跨临界二氧化碳热泵喷射循环实验

在跨临界CO₂热泵热水器系统中引入优化设计的喷射器,对系统进行实验研究,分析了制热系数、引射比、升压比、喷射器效率等参数随热水体积流量和出口温度及高压侧压力的变化趋势以及优化设计的喷射器对系统的影响。实验结果表明:随着热水体积流量减小或其出口温度增加,引射比将逐渐减小,而喷射器效率逐渐升高;在测试工况范围内升压比基本保持不变,系统COP_h最高将近3.5;系统高压侧的压力因优化喷射器的引入而明显降低,有利于系统的安全运行;跨临界二氧化碳热泵喷射循环系统存在一个最优运行压力,值得注意的是在最优运行压力下,热水出水温度虽未达到最高,但依旧超过55℃。系统稳定运行在最优高压侧压力下,不仅系统性能大幅度提高,而且保证了热水的出水温度。     

混合室直径对带喷射器的跨临界CO2热泵性能影响

通过在跨临界CO₂系统中引入喷射器是回收系统节流损失的有效手段。实验研究了混合室直径分别为1.2、1.4、1.6 mm时,对带喷射器的跨临界CO₂热泵整体性能以及喷射器自身性能的影响。整个实验中热水进口温度、蒸发温度不变,热水出口温度作为比较基准,在实验中为变量。结果表明,混合室直径对压缩机排气温度影响较小,而其对压缩机排气压力影响较大,当混合室直径为1.6 mm时,压缩机排气压力最小;当混合室直径为1.6 mm时,系统制热系数最高。     

CO2跨临界喷射制冷循环计算分析

目前还很少有关于CO₂跨临界喷射式制冷循环的研究。本文对CO₂跨临界喷射制冷循环建立了热力学模型,计算了在不同的冷却压力、冷却器出口温度、加热器压力、加热器出口温度及蒸发温度下,喷射器的喷射系数、跨临界喷射制冷循环性能系数(COP)和有效性能系数(COP_m)的变化趋势。结果表明:随着冷却器压力的升高,喷射器的喷射系数减小,循环的COP 和COP_m值先增大后减小,在某个冷却压力下存在最优值;提高冷却器的出口温度,循环的COP 和COP_m值均降低;提高加热器压力、加热器出口温度及蒸发温度均能增大喷射器的喷射系数和循环的COP_m值。     

大功率二氧化碳热泵热水系统运行性能

在小功率CO₂热泵热水器的基础上设计与构建了一种大功率跨临界循环CO₂热泵热水系统。在该跨临界循环CO₂热泵热水系统中, 采用二级冷却套管式CO₂气体冷却器、双毛细管并联组合节流及设置回热器等技术途径, 用以提高系统的热力性能。在恒温环境实验室中测试分析了气候参数及运行参数对跨临界循环CO₂热泵热水系统稳态热力性能的影响。各种典型气候条件下系统日平均运行性能的测试结果表明, 根据气候条件合理地选取运行参数, 该系统具有优良的热力性能。系统的制热温度可在60~85℃选取, 在环境温度为4.1~27.3℃的气候条件下日平均性能系数(COP)在3.45~4.04之间。     

自然工质种类对喷射器性能的影响

依据索科洛夫提出的喷射器经验公式的计算方法,优化设计2种不同结构尺寸的喷射器,在此基础上搭建了用于测量喷射器性能的实验台,研究自然工质种类对喷射器性能的影响。当喷射器的背压为3.9 MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、引射流体温度为30℃、工作流体压力的变化范围为8.0—10.0 MPa,引射流体压力变化范围为2.4—3.0 MPa时,对系统中喷射器喷射系数随工质种类(分别采用N_2,CO_2,R290)的变化规律进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:3种工质的喷射系数随工作流体压力和引射流体压力的升高而升高,并且在实验范围内以N_2为工质的喷射器喷射系数最大。     

CO2/HCs混合工质亚临界与跨临界循环的性能分析

为了研究CO₂/HCs混合工质应用于热泵系统的性能，建立单级带节流阀亚临界循环和跨临界循环数学模型，分析了CO₂/R170,CO₂/R1270,CO₂/R290,CO₂/RC270 4种混合工质的特性、不同混合工质配比对循环制冷系数COP和高压压力的影响，以及蒸发温度和冷凝温度对循环性能的影响。结果表明：在亚临界循环中，性能最好的是CO₂/RC270,COP_c峰值为2.92,COP_h峰值为3.92,质量比在0.1/0.9左右，COP_c和COP_h分别比其他2种工质高出了9%、26%和7.1%、18%。在跨临界循环中，CO₂/R1270当质量比为0.96/0.04时，COP_c最大值为3.2,COP_h最大值为4.2; CO₂/R290能有效降低高压压力，当循环的高压压力在7.5 MPa下时...     

低温下提高CO2空气源热泵进水温度对系统性能的影响

在低温工况下,因跨临界循环CO₂热泵系统气体冷却器的进水温度和CO₂出口温度降低,压缩机吸气压力和温度随之降低。当系统的吸气压力低于压缩机的吸气压力下限时,将导致系统无法稳定运行。为了改变这种现象,采用在气体冷却器冷水入口处混水的方法,将热水箱的热水旁通至气体冷却器冷水入口。采用三通调节阀调节混水比例,适当提高气体冷却器的进水温度,以期实现系统在低温工况下的稳定运行。实验测试结果表明,采用混水方法不仅可保证低温工况下跨临界循环CO₂空气源热泵热水系统的稳定运行,同时可降低结霜频率,延长系统运行时间,但系统的制热量和COP将小幅下降。兼顾系统的热力性能及运行稳定性,当环境温度为-20℃、制热温度为60℃时,较为适宜的混水温度为12~18℃。     

跨临界CO2两相流可调式喷射器的流动模拟和性能分析

作为CO₂制冷/热泵系统重要的节能部件,喷射器的工作能力对系统性能的提升有着重要影响。尽管CO₂喷射器的结构简单,但其内部流动十分复杂,包含非平衡相变、跨声速和马赫波等物理现象。为此,本研究建立了用于CO₂两相流模拟的均相弛豫模型(HRM),通过实验数据验证了模型的可靠性,并以此开展了对可调式喷射器的数值研究,分析了有无探针、探针位置和工况变化对可调式喷射器性能和内部流动的影响。研究结果表明,探针增加了一次流的不可逆损失,同时也改变了喷嘴出口一次流的膨胀状态;通过探针调整喷嘴喉部面积,提高了喷射器适应不同工况运行的能力,使喷射器在不同工况下保持最佳的运行状态;与固定式喷射器相比,可调式喷射器效率平均提升10.74%。     

充注量对小型CO2水源热泵热水器性能的影响及其最佳值的确定

基于一套已有的小型CO₂水源热泵热水器实验台,运用不同的理论方法对其最佳充注量进行计算,通过实验研究不同充注量对系统性能的影响,并利用实验结果对理论计算结果的准确度进行验证。研究结果表明：小型CO₂水源热泵热水器存在着最佳充注量,在此充注量条件下,系统的COP_heat最大,实验系统的最佳充注量为270 g。当充注量减小为最佳值的89%时（230 g）,COP_heat降低10.8%,增大为最佳值的111%时（300 g）,COP_heat降低了2.6%,即充注量不足时,COP_heat对充注量的变化更为敏感。此外,充注量增加会提高系统热水的出水量,但超过最佳值后,效果不明显。实验数据法和额定工况法均适用于本文所研究的CO₂水源热泵热水器系统,最大误差不超过3.7%。本研究可以为小型CO₂跨临界系统最佳充注量的确定及如何维持系统高效运行提供理论指导。     

CO2跨临界热泵系统采暖工况下能效和经济对比分析

为提高CO₂跨临界热泵采暖系统的性能,提出了双级压缩双气冷器中间补气回热系统。结合其他3种CO₂热泵系统和R134a单级压缩回热系统,通过建立热力学模型,分析各因素对系统能效的影响。此外,通过构建综合考虑初始投资成本和年运行成本的经济性评价模型,结合典型年气象参数,研究不同城市中各系统在运行周期内的总投资情况。结果表明,CO₂热泵系统中,双级压缩双气冷器中间补气回热系统最优COP_h最高且可以超过R134a单级压缩回热系统,在环境温度为0℃、出水/回水温度为65℃/40℃时,理论性能系数（COP_h）可达2.58,比R134a系统高9.1%,比CO₂单级压缩系统高22.5%,且排气温度不超过现有压缩机排气温度极限,是能效最优系统。在选定样本城市中,热泵系统运行周期内的总投资成本在上海最低,而在沈阳最高,可见总投资成本受气候区域影响较大。由于CO₂压缩机成本过高,CO₂热泵系统的总投资成本高于R134a系统。随着CO₂热泵技术的提高和生产规模的扩大,当压缩机成本降低80%,CO₂双级压缩双气冷器中间补气回热系统的总投资成本将低于R134a系统。     

Analysis of CO2 Transcritical Cycle Heat Pump Dryers

The heat pump dryer with CO₂ as the working medium is investigated in this study. The drying systems were designed based on the thermophysical properties and characteristics of CO₂ cycle. The two-stage drying of CO₂ transcritical cycle heat pumps are presented and discussed in comparison with the single compression cycle single-stage heat pump dryer, the two-stage drying heat pumps, and electric drying system. The analysis indicates that the specific moisture extraction ratio of the two-stage drying system can be higher than that of the single drying CO₂ system. The efficiency of energy utilization of the CO₂ heat pump dryer was higher than that of an electric dryer.     

Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Dryer: Part 1. Mathematical Model and Simulation

In this study, a mathematical model and simulation code has been developed to investigate the performance of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump dryer. The model takes into account detailed heat and mass transfer and pressure drop phenomena occurring in each component of the system. To take care of the variable heat transfer properties, the heat exchanger components were divided into several infinitesimal segments to examine the state, heat and mass balance and pressure drop for both refrigerant and air, and hence accurate results are expected. In Part 2 of the article, the model developed has been validated with experimental data and then the model was used to investigate effects of important operating parameters on the performance.     

Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Dryer: Part 2. Validation and Simulation Results

The simulation model of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump dryer presented in Part 1 has been first validated with available experimental data in this part and then used to simulate the heat pump dryer to study the variation of performance parameters such as heating COP, moisture extraction rate, and specific moisture extraction rate. The validation with experimental data shows that the model slightly over predicts the system performance. The possible reasons for the difference between experimental and numerical results are explained. Simulation results show the effect of key operating parameters such as bypass air ratio, re-circulation air ratio, dryer efficiency, ambient condition (temperature and relative humidity), and air mass flow rate. Results show that unlike bypass air ratio and ambient relative humidity, the effect of dryer efficiency, recirculation air ratio, ambient temperature, and air mass flow rate are very significant as far as the system performance is concerned.     

DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND MECHANISM OF CALCIUM SULFATE UNDER THE CONDITION OF O2/CO2 PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION

The decomposition behavior and mechanism of calcium sulfate in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion were studied in an entrained flow reactor. A reaction rate expression correlating the influence of various factors was proposed for CaS0₄ decomposition and it is able to predict CaS0₄ decomposition satisfactorily. Under the conditions investigated, the decomposition of CaS0₄ was found to be a regime of chemically controlled shrinking core reaction. A CO₂-rich atmosphere enhances CaSO₄ decomposition in absence of oxygen. CaSO₄ particles have catalytic effect on formation of CO from CO₂. A high SO₂ concentration inhibits CaSO₄ decomposition. The kinetics of CaSO₄decomposition has obvious dependence on experimental facilities and conditions, whereas the activation energy has much lower dependence. The kinetics derived in this work is more appropriate for investigating desulfurization in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion because an entrained flow reactor has a much closer condition to that in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion than a TGA.     

Catalytic Performance of Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/Ce-ZrO2 Catalysts on CO2 Reforming of CH4 Coupled with Steam Reforming or Under High Pressure

CO₂ reforming of methane was performed on Pt/ZrO₂ and Pt/Ce-ZrO₂ catalysts at 1073K under different reactions conditions: (i) atmospheric pressure and CH₄:CO₂ ratio of 1:1 and 2:1; (ii) in the presence of water and CH₄:CO₂ ratio of 2:1; (iii) under pressure (105 and 190 psig) and CH₄:CO₂ ratio of 2:1. The Pt supported on ceria-promoted ZrO₂ catalyst was more stable than the Pt/ZrO₂ catalyst under all reaction conditions. We ascribe this higher stability to the higher density of oxygen vacancies on the promoted support, which favors the cleaning mechanism of the metal particle. The increase of either the CH₄:CO₂ ratio or total pressure causes a decrease in activity for both catalysts, because under either case the rate of methane decomposition becomes higher than the rate of oxygen transfer. The Pt/Ce-ZrO₂ catalyst was always more stable than the Pt/ZrO₂ catalyst, demonstrating the important role of the support on this reaction.     

Simultaneous easy CO2 recovery and drastic reduction of SOx and NOx in O2/CO2 coal combustion with heat recirculation

Coal combustion with O₂/CO₂ is promising because of its easy CO₂ recovery, extremely low NO_x emission and high desulfurization efficiency. Based on our own fundamental experimental data combined with a sophisticated data analysis, its characteristics were investigated. It was revealed that the conversion ratio from fuel-N to exhausted NO in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion was only about one fourth of conventional pulverized coal combustion. To decrease exhausted NO further and realize simultaneous easy CO₂ recovery and drastic reduction of SO_x and NO_x, a new scheme, i.e. O₂/CO₂ coal combustion with heat recirculation, was proposed. It was clarified that in O₂/CO₂ coal combustion, with about 40% of heat recirculation, the same coal combustion intensity as that of coal combustion in air could be realized even at an O₂ concentration of as low as 15%. Thus exhausted NO could be decreased further into only one seventh of conventional coal combustion. Simultaneous easy CO₂ recovery and drastic reduction of SO_x and NO_x could be realized with this new scheme.