通气空化多相流动特性的实验与数值研究

为了进一步分析通气空化多相流的特性,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对绕带空化器回转体的通气两相流动和通气三相流动的结构进行了对比分析。实验中采用高速全流场流动显示技术获得了通气空化多相流动的空泡形态;数值模拟中采用滤波器湍流模型（FBM）进行了数值计算,获得了空泡形态和流线分布,数值模拟获得的空泡形态与实验一致。结果表明,由于空化数的不同,在相同通气率下,绕回转体通气空化三相流动的空泡形态不同于通气两相流动;同时空泡的非定常行为也发生了大的变化。     

多相非饱和多重孔隙介质的有效应力定律

多孔介质的有效应力定律广泛应用于流固耦合变形分析问题。该文考虑孔隙的重数、孔隙流体的相数、各向异性、非饱和、基质吸力等条件,提出了广义多相非饱和多重孔隙介质的有效应力定律。在固体相及各流体相线弹性变形的假设下,首先通过应力状态分解、边界条件叠加方法,得到了不考虑基质吸力的多相等效饱和各向异性多重孔隙介质的有效应力。考虑到非饱和多孔介质中两相界面张力引起的基质吸力,在线弹性变形基础上,叠加了基质吸力引起的变形部分,推导得到非饱和多孔介质的有效应力定律的一般形式。将所得公式根据实际需要进行简化处理,可以得到目前常用的有效应力定律的表达形式,充分说明了该文所得结论的合理性。     

注射条件对LCM工艺非饱和流动特性影响

双尺度多孔纤维预制体填充过程中延迟浸润的非饱和流动现象,对基于树脂流过区域为完全饱和区域的充模理论及模拟方法提出了挑战。通过控制体/有限单元（CV/FE）法结合沉浸函数实现了液体模塑成型工艺（LCM）中非饱和填充浸润的数值模拟,并对比了恒压下的实验结果,验证了其可靠性。分析讨论了注射口压力、流量和液体黏度对双尺度多孔纤维织物非饱和填充浸润特性的影响。结果表明:在允许误差内,该数值模拟结果可靠,可用于分析讨论各因素对双尺度多孔织物非饱和流动特性的影响;填充浸润过程中,纤维织物内部非饱和区域长度并非保持不变,而是随着填充浸润的进行经历了4个变化过程;不同注射条件下,压力、流量及黏度对非饱和流动特性影响不同。研究结果对合理控制注射条件及流体特性实现双尺度多孔纤维预制件的完全浸润具有指导意义。      

双尺度纤维织物二维非饱和流动的数值模拟与实验

液体模塑成型工艺(LCM)中非饱和流动的填充模拟对于在虚拟空间中快速、高效地优化工艺参数具有重要意义。采用了一种模拟双尺度纤维织物在等温条件下非饱和流动的双尺度计算模型,通过引入沉浸函数求解宏观-微观流动控制方程组,同时考虑了在微观浸渍中毛细压力的影响,在有限元/控制体积算法中实现了对非饱和流动的数值模拟。随后对三向缝合纤维织物进行了二维径向填充实验,将实验结果与数值模拟的预测值对比。结果表明,该计算模型可以较精确地模拟双尺度纤维织物中的非饱和流动。在此计算模型的基础上,讨论了流体黏度、注射流量及纤维束孔隙率对非饱和填充浸润的影响。结果表明,不同流体黏度、注射流量及纤维束孔隙率对纤维织物填充过程中非饱和区域长度、入口压力曲线及填充时间影响不同。研究结果可以对合理预测纤维织物的浸润及树脂填充过程中入口压力提供指导。     

变形多孔介质流固耦合模型及数值模拟研究

假定骨架、固体颗粒和水均是可压缩的,在此基础上采用两相不混溶流体的理论推导了水的连续方程,通过引入气压恒定这一假定进一步简化为水的非饱和渗流连续方程。基于广义Biot理论给出了固体骨架积分形式的平衡方程,结合非饱和渗流连续方程采用加权残值法推导了流固耦合方程组的有限元列式。通过干燥介质吸水的数值模拟来考察非饱和流固耦合模型的预测能力,数值模拟的结果表明耦合模型可以准确地反映吸水过程的规律。将耦合模型应用于水下大断面隧洞开挖的瞬态分析,可以模拟出开挖引起的EDZ区域孔隙水压力急剧升高、有效应力减小、渗透系数动态变化以及排水对洞室稳定性的影响,计算的结果与国外大型原位实验的一般性观测结论相吻合。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法非饱和土体水热耦合模型研究

考虑热源作用下非饱和土体水热耦合作用机制,基于格子Boltzmann方法,采用双分布函数分别描述温度场及水分场的演化过程,建立了相应的水热耦合模型。同时,编制了计算程序,并结合半无限空间的水热耦合算例,验证了该计算模型的正确性。最后考虑水热耦合作用模式、热源温度以及土体孔隙率等因素的影响,讨论了非饱和土体温度场及水分场的演化规律。研究结果表明:传统的单向耦合模式无法表征水分迁移对土体导热特性的影响,从而导致温度场的演化规律有所偏差,而所提出的双向耦合模式更具合理性。在恒温热源作用下,不同热源温度对土体温度场及水分场的演化均会产生较大影响,且在非饱和土体温度升高速率较快的位置,体积含水率也相应的变化较快。在相同热源作用下,当初始体积含水率一定时,孔隙率较小的土体,温度升高速度较快,但总体差别不大,从而使得体积含水率分布也较为接近。     

水下超声速气体射流的初始流动特性研究

为研究水下发射过程中高温高压火药燃气喷射进入液相水过程的流体形态变化与流动特性,采用Mixture多相流模型与蒸发与凝结模型建立了二维轴对称水下超声速气体射流的数值计算模型并进行了相关的数值模拟,得到水下超声速气体射流的初始流动结构。数值结果表明,超声速气体与水介质的强撞击会在气液界面上形成一个强压缩区,且连续撞击形成的压力波反传,使喷管出口射流核心区流场出现周期性脉动。因气液界面上的强剪切作用,而在气液混合区内形成复杂的小激波结构,小激波结构的出现加速了气液界面的失稳,从而促进了气液掺混效应。另外,在气泡内会形成典型的欠膨胀射流结构,因而气泡内的流动特征与单相超声速气体射流情况类似。     

重力热管内部传热传质过程的数值模拟

为了揭示两相闭式热虹吸管(重力热管)蒸发段及冷凝段工质相变传热本质,以其为基础建立数值模型,并基于流体体积函数(VOF)模型确定气液两相间的相界面,对采用工质水和R134a的热管运行过程进行数值分析。研究结果表明:多相流模型对热管内部的蒸发冷凝过程模拟较好,可以直观地再现热管内部的传热传质过程。     

土体液化大位移条件下群桩动力反应振动台模型试验

设计并开展了可液化场地群桩基础大型振动台模型试验,再现了倾斜场地土体液化、流滑以及桩基倾斜等宏观现象,分析了场地土体及桩基结构地震反应特征。结果表明:群桩存在时的液化倾斜场地流滑可区分为局部流滑和整体流滑两个阶段;倾斜场地土体中的振动孔隙水压力演变过程和空间分布受土体流滑影响,桩间土相对不易液化;斜坡倾角越大,土体侧向大位移可引起更大的桩侧动土压力反应和桩基承台偏移量。但是,该文试验结果表明,桩基结构的倾斜在一定程度上弱化了其内力反应;无论是倾斜场地还是水平场地,桩身弯矩最大值均出现在非液化土层与液化土层分界面附近。     

基于流固耦合的重载飞艇副气囊形态分析与试验研究

为了研究非饱和副气囊在重载飞艇升降和巡航过程的形态变化,建立了缩尺比例氦气囊模型。基于向量式有限元(vector form of intrinsic finite element,VFIFE)对副气囊膜结构进行结构动力学分析,并考虑几何大变形和边界非线性;基于有限元法对氦气域和空气域进行流体动力学分析,分别采用自编MATLAB程序和ANSYS软件流体模块独立求解控制方程之后,通过映射网格在CSD(computational structural dynamics)/CFD(computational fluid dynamics)之间进行数据传递并迭代,以实现双向流固耦合。开展了氦气囊的缩尺比例模型试验,对囊体在泄气过程中得到的位移测量值与数值模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,氦气囊在不同充盈度下的形态变化与双向流固耦合数值分析结果一致,证明了该研究提出的数值模拟方法可有效用于副气囊随氦气充盈度变化导致的非稳定形态变化规律的研究。     

Effect of temperature on cosolvent flooding for the enhanced solubilization and mobilization of NAPLs in porous media

This paper examines the potential for enhanced NAPL recovery from the subsurface through the combined application of hot water and cosolvent flushing. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on fluid properties and the multiphase behavior of the ethanol-water-toluene system and to assess the impact of temperature on the capillary, Bond and total trapping numbers and on flooding stability. Column flooding experiments were also conducted to evaluate toluene NAPL recovery efficiency for different ethanol contents and flushing solution temperatures. The ethanol content considered ranged from 20 to 100% by mass, while the flushing solution temperatures were varied from 10 to 40°C. It is shown that small variations in the system temperature can strongly influence the solubilization, mobilization and stability of the multiphase system, but that the impact of temperature on the enhanced NAPL recovery is also dependent on the ethanol content of the flushing solution. The impact of hot water on NAPL recovery was most pronounced at intermediate ethanol contents (40-60% by mass) where the increase in system temperature led to enhanced NAPL solubilization as well as NAPL mobilization. This study demonstrates that coupling of hot water with in situ cosolvent flooding is a potentially effective remedial alternative that can optimize NAPL recovery while reducing the amount of chemicals injected into the subsurface.     

A fully coupled finite element analysis of water‐table fluctuation and land deformation in partially saturated soils due to surface loading

A fully coupled numerical model is presented for the water‐table fluctuation and land deformation in partially saturated soils due to surface loading. This numerical model is developed based on the poroelastic governing equations for groundwater flow in deforming variably saturated porous media and the Galerkin finite element method. The numerical model is verified and validated against a one‐dimensional consolidation problem concerning surface loading on a soil column which has six different initial water‐table elevations. The numerical model is then applied to a two‐dimensional consolidation problem of surface loading on a partially saturated soil at a construction site. Results from the numerical simulations of both problems show that the water table fluctuates in the partially saturated soils, and the unsaturated zone above the water table has significant effects on the consolidation behaviour of the partially saturated soils under surface loading. Such effects are caused by the permanent absorption of a portion of the mechanical loading stress and the weak hydromechanical coupling between the solid skeleton deformation field and the groundwater flow field in the unsaturated zone due to its partial saturation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-convexity and stress-path dependency of unsaturated soil models

Yield surfaces for unsaturated soils are usually non-convex if the size of the yield surface has to increase with increasing suction. An expanding yield surface with increasing suction is crucial for modelling the volume collapse due to wetting. The non-convexity always exists at the transition between saturated and unsaturated states, irrespective of the stress variables used in the model. Some recent models for unsaturated soils also possess a stress path dependent hardening law. The non-convexity and stress-path dependency of the constitutive model make the implementation into finite element codes very challenging. This paper discusses aspects of stress integration schemes for non-convex and stress-path dependent models for unsaturated soils. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Strain localization in a solid‐water‐air system with random heterogeneity via stabilized mixed finite elements

Unsaturated soils are solid‐water‐air systems that include a solid skeleton, pore water, and pore air. Heterogeneities in porosity or degree of saturation are salient features of unsaturated soils. These heterogeneities may trigger localized deformation (eg, shear banding) in such materials as demonstrated by numerical simulations via a pseudo three‐phase model. In this article, we formulate a true three‐phase mathematical framework implemented via stabilized low‐order mixed finite elements. With this mathematical framework, we study the evolution of pore air pressure and its role in the inception of strain localization triggered by initial heterogeneity either in porosity or suction. The numerical simulations show that pore air pressure is nonzero and nonuniform in the process of progressive failure in unsaturated soils. The heterogeneity of pore air pressure may also play a significant role in the onset of localized deformation of unsaturated soils. Therefore, a three‐phase model considering the pore air phase is physically more appropriate for modeling strain localization in unsaturated soils.     

A constitutive model for unsaturated soils: thermomechanical and computational aspects

This paper first presents a complete formulation of a constitutive model that deals with the irreversible behaviour of unsaturated soils under various loading and drying/wetting conditions. A standard form of incremental stress-strain relations is derived. The constitutive model is then cast into the thermodynamical theories and verified using the thermomechanical principles. It is shown that hydraulic hysteresis does not contribute to the plastic dissipation, though it contributes to the plastic work. All plastic work associated with a plastic increment of the degree of saturation is stored and can be recovered in a reversed plastic increment of saturation. The incremental constitutive equations are also reformulated for implementation in finite element codes where displacements and pore pressures are primary unknowns. Qualitative predictions of the constitutive model show that incorporating two suction related yield surfaces and non-associated flow rules into the Barcelona Basic Model opens a full range of possibilities in modelling unsaturated soil behaviour.     

基于扰动变量的非饱和原状土本构模型

该文根据复合材料均匀化理论的思想建立了考虑水的滞后性与应力-应变特性相祸合的非饱和原状土本构模型。复合材料均匀化理论的主要思想是将变形的岩土材料视为由相对完整状态土（RISP）和完全调整状态土（FASP）混合而成的复合材料，RISP和FASP的力学性能分别与原状土和重塑土的力学性能相同。另外，在土体的变形过程中，RIS...     

A Series-Parallel Model for Estimating the Thermal Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils

The effective thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils was estimated by an enhanced series-parallel model of conduction heat flow through a unit cell of soil. The cell is composed of three heat flow paths: solid contacts, solids + miniscule pores (filled with air and water, both parallel to heat flow direction), and a fluid path (water and air). The two basic characteristics of the soil cell, namely, the solid contact path volume fraction and the miniscule pore volume fraction, were estimated by simultaneously solving the model expressions at dryness and saturation with known measured thermal-conductivity data at these two states. In addition, the model utilized data on the thermal conductivity of soil solids and the degree of saturation of miniscule pores. The degree of saturation of miniscule pores was modeled as a function of the degree of saturation of the soil with a miniscule pore water retention factor. Water and air, in the fluid path, were modeled as being arranged in series or in parallel to the direction of heat flow. The model was calibrated using experimental thermal-conductivity data of five soils of different texture (coarse, medium, and fine). Then, empirical relations for all the model parameters were developed. The obtained thermal conductivity estimates of tested soils closely follow experimental data.     

On the problem of cavity expansion in unsaturated soils

The problem of cavity expansion in unsaturated soils is investigated. A unified constitutive model formulated in a critical state framework using the concepts of effective stress and bounding surface plasticity theory is adopted. Consideration is given to the effects of suction and particle crushing in the definition of the critical state and the evolution of the bounding surface. The model accurately captures stress-strain behaviour for a range of load paths encompassing that experienced by soils during cavity expansion. Specifically, the similarity technique is used to solve the cavity expansion problem in speswhite kaolin and Kurnell sand. Eight governing equations are defined and solved simultaneously as an initial value problem including an equilibrium equation for stresses around the cavity. Cylindrical and spherical cavities are considered, as are constant suction and constant moisture content conditions. Substantial differences in the stress-strain response of saturated and unsaturated soils surrounding expanding cavities are observed. The paper highlights the major influence of suction and the importance of accounting for this when using cavity expansion theory to interpret results of the cone penetration and pressuremeter tests.     

A probabilistic solid-porous model to determine the shear strength of unsaturated soils

A probabilistic solid-porous model has been developed to determine the shear strength of unsaturated soils. The probabilistic model was built by analyzing the probability of a certain pore or group of pores of a network to fill or remain filled with water during a wetting or drying process, respectively. This model is used to determine the equivalent stress which represents the stress supported by the solid skeleton of an unsaturated soil and is related to the strength of the material. The probabilistic model is an alternative to the use of computational models and shows some important advantages. The theoretical results of the model are compared with a series of triaxial tests performed at constant suction and constant volume. These comparisons demonstrate that this model is adequate to establish the strength of unsaturated materials.     

Finite element modeling of contaminant transport in soils including the effect of chemical reactions

The movement of chemicals through soils to the groundwater is a major cause of degradation of water resources. In many cases, serious human and stock health implications are associated with this form of pollution. Recent studies have shown that the current models and methods are not able to adequately describe the leaching of nutrients through soils, often underestimating the risk of groundwater contamination by surface-applied chemicals, and overestimating the concentration of resident solutes. Furthermore, the effect of chemical reactions on the fate and transport of contaminants is not included in many of the existing numerical models for contaminant transport. In this paper a numerical model is presented for simulation of the flow of water and air and contaminant transport through unsaturated soils with the main focus being on the effects of chemical reactions. The governing equations of miscible contaminant transport including advection, dispersion-diffusion and adsorption effects together with the effect of chemical reactions are presented. The mathematical framework and the numerical implementation of the model are described in detail. The model is validated by application to a number of test cases from the literature and is then applied to the simulation of a physical model test involving transport of contaminants in a block of soil with particular reference to the effects of chemical reactions. Comparison of the results of the numerical model with the experimental results shows that the model is capable of predicting the effects of chemical reactions with very high accuracy. The importance of consideration of the effects of chemical reactions is highlighted.