Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接过程中小孔的形态特征

通过图像处理得到了Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接过程中小孔内外边缘宽长比、内外边缘中心到激光光斑中心以及内外边缘中心之间的距离,并将其作为小孔的形态特征参数,研究了小孔形态随焊接工艺参数变化的规律.研究结果表明,激光功率的增大使小孔径向形状趋向圆形并使其在深度方向上的倾斜程度减小;在低速焊时,小孔形态基本不变,而在中高速焊接时,随着焊接速度的增大,小孔径向形状沿焊接方向拉长,小孔的倾斜程度也不断增大;在一定离焦量范围内,离焦量的变化对小孔在径向和深度方向上的形态影响较小.     

快速凝固耐热铝合金AA8009Nd:YAG激光焊接

快速凝固耐热铝合金AA8009的焊接技术是该合金实用化过程中必须解决的关键问题之一.试验采用不同工艺参数对1 mm厚AA8009板材进行了对接焊.结果表明,随着焊接速度增加,焊接热输入量减少,焊缝冷却速度增加,焊缝组织得到改善,由平衡态向非平衡态组织转变,焊接接头抗拉强度和显微硬度增加.当焊接热输入量为8.15 J/mm,焊缝抗拉强度达到379.9 MPa,焊接系数达到95%,断裂发生在熔化区边界.     

Fabrication and laser output of transparent Nd:YAG ceramics from microwave synthesized precursors

We report the laser output of transparent Nd:YAG(Nd:Y3Al5O12) ceramics fabricated from Nd:YAG precursors through the microwave-assisted homogenous precipitation(MAHP) method.Pure phase and uniform Nd:YAG nano-powders with average sizes less than 100 nm were obtained by heating treatment of the Nd:YAG precursor particles aged for 6 d in vessel with humidity of 30%-50% at 25°C.Transparent Nd:YAG ceramic pellets were obtained by vacuum sintering at 1730°C for 10 h.Laser output(305 mW) with a slope efficiency o...     

Nd:YAGCW激光热传导焊Ⅱ激光热传导焊临界功率的计算

激光热导焊是在一定的激光功率密度范围内实现的激光焊接模式，文中基于已验证过的激光热导焊温度场三维解析模型，来求解激光热导焊在一定焊接参数下所适用的激光功率范围，并讨论了激光热导焊的临界功率与焊接速度和离焦量之间的关系。最后对所求得的激光热导焊临界功率进行了试验验证，验证试验结果表明由温度场模型计算出来的功率范围与试验测量结果的误差在误差允许范围内。     

铍的Nd:YAG激光焊接阈值功率影响因素

利用Nd:YAG激光焊接了铍环,研究了不同激光入射角度和铍环直径变化对阈值功率变化的影响,得到了铍在激光焊接过程中阈值功率密度变化规律.结果表明,铍环直径大小对阈值功率密度有显著影响,随着铍环直径的增加,铍环的曲率减小,由背反射引起的调Q脉冲增强,导致出现深熔焊的阈值功率密度降低.对同一直径的铍环,激光入射角度从0°调整到3°后,由于消除了背反射激光在谐振腔内形成调Q脉冲,激光焊接时出现深熔焊的临界功率密度增加.深熔焊形成的焊缝深宽比值较大,为1.0～1.5,而热传导焊形成的焊缝深宽比值较小,只有0.2左右.     

Microstructure development in Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI 304 and Inconel 600

In this work, the morphology of solidification of the weld zone (WZ) was studied in a joint formed from dissimilar materials, composed of austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel and Inconel 600 nickel alloy, welded with an Nd:YAG-pulsed laser. The laser beam and optical system parameters were selected with a view to obtain a weld with total penetration and good surface finish. The microstructural characterization was carried out using an optical microscope, in which a WZ was seen with total penetration, keyhole-type, presence of small pores and absence of cracks. The welded joints were also characterized by means of an electron scan microscope. Measurements taken by X-ray spectrometry for dispersion of the energy in the WZ indicated a slightly heterogeneous distribution of nickel and iron. It was seen that the start of solidification in the WZ occurred by means of epitaxial growth. The morphology of WZ solidification was basically denditric and cellular, being influenced by the temperature gradient, solidification speed and chemical composition. The variations in chemical composition and solidification morphology do not significantly alter the Vickers microhardness values in the WZ. Results obtained in the tensile tests indicate suitably effective welding values.     

Critical power of keyhole formation in CW Nd：YAG laser deep penetration welding

The energy model was founded to calculate the critical power of keyhole formation by using the limit principle in CW （ continuous wave ） Nd： YAG laser deep penetration welding process. The model was validated by experiments. The results show that ＇.there are two errors between the calculated critical power of keyhole formation and that of experiments ： one is that the calculated results is less than those of experiments, which is caused by not considering the energy loss by heat conduction in the model of keyhole formation. The other is that there is 0. 9 mm error between the axis of the calculated curve of critical power with location of laser focus and that of experimental curve, which is induced by the excursion of laser focus in laser deep penetration welding. At last, the two errors were revised according to the analyses of the errors.     

Nano-second pulsed DPSS Nd:YAG laser striation-free cutting of alumina sheets

Lasers are extensively employed in cutting alumina sheets in the electronic industries. An important quality factor of laser cutting is striation (periodical lines) formation on the cut surfaces, which affects the surface roughness and geometry precision of laser cut products. The elimination of striation is important for laser cutting of alumina since it is necessary for denser circuit patterns and device miniaturisation. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, striation-free cutting of alumina sheets with 1 mm thickness using a 400 W high repetition rate nano-second pulsed DPSS Nd:YAG laser. The short pulse duration minimises heat damages. The effects of gas type, gas pressure, nozzle standoff distance, average laser power, cutting speed, and pulse repetition rate on striation characteristics were studied. The specific operating conditions for nano-second pulsed laser striation-free cutting were presented. The present study supports one of the existing theories for continuous wave (CW) laser striation-free cutting of metallic materials and further extends it to the pulsed laser striation-free cutting of ceramic materials. A mechanism of pulsed laser striation-free cutting was proposed, by which a model to predict the operating window for the nano-second pulsed laser striation-free cutting of alumina sheets was developed. The operating window predicted by the model was in agreement with the experiment.     

铝合金脉冲YAG激光焊脉冲调制参数对焊缝形状参数的影响

以2mm厚LF3铝合金薄板为对象,研究了在平均功率和焊接速度不变时脉冲YAG激光焊脉冲调制参数(脉宽、频率及单脉冲能量)对热导焊缝形状参数(熔深、熔宽及深宽比)的影响规律,并结合脉冲激光焊间断作用的特征,引入"有效峰值功率密度"综合考虑焊接速度、频率、脉宽以及光斑大小对焊缝形状参数的影响.此外,还对脉冲激光焊所形成的特殊的层状焊缝形貌进行研究和分析.结果表明,焊缝形状参数受脉宽及峰值功率密度双重作用的影响.脉冲焊得到的焊缝呈现多层状形貌,层数随频率升高而增多.     

YAG laser welding with surface activating flux

YAG laser welding with surface activating flux has been investigated, and the influencing factors and mechanism are discussed. The results show that both surface activating flux and surface active element S have fantastic effects on the YAG laser weld shape, that is to obviously increase the weld penetration and D/W ratio in various welding conditions. The mechanism is thought to be the change of weld pool surface tension temperature coeffwient, thus, the change of fluid flow pattern in weld pool due to the flux.     

激光焊接体能量及其对激光深熔焊缝熔深的影响

定义焊接体能量用来综合评价激光焊接过程中激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量及焦点尺寸等焊接工艺参数对激光深熔焊接过程的影响,并分析了焊接体能量对激光深熔焊缝熔深的影响.焊接体能量与激光功率成正比、与焊接速度成反比、与离焦量成四阶指数关系,与焦点尺寸成平方关系.结果表明,在激光深熔焊接过程中,焊接体能量决定焊缝熔深;随着焊接体能量的增大,焊缝熔深近似呈线性增大.     

Pulsed Nd:YAG laser seam welding of AISI 316L stainless steel thin foils

Experimental investigations were carried out using a pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser weld to examine the influence of the pulse energy in the characteristics of the weld fillet. The pulse energy was varied from 1.0 to 2.25 J at increments of 0.25 J with a 4 ms pulse duration. The base material used for this study was AISI 316L stainless steel foil with 100 μm thickness. The welds were analyzed by optical microscopy, tensile shear tests and microhardness. The results indicate that pulse energy control is of considerable importance to thin foil weld quality because it can generate good mechanical properties and reduce discontinuities in weld joints. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded joints increased at first and then decreased as the pulse energy increased. The process appeared to be very sensitive to the gap between couples.     

AISI 304 stainless steel marking by a Q-switched diode pumped Nd:YAG laser

Laser marking tests were carried out on AISI 304 steel, using a Q-switched diode pumped Nd:YAG laser. The aim was to determine the correlation occurring between working parameters (i.e. pulse frequency, beam scanning speed, and current intensity) and resulting mark visibility. The latter was evaluated as the contrast index measured from digital images of the marks. To characterize mark features, its width and roughness were estimated, and analyses employing optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray technique were carried out.     

Nd:YAG激光+脉冲GMAW复合热源焊接参数对焊缝熔宽的影响

通过试验研究了Nd:YAG激光 脉冲GMAW复合热源焊接过程中焊接工艺参数对焊缝熔宽的影响.结果表明,复合热源焊缝熔宽随电弧功率和激光功率的增大而增大,随焊接速度的提高而减小,而光丝间距和离焦量对复合热源焊缝熔宽影响相对较小.复合热源焊缝熔宽远大于激光焊缝熔宽而仅稍大于脉冲GMAW焊缝熔宽,说明在复合热源焊接过程中脉冲GMAW决定焊缝熔宽,这主要是由于激光束加热区域远小于电弧加热区域造成的.试验结果的分析比较还表明,在激光 电弧复合热源焊接过程中激光功率的增大还极大地提高了焊接速度.     

Nd:YAG激光器金属零件激光快速成型工艺研究

利用Nd：YAG1.1kW激光器和同轴送粉方式进行了金属零件激光快速成型工艺实验研究，叙述了激光快速成型制造系统的基本组成和实验方法；分析了主要工艺参数如：激光功率、扫描速度送粉量以及Z轴增量对成型质量和形貌的影响。给出了在最佳工艺参效下得到的激光成型实例。     

Intergranular corrosion on Nd:YAG laser‐welded A653 steel for automotive application

Laser welding techniques produce a narrower heat‐affected zone than other conventional welding methods. However, laser welding is not exempt from high heat input during the welding process. This high heat input results in changes of the material properties including its corrosion behaviour; the formation of the heat affected zone increases the susceptibility of the material to intergranular attack. The residue of zinc at the weld due to condensation and splashing during the welding process may also influence adversely the corrosion behaviour of the material. The degree of susceptibility to corrosion strongly depends on the welding parameters. Electrochemical and microstructure characterisation were employed to study the influence of Nd:YAG (neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet) laser‐welding on an A653 galvanized steel at different welding parameters.     

铝合金脉冲激光焊Mg元素烧损行为及接头硬度分布

采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光对1mm厚5A05铝合金板进行焊接,结合激光焊物理过程,研究和分析了焊接工艺参数(脉冲能量、脉冲宽度、焊接速度和离焦量)对Mg元素烧损和焊缝熔深的影响,以及焊缝中Mg元素含量的变化和接头的硬度分布.结果表明,Mg元素烧损受熔池搅拌作用的影响,随搅拌作用增强和焊缝熔深的增加,焊缝中Mg元素烧损率减小;受Mg元素含量和冷却速度影响,焊接接头硬度在熔合线附近具有最大值,在焊缝中从表面到熔池底部硬度先减小再增大.     

Porosity and microstructure in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welded Ti6Al4V sheet

The overlapping factor of pulsed laser welding is used to help understand the correlation between welding parameters and the quality of Ti6Al4V welded joints. The number of porosity decreases with the increase in overlapping factor, and the welded joints are almost completely free of porosity when overlapping factor is greater than 75%. This can be attributed to the fact that the remelted volume of the spot region increases with the increase of overlapping factor, which assists porosity formed in the previous pulse wave in escaping from molten pool formed by the subsequent pulse. With the increase of overlapping factor, the weld microstructure becomes much coarser and the width of the fully transformed region of heat affected zone increases, which reduces the microstructure gradient and microhardness gradient from the fusion zone to heat affected zone. A method to evaluate the porosity susceptibility of a specific welding condition prior to actual welding process is presented.     

C-ring stress corrosion test for Inconel 600 and Inconel 690 sleeve joint welded by Nd:YAG laser

C-ring stress corrosion test for Inconel 600 and Inconel 690 sleeve joint welded by Nd:YAG laser were carried out to evaluate the applicability of the technique in the repair of heat exchanger tube of nuclear power plant. Corrosion test were carried out mainly in caustic solution. The applied stresses range between 207 and 414 MPa at 348 °C and the corrosion time is between 1624 and 4877 h. The experiment also has been done in primary water with one condition (379 MPa, 2931 h), and in sulphate solution with one condition (414 MPa, 1624 h). Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was observed in the welded specimens immersed in sulphate and caustic solution but SCC was not observed in primary water. The length of SCC is related to corrosion time and applied stress. The length of SCC increases linearly with increasing corrosion time. SCC propagates as intergranular from base metal towards the weld of Inconel 690. Weld part of Inconel 690 appears to posses better resistance to SCC than base metal of Inconel 690 in caustic environment.     

Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接过程中同轴保护气流量对小孔的影响

通过对利用同轴视觉传感系统所采集的Nd：YAG激光深熔焊接过程中小孔图像的处理研究了同轴保护气流量对激光深熔焊接过程中小孔的影响。研究表明，同轴保护气流量的变化对小孔上部的影响较大，而对小孔内部的影响很弱。而在较高气流量下，小孔外边缘的径向尺寸随同轴保护气流量的增加而减小，而小孔内边缘的径向尺寸变化很小。小孔内、外边缘中心到激光光斑中心的距离随着同轴保护气流量的增加而减小，说明随着同轴保护气流量的增大小孔竖直轴线越来越靠近激光束轴线。