The Importance of Observing the Ethical Norms by the Public Service

Nowadays, ethical norms are a real weapon and a method of a fair administrative system＇s investment, a strengthening of society＇s confidence towards public service function, a restraint of public servants＇ clash of benefits and interests, a prevention of corruption, a formation of psychologically healthy environment and finally a mean of establishing the democracy. Modem experience shows that the problem of the ethical norms＇ observance is emphasized at the present stage of social life in all the countries of the world, particularly in the public service system because public service is one of the most significant levers of the state for reaching the constitutional, legislative aims in the country and actualizing the state policy. In this article we revert to the importance and the results of not following the Ethical norms by the public servants. The purpose of this article is to suggest possible ways of solving the problems connected with Ethical observance. According to our surveys and views we have made some suggestions especially in those countries where the observance of the ethical norms is in a low level.     

Effective Wireless Cooperative Scheme for Increasing Throughput with Low Outage Probability

Cooperative communications is an emerging technique in wireless communication to ensure reliability in providing high data rate services. It provides diversity for devices that are incapable of harboring multiple antennae by emulating MIMO （multiple-input-multiple-output） system through virtual antenna array. Several wireless cooperative strategies already exist differing on the process performed at the relay. The common ones are AF （amplify-and-forward） and DF （decode-and-forward）. Different strategies have varying throughput performance depending on the relaying complexity and degree of CSI usage. Therefore, cooperative scheme that implements CSI better to improve throughput while keeping outage probability and BER （bit error rate） low is worth looking for. In this paper, an approach using CSI with MRC （maximal ratio combing） at the destination is proposed to improve performance. The process at the relay is also simplified as it uses reduced estimation domain with high precision unlike previous estimation techniques. It will be shown that this new strategy attains better BER and outage performances compared to AF and DF. Simulation results also show that it has better throughput performance at low outage probability as well.     

Design and aerodynamic investigation of a parallel vehicle on a wide-speed range

In order to design a hypersonic vehicle for a wide-ranged Mach number, a novel parallel vehicle for a wide-speed range has been proposed. In this paper, we employ a numerical method to investigate a parallel vehicle＇s aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics. The obtained results show that the aerodynamic performance of the novel parallel vehicle is better than that of the waverider designed with a single Mach number for the wide-speed range. With the increase in Mach number, the lift-to-drag ratio of the novel parallel vehicle first increases and then decreases. When the Mach number is 7 and the angle of attack is 3°, the lift-to-drag ratio is the largest, and its value is 3.968. When the angle of attack is 3°, the lift-to-drag ratio is not lower than 3.786 in the range considered in the current study, and the novel parallel vehicle＇s aerodynamic performance is good. The wing changes the drag performance of the parallel vehicle remarkably, and results in the decrease of the lift-to-drag ratio. Meanwhile, the wing can enhance the pitching moment performance.     

Factors Effecting Life Satisfaction of the Elderly in Bangkok

The study focused on factors affecting life satisfaction of the elderly in Bangkok. The purposes of this study were to （1） study the level of life satisfaction of the elderly in Bangkok based on their individual factors, （2） study the relationship between related factors and life satisfaction of the elderly, and （3） investigate factors affecting the level of life satisfaction of the elderly. Questionnaire on life satisfaction of the elderly was employed as a research tool to collect data. The research found that life-satisfaction of the elderly in Bangkok was between the levels of somewhat satisfied to satisfied. The research participants defined the factor of general environment as the first rank followed by well-being, personal information, self-acceptance and lifestyle. The research further discovered that factor most directly related to their level of life satisfaction is self-acceptance followed by well-being, general environment and personal information. Lastly, the research additionally revealed that the factors of self-acceptance and general environment most affect the level of life satisfaction of the elderly. The equation for forecasting life satisfaction of the elderly residing in Bangkok was 0.414xself-acceptance ＋ 0.307 general environment.     

Random Matrix Theory Based Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensing

A cognitive radio system allows higher data transmission rates due to the efficient spectrum utilization. Spectrum sensing plays a substantial role in such a cognition scenario. In this paper, a novel multiple antenna sensing algorithm is proposed for detecting the presence or the absence of the primary user signal. The scheme is called CRABWISE （Cognitive RAdio sensing Based on the joint distribution of pseudo WIShart matrix Eigenvalues）. It turns out that without prior information about the PU （primary user） signal, CRABWISE performs near to the optimal sensing performance, which is observed for an energy detection sensing being equipped with perfect prior information of the PU signal. The performance of CRABWISE is investigated using the receiver operating characteristic for signals transmitted over a delay-dispersive channel. Moreover, we study how to find the optimum threshold for the proposed test numerically. The achievable performance is considered for increasing length of the received signal frame in terms of both probability of detection and probability of a wrong decision.     

Statistical characteristics of the normalized Stokes parameters

The statistical properties of the normalized Stokes parameters in a Gaussian stochastic plane wave field are described in detail. Via the expression of the three normalized Stokes parameters, the mean, variance, and high-order moments are calculated, which simplify C. Brosseau＇s results. The new dispersion, normalized contrast function, skewness, and kurtosis are defined to describe the non-Gaussian distribution characteristics, which can be applied to Gaussian wave fields relating to depolarization of light by a spatially random medium.     

Performance Evaluation of a Markovian Policy for Macro/Femto User Allocation Considering Aspects of QoS,QoE and Energy Efficiency

The advancement of wireless networks offers mobile users a diversity connectivity options, but the choice of the best connection should consider classics QoS aspects and, with increasing multimedia applications, should also consider QoE metrics. Another important parameter to choose the best connection is the energy efficiency by reducing the battery consumption of the devices and reducing CO2 emissions （green network）. This paper validates a Markovian policy for distribution of user load balancing in femtocell/macrocell networks considering QoS/QoE and energy consumption providing quality for multimedia applications. The results obtained by simulation proved the benefits.     

Behavior of Pendulums on a Regular Polygon

Stochastic and deterministic versions of a discrete dynamical network system are investigated. This network consists of a sequence of contours NSWE with nodes, which are common points atN, W, S and E. There are four cells and a particle on each contour At each time instance, the particle occupies a cell, and attempts to occupy the next cell in the same direction. Particles of neighboring contours move in accordance with some rules. Both deterministic and stochastic rules are considered. The behavior of the model with the first rule is stochastic only at the beginning, and after a time interval the system becomes to pure deterministic. The system with the second rule comes to a steady state, which depends on the initial state. The average velocity of particles and other characteristics of the system are studied.     

Metacognition in Solving Process of Basic Electric Circuit ProblemmComparison of Metacognitive Characteristics between Non-major and Major Students in Electric Engineering

There are learners who cannot solve practical problems in spite of mastering basic scientific knowledge and formula necessary for the solution. One of the reasons might be attributed to the lack in metacognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to compare the metacognitive characteristics between non-major and major students in electric engineering and clarify the difference of metacognitive process between these two groups when solving basic problems of electronic circuit. In the experiment, the solving process was compared between non-major and major students in electric engineering using five basic problems. We found that the scores on prediction of result and confidence of own answer differed significantly between non-major and major students, and inferred that the difference of performance was due to the lack in metacognitive ability, especially the plan and the execution abilities. Both prediction of results and confidence of own answer were also found to play a significant role in effective problem solving as important components （subsystems） of metacognition.     

Stability analysis of constrained MPC applied to discrete-time nonlinear with CLF system

The model predictive control （MPC） strategy with a control Lyapunov function （CLF） as terminal cost is commonly used for its guaranteed stability. In most of the cases, CLF is locally designed, and the region of attraction is limited, especially when under control constraints. In this article, the stability and the region of attraction of constrained MPC that is applied to the discrete-time nonlinear system are explicitly analyzed. The region of feasibility is proposed to substitute the region of attraction, which greatly reduces the calculation burden of terminal constraints inequalities and guarantees the stability of the MPC algorithm. Also, the timevariant terminal weighted factor is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of the close-loop system. Explicit experiments verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the relative conclusions, which provide practically feasible ways to stabilize the unstable and/or fast-dynamic systems.     

A method to evaluate the a switching unit spatial extensibility of and network

Switching units and networks have been analyzed as extensible fabrics, mostly in terms of their scheduling algorithms. The traditional literature on switching extensibility has provided complexity theory only relating to the total numbers of inputs （or outputs） and exchange lines. This paper analyzes switching extensibility in terms of not only the scheduling algorithm and also the fabric itself. It is found that determining extensibility from soft complexity related to the number of inputs （or outputs） of the scheduling algorithm and the fabric extensibility in previous studies without quantization is a flawed conception. A method is thus proposed to express the spatial extensibility of a switching unit or network in terms of the connections of a switching resource and capacity. The method calculates parameter ES （the efficiency of switching） of an m x n switching unit and obtains two functions of the switching unit to describe spatial extensibility along with the number of unilateral inputs or outputs. It is found that the range of ES is （0, 1] and three types of switching unit and two types of crosspoint networks have ES = 1. ES is calculated for banyan, Clos, parallel packet, fully interconnected and recirculation switching networks. The ES value for the banyan switching network is larger than that for other networks, and switching networks are classified into three types that have absolute/linear/denied spatial extensibility according to the limES value. It is demonstrated that a switching network has the largest ES value when it contains only the five types of switching unit for which ES ---- 1. Finally, a group-switching-first self-routing banyan switching network with lower blocking probability and time delay is deduced, and the ES method is contrasted with two other methods of evaluating spatial extensibility in terms of their mathematical expressions and intuitive graphics, for the five types of switching network listed above.     

Identification of tissue types and boundaries with a fiber optic force sensor

The absence of tactile force information at the tip of a medical instrument makes precise minimally invasive surgery difficult and is prone to resulting in serious outcomes. In this paper, a fiber optic force sensor is fabricated based on Fabry-Perot interferometry and integrated with a puncture needle. The force sensor is attached to the needle tip, where interactive force arises as it inserts into soft tissue. Needle insertion experiments have been conducted on ex vivo swine liver and belly with the calibrated force sensor. Using wavelet transform method, the acquired force data are analyzed and used to identify layered tissue types and boundaries. We found that the force amplitudes are not always identical, but the patterns of forces are almost the same, which enables us to identify layered tissues and to realize a safe needle insertion procedure under robot control.     

Visualization of Understanding of Media Characteristics Using Analytic Hierarchy Process

The purpose of this study is to design a tool, adapted to students＇ individual contexts and to enable students to reflect on their understanding of media characteristics. AHP （analytic hierarchy process） is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions. Using AHP, students have to define appropriate criteria and priorities for using media. It is expected that students＂ understanding of the characteristics of different types of media will emerge through reflection. Seventy two university students took part in this research. They were asked to prioritize their ways.of obtaining information about current affairs using sets of media such as TV, books, newspapers and web pages, Twitter and Facebook. AHP enables us to visualize a ＂real＂ understanding of media characteristics and students can reflect on that basis. As far as ＂information sources and media＂ is concerned, a few students indicated that it was the information source itself that was important rather than the type of media. Our tool fulfils the role of encouraging this type of reflection.     

Error Analysis for the Three-Dimensional Detection and Reconstruction of the Road Surface

Aiming at the series of errors processing and analyzing produced in three-dimensional testing and reconstruction of the highway pavements, this paper conducts a detailed analysis and computation of these process errors, including calibration of signalized points, centerline calculation of light stripe, accumulated system error, etc.. After the contrast experiment and analysis, it finally introduces gravity method to calculate the camera＇s internal parameters, and gray centroid algorithm to extract light stripes＇ center. Result shows the system deviation is stabilized at 2 mm, which can better meet the needs of engineering practice.     

The Assessment of the Comparative Efficiency of Various Reforms of Countries by the Integral Index of Reforms

The purpose of this article is to suggest a new methodology that will give us an opportunity to create an fIR （integral index of reforms） that will include seven indexes： KOF Index of Globalization, The Democracy Index, The Corruption Perception, The Human Development, Doing Business, The Global Competitiveness Index and The Index of Economic Freedom. Our new methodology is based on two regulator-parameters： the changes of the ranks and average of scores of the above mentioned indexes for two periods of time. To have the Integral Index of Reforms we calculated the ratio of observed seven indexes based on the assessments by 56 both Armenian and foreign experts. So, we gave scale coefficients to all seven indexes considering the importance and the variety of included indicators. As a result we have the Integral Index of Reforms. The Integral Index of Reforms that we create helps us to assess the comparative efficiency of the economic reforms in both 11 developed and 21 post-socialist countries.     

Source localization and calibration using TDOA and FDOA measurements in the presence of sensor location uncertainty

Source localization accuracy is very sensitive to sensor location error.This paper performs analysis and develops a solution for locating a moving source using time difference of arrival(TDOA)and frequency difference of arrival(FDOA)measurements with the use of a calibration emitter.Using a Gaussian random signal model,we first derive the Cram′er-Rao lower bound(CRLB)for source location estimate in this scenario.Then we analyze the differential calibration technique which is commonly used in Global Positioning System.It is indicated that the differential calibration cannot attain the CRLB accuracy in most cases.A closed-form solution is then proposed which takes a calibration emitter into account to reduce sensor location error.It is shown analytically that under some mild approximations,our approach is able to reach the CRLB accuracy.Numerical simulations are included to corroborate the theoretical developments.     

Interval Arithmetic and Its Application to Electrical Circuits

Interval arithmetic is an elegant tool for practical work with inequalities, approximate numbers, error bounds, and more generally with certain convex and bounded sets. In this section we give a number of simple examples showing where intervals and ranges of functions over intervals arise naturally. Interval mathematics is a generalization in which interval numbers replace real numbers, interval arithmetic replaces real arithmetic, and interval analysis replaces real analysis. Interval is limited by two bounds： lower bound and upper bound. The present paper introduces some of the basic notions and techniques from interval analysis needed in the sequel for presenting various uses of interval analysis in electric circuit theory and its applications. In this article we address the representation of uncertain and imprecise information, the interval arithmetic and its application to electrical circuits.     

The Impact of Flexible Element Inside of Intake Canal on Kinematics of Load in Combustion Chamber

The results of analysis of technical possibilities to increase engine efficiency were presented in this article. This problem was connected with kinematics properties of air inflow to the combustion chamber. The possibilities of intake airflow modulation have a positive impact on combustion process, level of engine usable parameters and emission. This issue was presented on the results of experimental research. Results of baseline research gave information about the flow resistance. On the basis of results of experimental research, conclusions were formulated.     

The Infinite Evolution Mechanism of ϵ-Bisimilarity

In this paper, we focus on the convergence mechanism of ε-bisimulation under probabilistic processes to discuss the dynamic correctness of the software. Firstly, ε-limit bisimulation is defined for reflecting the dynamic relation between software specification and implementation. Some special ε-limit bisimulations are showed. Secondly, ε-bisimulation limit is proposed, which states the specification is the limit of implementation under ε-bisimulation. The uniqueness of ε-bisimulation limit and consistence with ε-bisimulation are presented. Finally, the substitutivity laws of ε-bisimulation limit with various combinators are proved.