响应面优化小麦粉制备脂肪替代物的酶解工艺

以响应面法优化耐高温α-淀粉酶酶解小麦粉制备脂肪替代物的酶解工艺条件,并建立数学模型.以持水性、DE值为指标,通过单因素试验确定底物浓度、酶解时间、酶添加量的取值范围,采用Box-Behnken设计寻找制备脂肪替代物的最优工艺条件.经过Design-Expert 8.0软件预测出最优工艺参数:底物浓度(质量分数)25.60％,酶添加量2.33 U/g,酶解时间6.77 min,在此条件下持水性最大为282.25％.通过验证试验测得持水性为273.69％,表明模型的预测较为准确.在此基础上,对最优条件下脂肪替代物的凝胶性质和微观结构进行了初步研究评价,结果表明脂肪替代物的凝胶强度随溶液质量分数增加而增大,其分子结构受酶解作用而遭到破坏.     

基于大豆分离蛋白的脂肪模拟工艺条件优化

为获得与油脂感官特征相近的大豆分离蛋白基脂肪替代物,综合运用单因素和Box-Behnken试验设计,以大豆分离蛋白添加量、魔芋胶添加量、加热温度、加热时间、均质时间为考察因子,以复合体系的黏度及乳化稳定性为响应值,确定制备大豆分离蛋白基脂肪替代物的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为大豆分离蛋白质量分数8%、魔芋胶质量分数0.08%、加热温度79.8 ℃、加热时间13 min、均质时间40 s,此条件下复合体系的黏度为45.94 mPa·s,乳化稳定性为74.49 min,与市售植物油相当。     

响应面试验优化米糠膳食纤维脂肪替代物的制备工艺

以米糠膳食纤维为原料,采取羧甲基取代的方法制备米糠膳食纤维脂肪替代物。利用响应面分析法优化米糠膳食纤维脂肪替代物的制备工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,参考响应面Box-Behnken法选择初始参数,利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行二次回归分析对参数进一步优化。结果显示,最优参数为碱化温度25.9 ℃、氯乙酸添加量16.27 g/15 g、醚化时间4.54 h、醚化温度69 ℃。此条件下,所得的米糠膳食纤维脂肪替代物的羧甲基取代度为1.266 8。从红外光谱图可以看出,制备出的米糠膳食纤维脂肪替代物发生了羧甲基取代反应。     

高蛋白无脂肪酸奶的研制

以凝胶型乳清浓缩蛋白80、微粒化乳清蛋白和淀粉脂肪替代物的组合作为脂肪替代品用于替代酸奶中的脂肪,得到了3种配料的最优比例,从而从质构、口感、风味角度成功模拟了酸奶中脂肪的作用,成功开发出一款高蛋白、零脂肪的健康酸奶。     

大豆蛋白脂肪模拟物的工艺研究

探究从大豆中提取蛋白来制作脂肪模拟物的最佳工艺。以粘度和持水性为指标,设计单因素试验探究大豆蛋白脂肪模拟物浓度、均质转速和均质时间对制得的脂肪模拟物粘度和持水性的影响。通过三因素三水平正交试验得出了制作大豆蛋白脂肪模拟物的最佳工艺条件,即当大豆蛋白浓度为10%,在转速13000 r/min下高速匀浆40 s,制得的大豆蛋白脂肪模拟物的综合品质最优。     

二次通用旋转组合设计优化Mozzarella干酪的制作工艺参数

通过采用三因子二次通用旋转组合试验设计,研究了酪蛋白和脂肪比例（C：F）、均质压力和均质温度对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响,结果表明：酪蛋白与脂肪比例和均质压力对Mozzarella干酪品质的影响极显著（p〈0．01）;单因子效益为酪蛋白与脂肪比例〉均质压力〉均质温度;酪蛋白与脂肪比例和均质温度之间以及均质压力和均质温度之间有明显的交互作用。Mozzarella干酪的优化工艺参数为酪蛋白与脂肪比例（C：F）0．9,均质压力6MPa,均质温度65℃。在此工艺条件下,感官评分达到13．05,为最佳。     

不同种类脂肪替代物对牦牛肉糜凝胶品质特性影响的研究

该文研究了亚麻籽胶、魔芋胶、菊粉、大豆蛋白、胶原蛋白、乳清蛋白对牦牛肉糜的质构、乳化稳定性及感官评分等影响。结果表明，蛋白质类脂肪替代物中以添加量为14.5%的大豆蛋白最优，其可以提高牦牛肉糜的水分含量，显著提高流变性和硬度(P<0.01);碳水化合物类脂肪替代物中以添加量为3%的菊粉最优，其可以提高牦牛肉糜的流变性、保油性、硬度和咀嚼性。但是前者会显著降低牦牛肉肉糜的色泽、黏结性和感官品质，而后者不会对牦牛肉糜的品质造成不良影响。因此，添加量为3%的菊粉更适合作为牦牛肉糜的脂肪替代物。     

糙米加湿调质参数对碾米能耗的影响

以糙米的初始含水率、加湿量、均质时间为考察因素,以碾米能耗为评价指标,采用3因素5水平二次旋转正交组合试验设计,利用SAS软件建立碾米能耗的数学模型,分析各参数组合对碾米能耗的影响规律.结果表明:对糙米的加湿调质可以显著降低碾米能耗.最优参数下,与未调质糙米比较,碾米能耗降低50%左右.     

脂肪替代物研究进展

脂肪作为三大营养物质之一,提供了人体所需的养分,然而过多摄入脂肪则会导致一些心脑血管疾病的产生,因而,随着人们合理膳食的需求日益增加,低脂,无脂食品的研究近年来受到越来越多的重视,脂肪替代物作为低脂,无脂食品生产过程中重要的添加剂,正是研究者着力研究的对象,脂肪替代物主要分为蛋白基脂肪替代物,脂肪基脂肪替代物和碳水化合物基脂肪替代物这三大类,目前,三大类型的替代物不仅可以做到最大程度降低食品中的脂肪含量,同时还能有效地模拟脂肪的风味和外观并增加一定的功能性,使食品在添加脂肪替代物后,既能符合消费者对脂肪口感的需要,同时又能做到低脂肪膳食.在结合国外文献报道的同时,本文介绍了脂肪替代物的分类以及各类脂肪替代物目前的研究应用情况.     

脂肪替代品在低脂肉制品中的研究进展

由于低脂肉制品可有效降低脂肪的摄入,且能预防高脂膳食所引起的各种慢性疾病,相关研究领域逐渐成为近年来的研究热点.本文基于国内外低脂肉制品的发展现状,从脂肪替代物、脂肪模拟物和复合型脂肪替代物三个方面综述了各自对低脂肉制品组成成分、组织结构、抗氧化性及感官评价等指标影响的最新研究进展,并就肉制品中脂肪替代物的发展方向进行了展望.     

改善牛肉脂肪品质替代品的研究

以植物油为溶剂,水为溶质,添加卵磷酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、山梨醇酐单油酸酯(Span80)、乳清蛋白等其他添加成分,研制肥牛脂肪替代品,采用了4因子二次通用旋转组合设计,得出最佳配比为单硬脂酸甘油酯0.434%,山梨糖醇酐脂肪酸酯0.110%,卵磷酯0.504%,乳清蛋白0.410%。用冲淡法检测乳状液类型为W/O型。乳状液稳定性的检测结果,测其体积比率为0.59%,达到了稳定体系的要求。     

高内相Pickering乳液替代脂肪对肉糜制品特性的影响

将β-乳球蛋白纳米颗粒（β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles，β-LGNPs）稳定的高内相Pickering乳液（high internal phase Pickering emulsion，HIPEs）应用于肉糜制品中替代动物脂肪，以改善产品品质并减少饱和脂肪酸摄入。结果表明，随着乳液替代比例的增加肉饼品质逐步改善，当替代比例为100%时，肉饼的蒸煮得率从75.53%提升到89.47%，硬度、弹性和咀嚼性等质构特性均有所提升。HIPEs的添加使肉饼加热后脂肪硫代巴比妥酸反应物值下降，说明包埋体系很好地抑制了加热过程中的脂质氧化；此外，肉饼的色泽以及保水保油性也有所改善。微观结构研究显示所有样品因加热导致蛋白质基质聚集并产生具有海绵状（蜂窝状）的结构，所有动物脂肪替代组油滴分布均较均匀，说明加热过程中HIPEs保持很好的稳定性，蛋白质消化率也随着HIPEs替代比例增加而增加。本研究为HIPEs作为脂肪替代物在肉糜制品加工中的应用提供一定理论依据。     

蛋清蛋白乳化香肠的研制

主要研究了原料肉肥瘦比、蛋清添加量和卡拉胶添加量对乳化香肠品质的影响。实验结果表明,原料肉肥瘦比、蛋清添加量和卡拉胶添加量对乳化香肠品质有不同程度的影响,通过L9(34)正交实验得到最佳配比为:原料肉肥瘦比2∶8,蛋清蛋白添加量6%,卡拉胶添加量0.3%。在此最佳配比下,乳化香肠的感官评分为8.0,系水力为79.41%,剪切力为1.588kg.f。     

亲水胶体类脂肪代用品在低脂肉糜制品中的应用

本文将几种不同的亲水胶体进行复配后应用于低脂肉糜制品中，通过肉糜制品的热稳定性和全质构分析以及感官特性的评定，筛选出一种复配型亲水胶体作为脂肪代用品，具有与高脂参照样（含脂肪３０％）相似的可接受性。本文还通过几种低脂肉制品配方的比较，详细阐述了复配胶对低脂肉制品的凝胶强度、弹性、持水率、感官评分以及超微结构等方面所起的作用。     

Modelling the yield and texture of comminuted pork products using color and temperature. Effect of fat/lean ratio and starch

Practices to control the processing of finely comminuted meat products are proposed. The objective was to test the practical value of both temperature and light reflection measurements made during emulsification as potential indicators of cooking losses and resulting gel texture in pork sausages emulsified within a wide range of temperatures and starch and fat levels. Prior to cooking, pork batters were chopped for different times to ensure final emulsion temperatures ranging from 5 to 50°C. The effects of the fat/lean ratio (0.25 and 0.67) and starch addition (0.8 and 3.2% w:w) on temperature and optical reflection were also investigated. The chopping increased the temperature and decreased the light reflection of fresh meat emulsion. There was no relevant loss of emulsifying capacity at emulsion temperature below 30°C and lightness values over 70 CIE units. The losses and textural parameters of cooked emulsions could be predicted by means of non-linear regression equations based on the temperature and color of the raw emulsion. The determination coefficients obtained ranged from 0.89 to 0.99. The prediction models needed to be fitted to each batter formulation, especially in the presence of reduced levels of gelation agents (meat protein and starch). Lightness was a better predictor than chromaticity, since it decreased constantly with chopping in the range of final emulsion temperatures studied (5-50°C). This confirms previous studies that lightness could be used for monitoring emulsion stability in meat batters.     

Rheological behaviour of aerated palm kernel oil/water emulsions

The interactions between emulsion droplets containing solid fat are important for the rheology and functionality of the emulsion as a whole, particularly for aerated emulsion systems where partial coalescence plays a role in the overall structure of the product. In this study, the interactions between emulsion droplets appeared to be sensitive to the relative amounts of solid fat and liquid oil, thus changing the rheology of the whole system. Incorporation of air had a major effect on these interactions as it appeared to force the emulsion to adopt a stronger structure by encouraging partial coalescence. The rheological behaviour of a non-aerated emulsion and an aerated emulsion was compared. Non-aerated samples did not show major changes in viscosity with increasing temperature. In contrast, the aerated emulsion seemed to be considerably more temperature sensitive, showing a dramatic increase of viscosity as the temperature was increased above a critical value. The effect of temperature ramp rates was investigated. Higher temperature ramp rates resulted in delayed changes in viscosity. The phase behaviour of the fat is both time and temperature dependent; therefore, a faster temperature ramp means that a higher temperature could be reached before critical phase changes in the fat could take place. The rheological behaviour of the emulsions was also dependent on the shear rate applied during the experiment.     

明胶与阿拉伯胶复合凝聚法制备脂肪替代品的研究

随着人们对高油脂食品对健康影响的认识,脂肪替代品开发的意义越来越大。本实验以明胶和阿拉伯胶为主要原料通过复合凝聚法制备脂肪替代品(FS),得到FS产率高达4.93的生产工艺：pH4.25,明胶溶液与阿拉伯胶溶液配比1:1、搅拌温度50℃、静置时间为0.5h、溶质浓度2%、搅拌速度100r/min。产品的外观类似油脂,体积平均粒径在10μm左右,满足脂肪替代品特性要求。     

Preparation and evaluation of protein-based fat substitute on the stuffing properties of Chinese Dumpling

In the present study, a fat substitute with the protein complex of soy protein isolate (SPI) and egg white protein (EWP) was prepared. The suitable gel formation temperature was 95 °C; the gel formation temperature was found to increase with pH. The gel system with the lowest hardness and easiest microparticulation was identified at the optimal concentration of the protein blend (9.09%). Taking the water holding capacity (WHC), texture and rheological properties into account, the optimal proportion of SPI and EWP was 1:1 (w/w). The average size of the protein particles was 4.53 μm under the microparticulation condition of 10 000 rad min⁻¹ for 3 min. The application of the microparticulate protein blend as a fat analogue in dumpling stuffing was studied and evaluated by sensory analysis, texture analysis, and chroma analysis. The best substitution ratio of the fat analogue was 5%. The fat substitute prepared in this study could be a candidate for healthy food.     

Optimization of a gelled emulsion intended to supply ω-3 fatty acids into meat products by means of response surface methodology

The optimization of a gelled oil-in-water emulsion was performed for use as fat replacer in the formulation of ω-3 PUFA-enriched cooked meat products. The linseed oil content, carrageenan concentration and surfactant–oil ratio were properly combined in a surface response design for maximizing the hardness and minimizing the syneresis of the PUFA delivery system. The optimal formulation resulted in a gelled emulsion containing 40% of oil and 1.5% of carrageenan, keeping a surfactant–oil ratio of 0.003. The gel was applied as a partial fat replacer in a Bologna-type sausage and compared to the use of an O/W emulsion also enriched in ω-3. Both experimental sausages contributed with higher ω-3 PUFA content than the control. No sensory differences were found among formulations. The selected optimized gelled oil-in-water emulsion was demonstrated to be a suitable lipophilic delivery system for ω-3 PUFA compounds and applicable in food formulations as fat replacer.     

Response surface optimization and characteristics of Indica rice starch‐based fat substitute prepared by α‐amylase

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effect of enzyme to substrate ratio (11.8–23.6 U α‐amylase/g rice starch), hydrolysis temperature (90–100°C) and pH value (6.0–6.6) on the gel strength of rice starches‐based fat substitute using α‐amylase hydrolysis. The optimum conditions obtained from response surface analysis was 16.52 U/g enzyme dosage, 92°C hydrolysis temperature while the influence of pH was found insignificant in the range tested. Under these optimum conditions, the gel strength of this fat substitute was 113 g/cm², very close to the gel strength of butter of 114 g/cm², while the solubility of the substitute was 1.33 ± 0.01% and the swelling power 4.85 ± 0.02. There were no observable differences in the granular size distribution between the untreated rice starch and the hydrolyzed rice starch. Rheological properties of this rice starch‐based fat substitute implied that it is easier for the substitute to form three‐dimensional networks under 34°C.