Power oscillation damping by superconducting magnetic energy (SMES) storage unit

With the increase in the size and capacity of electric power systems and the growth of widespread interconnections, the problem of power oscillations due to the reduced system damping has become increasingly serious. Since a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit with a self-commutated converter is capable of controlling both the active (P) and reactive (Q) power simultaneously and quickly, increasing attention has been focused recently on power system stabilization by SMES control. This paper describes the effects of SMES control on the damping of power oscillations. By examining the case of a single generator connected to an infinite bus through both theoretical analyses and experimental tests (performed with a SMES unit with maximum stored energy of 16 kJ and an artificial model system), the difference in the effects between P and Q control of SMES is clarified as follows:

• 1 In the case of P control, as the SMES unit is placed closer to the terminal of the generator, the power oscillations will decay more rapidly.
• 2 In the case of Q control, it is most effective to install the SMES unit near the midpoint of the system.
• 3 By comparing the P control with Q control, the former is more effective than the latter based on the conditions that the SMES unit location and the control gain are the same.

     

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) utility applicationstudies

The results of a study performed with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) to assess the benefits of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for electric utility applications are presented. The study was conducted for the US Defense Nuclear Agency and the Department of Energy as part of their efforts to develop SMES for military and civilian applications. The technical benefits of the SMES and alternative technology options and the economic value of those benefits were determined for two stability-related cases     

A fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES frequency stabilizer

This paper presents application of fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES to damp the frequency oscillations of interconnected two-area power systems due to load excursions. The system frequency oscillations appear due to load disturbance. To stabilize the system frequency oscillations, the active power can be controlled via superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES. The error in the area control and its rate of change is used as controller input signals to the proposed fuzzy logic controller. In order to judge the effect of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES, a comparative study is made between its effect and the effect of the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controlled SMES. The studied system consists of two-area (thermal–thermal) power system each one equipped with SMES unit. The time simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES over the conventional PI SMES in damping the system oscillations and reach quickly to zero frequency deviation. The system is modeled and solved by using MATLAB software.     

超导磁储能装置的功率控制

以电流源型和电压源型变流器作为研究对象,探讨了可对电流源型变流器和电压源型变流器交流侧电流的幅值和相位进行有效控制的SPWM开关策略。在此基础上,研究了能够按照系统要求对2种超导磁储能装置进行有功和无功功率调节的功率控制方法。仿真结果表明所研究的功率调节方法能够在四象限内进行超导磁储能装置输入输出有功和无功功率的快速解耦控制,仿真同时验证了所研究的功率控制策略的正确性和可行性。     

Neural-network-controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage for power system stabilization

It has been clarified that a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is very effective for power system stabilization. The control methods proposed for power system stabilization by SMES are the pole assignment, the optimal control, and so on, each of which, however, has its drawbacks. This paper is concerned with the power system stabilization by neural network control of the active power of SMES. First, the optimal stabilizing control of the SMES power for the model power system is calculated for various power system operating conditions and fault conditions. Then these optimal controls are used as training data for the neural network. The neural network used is a multilayer type with a feedback from the output layer to the input layer. The trained neural network is examined by untrained operating conditions and faults.     

New combined power-conditioning system for superconducting magnetic energy storage

This paper proposes a new combined power-conditioning system for large-scale superconducting magnetic energy storage; it consists of a DC chopper and a PWM (pulse-width modulation) voltage-source converter. The proposed system can independently control the active and reactive power of the utility network by regulating the chopper duty cycle and the converter firing angle. The operational concept was verified through mathematical analyses using an equivalent circuit. The dynamic interaction was analyzed using a simulation model with EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program). The analysis results show that the new system is feasible for development with commercially available components and technologies.     

Performance of a power conversion system for superconductingmagnetic energy storage (SMES)

This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of a power conversion system (PCS) for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) applications. The PCS uses a two-quadrant chopper and a voltage-source power converter. Operating modes of the chopper are discussed. Operation of SMES to provide independent control of real and reactive power, operation as a static VAr compensator, low frequency modulation of the real power and speed of response are demonstrated. A circuit is presented for testing an SMES PCS that does not require a superconducting coil     

超导储能用电压型大功率换流器技术

在500 kVA超导储能系统研制中,为了选择合适的功率变换电路拓扑,使系统具有更高的电压等级和灵活性,比较了近年来国内外采用的几种电压型换流器。针对超导储能特点及其在电力系统中承担电能质量调节的要求,分析了传统2电平桥式换流电路、中点钳位型多电平换流电路以及级联型多电平换流电路的性能。分析结果表明,对于大功率超导储能装置,级联型多电平换流电路在电压等级、控制精度及结构灵活等方面均优于另外2种换流器拓扑,采用级联型换流器的超导储能系统实现了模块化构造,可以实现系统冗余及容错运行。仿真结果证实模块化超导储能系统能够在较低工作频率下精确控制电压质量。     

大储能容量超导磁储能系统的拓扑结构及控制策略

随着可再生能源规模化发展,电网对大功率等级储能系统的需求日益增长,因此研究应用于大功率等级场合的超导磁储能(SMES)系统拓扑结构及运行控制策略具有重要的理论意义.提出了一种基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的SMES系统拓扑结构,设计了允许多个超导磁体同时接入以成倍数提升系统整体储能容量的新型斩波器.该新型斩波器采用模块化设计,由多个子模块串联构成,可随MMC扩展至多种电压等级和功率等级,且能够均衡各子模块的电容电压和磁体电流.针对新型斩波器的旁路子模块数量难以确定的问题,提出了新型斩波器旁路子模块数量的计算方法.基于线性自抗扰控制设计了MMC双闭环控制器和新型斩波器的直流电压控制器,利用复频域分析法整定了线性自抗扰控制器参数.通过仿真验证了所提拓扑结构和控制策略的正确性和有效性.     

Interconnected power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage

The objective of this work is to discuss the concept of back‐to‐back interconnection systems with energy storage, especially with a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) incorporated into a back‐to‐back DC link. In this case, each converter of the back‐to‐back system is used as a power conditioning system for the SMES coils. Since the AC–DC converter can be designed independently of the frequency of the power system, a two‐way switch is connected to the AC side of each converter. This two‐way switch can select the interconnected power systems. By using the two‐way switches, this system can provide the stored energy in the SMES system to each interconnected power system through two AC–DC converters. For instance, lower‐cost power of each power network can be stored through two converters during the off‐peak hours and made available for dispatch to each power network during periods of demand peak. Then this system increases the reliability of electric power networks and enables the economical operations depending on the power demand. This paper describes the unique operations of the back‐to‐back interconnection with SMES and discuses the optimal SMES configuration for a 300‐MW‐class back‐to‐back interconnection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 37–43, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20482     

非线性PID控制器在超导磁储能装置中的应用

基于非线性比例积分微分PID(Proportional Integration Differential)控制器在设计上具有不依赖于被控系统数学模型的特点,设计了用于电力系统的超导磁储能装置SMES(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)的非线性PID控制器。概述了非线性PID控制器利用“跟踪-微分器”非线性结构产生控制所需的比例、积分、微分信号的原理。介绍了含SMES的电力系统模型及非线性PID控制器的设计。数字仿真结果验证了所设计的控制器是可行的,同时表明该控制器结构简单、易实现。     

电压型高温超导储能系统变流器设计与试验

为提高电力系统动态稳定性,实现高温超导储能系统对电网电压跌落的有效补偿,采用三单相H桥型拓扑结构,搭建了一个电压型高温超导储能系统功率变换器.对控制系统、信号调理系统、功率和驱动保护电路进行了设计;基于SPWM脉冲触发方式,应用TMS320F2812型DSP实现了动态电压瞬时跌落补偿的全数字闭环控制,给出了相关的软件程...     

高温超导飞轮储能系统研究现状

高温超导飞轮储能系统具有功率密度高、控制简单、效率高、寿命长、环境友好等优点,未来在可再生能源发电、地铁制动能量回收、大功率脉冲电源、电力系统电压稳定等方面具有广阔应用前景。本文介绍了高温超导飞轮储能系统的原理结构、国内外的研究现状、亟需解决的关键技术问题及未来的发展趋势。     

Power system stabilizing control by a superconducting magnetic energy storage with a high-speed phase shifter

Electric power demand has increased rapidly and this is expected to continue. Undamped power swings with low frequency tend to occur in large power systems with complex configuration. Therefore, several stabilizing control schemes, e.g., a power system stabilizer (PSS), have already been investigated. On the other hand, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is expected to be an effective apparatus in power systems since any SMES located in power systems is capable of leveling load demand, compensating for load changes, maintaining bus voltages and stabilizing power swings. The effectiveness of each function, however, depends upon the location of the SMES in the power system because output power from the SMES is distributed according to the impedance ratio of the transmission line at the SMES location. Therefore, it is difficult for SMES to serve two different purposes simultaneously. This paper proposes a combination of SMES with a high-speed phase shifter (HSPS). The HSPS, which consists of a phase shift transformer and a set of power converters, is capable of controlling the power flow of the transmission line by adjusting the phase angle of a phase shift transformer. Therefore, it is expected that the combination of SMES and HSPS can realize a highly effective controller independent of its location. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed apparatus located far from a generator in a long distance bulk power transmission system is capable of stabilizing the power swing as effectively as the SMES located at a generator terminal. In addition, the effectiveness of both load change compensation and power system stabilization is confirmed numerically.     

超导储能在并网直驱风电系统中的应用研究

针对直驱风电系统并网运行过程中存在的输出有功功率波动和低电压穿越问题,在变换器的直流环节并联超导储能系统。对超导储能系统的斩波器提出双闭环加脉冲判断的控制策略,确保超导磁体线圈电流水平,使超导储能系统可以快速、准确地充放电,从而稳定直流环节功率。同时,通过引入谐振控制器的方法,对网侧变换器的控制策略进行改进,实现电网电压不对称跌落情况下,负序分量引起波动的有效控制。仿真结果表明,采用上述方案后直驱风电系统向电网输送较为平滑的有功功率、低电压穿越能力得到了提升。