削刀具的特点与应用需求,设计一种斜圆柱结构的新型微细球端铣刀,将铣刀球端刀刃复杂的空间曲线转化为易加工的平面曲线。根据所设计铣刀的几何结构特征,从制造工艺方面进行刀具结构的调整,分析刀具的刃磨成形原理,并在微细刀具数控刃磨机上完成该刀具的制作。通过与传统螺旋槽球端铣刀和椭圆柱刃型球端铣刀的切削性能对比试验,研究所设计刀具的切削性能。试验结果表明,所设计的微细球端立铣刀在显著降低刀具制备难度的同时,具有较高的切削刃强度,能够满足硬脆性材料的微细切削要求。     

End mill with equal working life of the lateral and end cutters

The characteristics of an end mill with equal life of the lateral and end cutters are studied experimentally. Half the cutting units of the mill differ from the standard units in that they do not include lateral cutters. A distinct cutting system has been developed for an end mill with equal life of the end and lateral cutters. This system, initially intended for hobbing heads, may be extended also to other cutting tools—in the present case, an end mill well-suited to the machining of planes, slots, and projections.     

PRECISION CUTTING OF MOLDING DIE USING SQUARE END MILL

The precision cutting of a molding die is realized using a square end mill on a 5-axis control machine. In this study, first the tool setting errors are analyzed and the compensation method of the errors is proposed. The effectiveness of compensation in precision cutting is confirmed. Next, the form accuracy of the spiral tool pass is compared with contour one in precision cutting of a spherical surface. Finally, the molding die with spherical surface is manufactured using a square end mill made out of single-crystal diamond based on the results of the compensation of the errors and the comparison of the two tool passes, and the form accuracy and surface roughness of the molding die are measured.     

成形槽技术在高刚性整体硬质合金立铣刀开发中的应用

针对淬硬钢铣削时易产生高频振动以及刀具剧烈磨损导致耐用度低等问题，基于成形槽技术开发出芯部直径与铣刀直径比值达0.7的高刚性立铣刀，推导了螺旋槽径向截面形状的数学模型。进行了切削仿真和静力学仿真，仿真结果表明：较对比刀具，高刚性立铣刀平均切削力更大，切削温度和容排屑性能相差无几，刀具变形量更小。最后开展了切削实验验证研究，研究结果表明：较对比刀具，高刚性立铣刀加工零件表面粗糙度值由0.30 μm下降到0.16 μm，让刀量由0.18 mm减小到0.08 mm，刀具耐用度则由35 min提高到58 min，体现了高刚性立铣刀的性能优势。     

Effect of tool stiffness upon tool wear in high spindle speed milling using small ball end mill

Longer tool life can be tentatively achieved at a higher feed rate using a small ball end mill in high spindle speed milling (over several tens of thousands of revolutions per minute), although the mechanism by which tool life is improved has not yet been clarified. In the present paper, the mechanism of tool wear is investigated with respect to the deviation in cutting force and the deflection of a ball end mill with two cutting edges. The vector loci of the cutting forces are shown to correlate strongly with wear on both cutting edges of ball end mills having various tool stiffnesses related to the tool length. The results clarified that tool life can be prolonged by reducing tool stiffness, because the cutting forces are balanced, resulting in even tool wear on both cutting edges as tool stiffness is lowered to almost the breakage limit of the end mill. A ball end mill with an optimal tool length showed significant improvement in tool life in the milling of forging die models.     

Simulation-based solid carbide end mill design and geometry optimization

Designing a high-performance solid carbide end mill is difficult due to the complex relationship between end mill geometry and numerous or conflicting design goals. Earlier approaches of computer-aided solid end mill design are limited to only a few design aspects. This article presents a three-dimensional finite element method of milling process for solid carbide end mill design and optimization. The software was secondarily developed based on UG platform, integrating the parametric design with the development of the two-dimension drawing of solid carbide end mill. The three-dimension finite element simulation for milling Ti-6Al-4V alloy was performed and the geometrical parameters were optimized based on the objective of low cutting force and cutting temperature. As a result, a simulation-based design and optimization of geometrical parameters of tool structure and cutting edge is possible. The optimized results, for the geometrical parameters of tool structure and cutting edge when milling titanium alloy using a 20-mm diameter solid carbide end mill, is a 12-mm diameter of inner circle, four flutes, a 45 ° helix angle, and a 9 ° rake angle of the side cutting edge.