Main Features of the SHP Sector in China——Hangzhou Regional Centre （Asia-Pacific） for Small Hydro Power （HRC）, Hangzhou, China.

1 An important sector in the hydropower industry Since the founding of the People‘s Republic of China in 1949, and particularly since the reform and opening up period, rural hydropower has witnessed swift development. Rural hydropower exploitation has been included in the plans for rural electrification development, and has become an important part of the water resources sector. A new SHP industryhas formed, combining social, economic and environmental benefits.     

Environmental Protection Stressed for Rural Hydropower Development in China

Provision on Environmental Protection for Rural Hydro-electrical Project Development have been issued by Ministry of Water Resources recently. It has defined pre-examination of environmental impact assessment （EIA） for rural hydro-electrical development in detail and put forward explicit requirements on environmental protection facilities and corre-sponding management. The Provisions is a key administrative regulation in administration of rural power industry and aims to implement State Council Decisions on Carrying out Scientific Approach to Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection and Outline Planning for the Eleventh Five-year Plan Period, promote environmental protection and management of rural hydropower projects, insist on rationally developing hydropower in the basis of ecosystem protection and facilitate coordinated development between hydropower development and environment.     

Framework for Chinese Private Sector＇s Participation in Rural Hydropower

Remarkable achievements have been scored for the development of rural hydropower and rural electrification in China. A total of 653 small hydropower （SHP）-based rural electrification counties have been completed. In recent years, numerous private investments poured into the field of rural hydropower to greatly accelerate the course of rural electrification. This article aims to focus on the general situation and background for private sector＇s participation in rural hydropower development in China, and the current operation system and mechanism for the joint-development of public and private sectors in rural hydropower development.     

The Hydropower Development policy, 2001

Water resources are important natural resources for the economic development of Nepal. Availability of abundant water resources and geophysical features provides ample opportunities for hydropower production in Nepal. Out of the total hydropower generation capacity of about 83,000 megawatt（MW）in the country, about 42,000MW of power generation appears feasible to date from financial-technical perspective. In view of the internal consumption and export possibility of hydropower in the context of the overall development of the country, an investment friendly, clear, simple and transparent policy is necessary to enhance the development process of hydropower. An open and liberal policy pursued in the hydro- power sector after restoration of democracy has started yielding positive indications in the field of hydropower development. Our past experiences as well as working in close association with the private sector, even though for a short period, have guided our path in this regard. It is also observed that the need to overcome the short-comings and weaknesses that have emerged in the course of involvement and participation of the private sector in the water resource sector.     

Development of Hydropower In Myanmar

Water is the source of life and electricity is the symbol of modem civilization. The topography combined with heavy rainfall from the South-West monsoon endows the country with abundant hydropower resources. In the last two-decades, country＇s power supply system mainly depends on a number of gas turbine and combined cycle power plants, which requires relatively shorter implementation time and lower investment cost.     

“Rural Hydropower and Electrification in China” published

The report (around 80,000 Chinese characters) on the development and major issues of small hydropower in the Asia-Pacific has been completed by HRC recently.     

Environmental Integration of Small Hydropower Development

On the basis of cooperative research with European professionals, problems relating to environmental and ecological protection were discussed while small hydropower development in China currently was introduced in this paper. Guidelines of small hydropower development dealing with environmental protection were sug- gested hereby. Various specific technical environmental solutions focusing on small hydropower development applied in European and other developed countries were also introduced in this paper. Main environmental solutions are discussed as follows： integrated design should be advocated during plan/design stage,＂ ecohydraulic engineering and its utilization in SHP design and construction; effective technical approaches to relieve and eliminate the impact of river interception and fix the reasonable minimum biological flow; environment-friendly mitigation and compensation measures for high/low-head hydropower schemes applied in diversion works, intake, nature-like fish-passes, penstock and powerhouse design; study and application of the new technology, material and equipments; launching renovation of environmental protection in existing stations; emphasiz- ing public participation and their acceptability for the SHP environment; coordinated inter-disciplinary study at national level, etc. Two case studies in Sweden and Australia are given here.     

Private Sector Participation in Electricity Generation and Distribution

In terms of hydropower resources in the country, Nepal ranks second in the world. But it has not acted seriously in terms of utilization. The effort began from the Rana days when they ruled the country for more than century. For energy, unfortunately, the country has at times sought thermal source rather than hydropower.For energy needs, it first depended upon foreign aid in the earlier dates. As late as in the ＇60s, it depended upon such assistance rather than developing its own. So much so, that it imported electrical power from neighbouring country. Later, it was developed both under foreign aid as well the multilateral assistance and loan. The electricity generation gradually became more and more costly. Only later, genuine private sectors have joined the energy market. But the terms and conditions have not always been in the national interest. There is a wide variation in cost of energy under different conditions of power development in the country, from the cheapest to the costliest. Both for generation and distribution, Nepal Electric Corporation should no longer continue its monopoly.Private sector should be promoted given more role to play for economy and operation.The paper discusses the different options available and practised in Nepal.     

ABSTRACTS

New advance in computer monitoring technology for hydropower station and prospects
WANG De-kuan （Dept. of Automation, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China）
Abstract： Along with construction of the super large hydropower stations with huge units such as Three Gorges, the H9000 V4.0 computer supervision and control system with high performances is brought out and reaches the technical heights. The paper introduces the new advance of H9000 V4.0 system, prospects for the technical development trends.     

Small Hydropower Contributes to Poverty Reduction and Rural Integrated Development in China

Over the past 50 add years, outstanding achievements have been made in the development of rural small hydropower (SLIP) and electrification in China. By the end of 2003,42,221 SHP plants with a total installed capacity of 28,489 MW have been constructed and under operation.Half of the country‘s territory, and one quarter of population of the whole nation are now accessible to SHP.     

Private Participation in Small Hydropower Development in China——Comparison with International Communities

In recent years, Chinese private investment in SHP (small hydropower) has been booming like mushrooms after rain. Globally,many developing countries have formulated a series of incentive policies to encourage the mobilization of private capital for SHP, but the recent enforcement is far from meeting expectation. This article overviews private enterprises investing in SHP domestically, analyzes similarities and differences between China and international communities, as well as the comparability and mutual referential values, and also explores some approaches for improvement Furthermore, this article presents several particular issues in this respect, with a hope to further promote the sound development of SHP privately financed. Attached here are 2 tables and 2 figures.     

Hydro-electrification in China＇s Rural Areas

The installed capacity of hydropower stations rises rapidly, and in the whole country 800 counties are mainly depending on the electric power from small hydropower stations and their power grids. By the end of 2000, the installed capacity of hydropower from the water resources administrative bodies had amounted to 31.1GW, and the annual generation reached 94.5 billion kWh.     

HYBRID SMART AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR HYDROPOWER PLANTS

Disadvantages existing in current automation systems of HPP (hydropower plants) are analyzed. Based on Fieldbus and IAM (i ntelligent actuation and measurement) technologies, a type of ICMMS (intelligent control maintenance technical management system) for HPP is presented, and its structure, functions, characters, implementation methods are discussed. For the sake of current technical feasibility and future development, HSAS（hybrid smart automation system) as a new type of automation systems is proposed for HPP. T he overall structure of this system is based on fully distributed Fieldbus archi tecture. Not only the Fieldbusbased IAM components, but also the traditional a utomation devices can be integrated into this system. So the HSAS is a fully dis tributed and realizable solution for the automation system of HPP. A HSAS sol ution for largescaled hydropower generating units is also presented, with int egrated, distributed, open, and intelligent features.     

英文摘要

Design of soil and water conservation scheme for reconstruction project of Fengman hydropower station
ZHANG Shu-hua, JIN De-ze
[Abstract] The ecological environment problem is prominent in the hydropower station reconstruction project, the work of the soil and water conservation has the important significance in the project construction. Taking the reconstruction project of Fengman hydropower station as an example, the paper introduces the construction idea based on the soil and water conservation through the analysis and assessment and the targeted measures of the soil and water conservation for the main project.     

ABSTRACTS

iP9000 intelligent platform for hydropower station
The iP9000 intelligent platform solution is proposed based on the automation construction situation of hydropower station in our country. This solution includes several automatic systems about generation operating and maintenance management of hydropower station, and supports some main international standards, such as IEC 61850 and IEC 60870 etc. This system is interconnected and interactive, and it is a standard, universal, open and configurable intelligent platform. Though the IEC 61850 has great advantage, it is still limited in the current application of hydropower station and should be improved in the future.     

SHP-based Rural Electrification in China

Since 1980 when the contract system of responsibility was widely adopted in China‘s rural areas, the economic situation there has changed remarkably. With the development of the economy, improvement in living standards and the emergence of township enterprises, the demand for electricity has increased greatly, and the     

HRC＇s CDM SHP Project Approved by China＇s National Development ＆ Reform Commission

Yanling small hydropower project of clean development mechanism in Hunan province, jointly developed with HRC, has recently been verified by China＇s National CDM Project Verification Council and approved by China＇s National Development ＆ Reform Commission. The project could hopefully achieve the equivalent greenhouse gas （carbon dioxide） reduction by 17,678 ton annually.     

英文摘要

Design of debris flow protection engineering in reshuigou valley for Mengdigou hydropower station
WANG Yong-gang, YI Wen-ruing, GUO Chang-jiang
[Abstract] According to the design of debris flow gully protection engineering for hydropower project construction in alpine gorge region of Southwest China, the paper emphatically analyzes the debris flow characteristics, protection objects, standards, schemes and building design, puts forward the early warning suggestion and conclusion. Debris flow protection engineering needs to meet the requirements of the project layout and construction and guarantee the people＇s lives and property safety of the country. The debris flow disasters occur frequently in recent years, so the debris flow gully protection becomes more important in hydropower project construction.     

Compensation and benefit sharing: Why resettlement policies and practices must be reformed

Many public and private sector projects, such as hydropower dams or mines, trigger forced population displacement but fail to resettle people sustainably and instead cause their impoverishment. Social science research has found that one root cause of such failures and of impoverishment is asset dispossession and the insufficient financing of resettlement. Most governments, however, state that （1） compensation alone is sufficient for restoring the income and livelihood of those displaced, and （2） resources to supplement compensation with additional financing are not available. The author critiques and rejects these positions. He offers a theoretical analysis of the limits and flaws of compensation payments for expropriated assets, and argues that resources are available for supplementing compensation with financial investments for resettlers＇ development. The sources for supplementary financing are the economic rent （windfall profits） generated by natural resource projects such as hydropower or mining and the regular stream of benefits generated by all projects that require resettlement. Further, the author argues that financial investments in resettlers＇ welfare are indispensable and what benefit sharing is feasible. Therefore, both should become basic principles of resettlement legislation and practice. In addition to theoretical analysis, the author documents with empirical evidence that some countries （China, Brazil, Canada, Columbia and Japan） already make investments additional to compensation for post-displacement reconstruction. The author sums up his argument in these key points： （1） Compensation alone cannot prevent the impoverishment of resettlers and cannot in itself restore and improve their livelihoods; （2） Additional financing is needed for direct investments in resettlement with development; （3） Compensation levels must be increased; （4） Financing resources are available in most cases for investing in resettlers＇ development, but allocation of investmen     

Preface for special section on long-term behavior of dams

正When it comes to the long-term operation of hydropower plants,the service life of mechanical and electrical equipment and the reliability of hydraulic engineering structures are both crucial.The loading history and interaction of the