包裹型缓释/控制释放肥料专题报告第二报世界缓释/控制释放肥料生产、消费现状

介绍了美国、西欧、日本、以色列、中国缓释/控制释放肥料生产、消费及市场情况.90年代中期世界年消费量约56.5万吨,并以每年4%～5%的速度增长.估计90年代末期世界年生产量约为70万吨.由于聚合物包膜控制释放肥料市场价格为普通肥料的3～8倍,限制了它在农业上的施用.而我国开发的以肥料包裹肥料的缓释/控制释放肥料被认为是足以廉价用于农业的缓释肥料.简要介绍了世界主要包膜(裹)控制释放肥料供应商.     

肥料的销售体系

介绍国际上两种不同典型的肥料销售体系和它们的历史以及现状。尽管世界上存在不同的肥料销售体系，但也有一些共同点。优化肥料的销售体系具有潜在的经济效益，世界肥料界仍在继续研究和推动。对中国现实肥料销售体系提出了肤浅看法。     

液体肥料的开发与应用

当前国际上化学肥料的发展趋势是高浓度、液体化,世界上一些农业发达国家都在不断提高肥料浓度,如美国的肥料浓度平均为42.9%,日本、法国、德国、英国等国平均为40%,俄罗斯为37%,而我国目前肥料的平均浓度仅为20%左右,据有关资料介绍,肥料浓度仅为20%左右,据有关资料介绍,肥料浓度每提高10%,就可降低肥料包装、储存、运输和管理等费用的20%以上。     

世界肥料生产厂、技术供应商最新资料——介绍British Sulphur两本最新出版物

简要介绍英国硫磺出版社１９９７年出版的《肥料工艺手册》及《世界肥料厂一览表及地图册》。着重介绍了我国被登录的工厂、企业及世界磷酸、过磷酸钙、重过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥工厂数、总生产能力、分地区生产能力。     

缓释、控释肥料生产、使用前景展望

从我国氮、磷、钾肥高消费、低利用率的现状,阐述了为什么缓控释肥被列为国家中长期科学技术发展计划的优先主题之一。介绍了哪些肥料是缓释、控释肥及当前世界生产、消费量。据估计,2005年世界缓释、控释肥料产量及消费量不超过100万t/a,若包括用于大田作物,具有一定缓释性能的包膜、包裹、包囊肥料,即广义的缓释、控释肥料世界生产、消费量已达120万t/a。展望了缓控释肥生产使用前景,在世界范围内,缓控释肥生产与消费的制约条件是产品价格;就国内而言,农民对肥料要求速效、速溶、速散是推广缓释、控释肥的主要思想障碍。降低生产成本,转变农民对缓释肥的认识,才能推动我国缓控释肥高速发展。     

世界硫需求及硫肥状况

阐述世界硫肥的需求状况:到2012年世界农业缺硫量预计每年将达1 100万t,而亚洲和美洲将成为全球最严重的缺硫地区。环境污染控制、集约化农业生产以及低硫高浓度肥料的使用,加剧了全球范围内土壤缺硫状况。缺硫日益成为农业可持续发展和提高肥料利用率的限制因素之一,但也刺激农用硫肥的需求,为肥料工业开发新技术和新产品、开拓市场提供了契机。有3种硫肥,分别是:(1)硫酸盐基;(2)硫磺基;(3)液态硫基,其中硫酸盐基占绝大部分,其具有较好的理化特性,可直接、均衡为作物提供多种养分。本文介绍含硫肥料的种类、各种肥料的性能及目前世界上开发多种新型含硫肥料产品来适应和满足不同作物、土壤的需要。     

世界化肥的供需现状和近期预测

概略介绍联合国粮农组织在１９９５年发表的报告“世界肥料的现状和预测”。     

肥料展望2016-2020年(摘要报告)

分析当前世界经济和政策背景,预测2016--2020年世界农业和肥料需求、肥料供应,包括:2016/2017年全球谷物库存充沛,中期内农业生产缓慢增长;2016/2017年世界肥料需求回升,2020/2021年世界肥料需求略低于2.0亿t;肥料产能明显扩大.展望2016-2020年氮素、磷酸盐、钾盐、硫素的产能、供应和需求形势.     

对我国化肥发展的一些浅见

介绍我国化肥的产量、施用量,以及主要农作物的化肥投入量和化肥品种。估算我国化肥复合率为46%,已经达到甚至超过了世界平均水平,并分析我国肥料利用率低的原因。介绍了新型肥料的种类,提出常规肥料在今后相当长的时间内仍然是主流。预测我国化肥总量将保持稳定或有所降低,提出应重点发展缓控释肥、中微量元素肥、有机肥、有机无机复混肥、液体肥,保留低浓度磷肥。     

简讯

由中国科学院和国际肥料科学中心联合主办的第十二届世界肥料大会,将于2001年8月3～9日在北京召开。这是国际肥料科学中心第一次在亚洲国家举办的世界肥料盛会。第十二届世界肥料大会的主题是“21世纪的肥料科学——施肥、食品安全和环境保护”。大会主办单位将邀请9名国际知名学者作学术报告,设立“商品肥料原材料开发”等22个专题。     

中国肥料产业未来发展道路——提高肥料利用率 减少肥料用量

探讨我国肥料产业的发展战略。提出肥料产业实施"质量替代数量"推动产业技术升级的发展道路,多方位论述肥料改性增效的措施,以提高肥料利用率。分析我国腐植酸的资源特点,综合评述了腐植酸在调控肥效以及提高肥料养分利用率的作用原理;展望了腐植酸在促进我国肥料产业技术升级中的重要作用和地位。     

Field evaluation of agronomic effectiveness of multi-nutrient fertilizer briquettes for upland crop production

Low nutrient recovery in upland crop production systems has prompted studies to improve the current nutrient management practices to increase fertilizer efficiency. Field studies were conducted in two growing seasons (2012 and 2013) under two land management systems (till and no-till) to evaluate agronomic effectiveness of a multi-nutrient fertilizer briquette (fertilizer briquettes) for upland crop production, using corn as test crop. The fertilizer briquettes were produced through a simple physical compaction of ordinary granular fertilizers with a final nutrient composition of 23.9% N, 19.2% P₂O₅, 19.1% K₂O, 0.9% Zn, and 2.5% S. The agronomic efficiency of the fertilizer briquettes were compared with commercial N sources, urea and ammonium sulfate supplied separately with phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and sulfur (S; for urea alone). During the wetter (2013) weather conditions, the fertilizer briquette treatment consistently produced the highest yields in both locations. At Ames Plantation, the fertilizer briquette treatment increased grain yields by ~ 16 and ~ 23% over the treatments having ammonium sulfate and urea granular fertilizers, respectively, and, in Jackson, by 16 and 34% respectively. Nutrient recovery efficiency was also greatest with the fertilizer briquettes treatment. However, during the drier weather conditions (2012), the fertilizer briquettes treatment was the least effective among the three treatments in terms of biomass and grain yields, and nutrient recovery efficiency. We conclude, with adequate rainfall conditions, the fertilizer briquettes could be an efficient fertilizer for upland crop production. However, under drier weather conditions where soil moisture is limited, the fertilizer briquettes may not be an ideal fertilizer source for upland crop production.     

泡腾技术在肥料中的应用

介绍我国肥料应用中存在的一些问题及泡腾技术。针对泡腾肥料的优点,通过实验对其进行验证。结果表明,泡腾肥料在加速肥料颗粒崩解、提升地温、蓬松土壤和作物增产(芹菜增产5.45%)方面效果显著,可缓解肥料应用中存在的问题。     

应注意复混肥中有毒害物质的施用控制

针对尿基复合肥作为冬小麦种肥并过量使用所造成的"烧苗"事件,指出复合肥中尿素中的缩二脲、磷肥中的游离酸、含氯化肥中的氯离子、硝酸铵中的硝酸根离子和碳铵分解产生的氨气等物质均对作物有一定毒害,应控制这些有毒物质含量以提高化肥的使用效益。     

Effects of soil fertility and fertilizer application on biomass and chemical compositions of leguminous cover crops

The biomass and chemical compositions of selected leguminous cover crops Aeschynomene histrix, Cajanus cajan, Centrosema brasilianum, Centrosema pascuorum, Chamaercrista rotundifolia, Crotalaria verrucosa, Lablab purpureus, Psophocarpus palustris, Pseudovigna argentea, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, and Stylosanthes hamata were studied in a pot experiment, using soil with two fertility levels. Biomass yield responded to soil fertility levels and fertilizer application. The highest response to soil fertility was observed with C. brasilianum (340%, 200% and 310% more shoots, roots and nodules in high fertility soil than low fertility soil without fertilizer application). The highest response to fertilizer application was with P. palustris (500% more shoots with fertilizer than without in high fertility soil), with C. rotundifolia (410% more roots with fertilizer than without in low fertility soil), and with L. purpureus (1330% more nodules with fertilizer than without on high fertility soil). Legumes grown without fertilizer application allocated more biomass to roots than those with fertilizer application. Chamaercrista rotundifolia, L. purpureus, P. argentea, M. pruriens and C. cajan showed higher N content in roots than in shoots. Soil fertility levels did not affect N content of shoot, while fertilizer application increased it by 30%. Except for C. cajan (only shrub species), all the herbaceous legumes had lower lignin content (6–10%) in the shoots. The mean lignin content in roots was above 20% with no fertilizer, and decreased with fertilizer application compared to the no fertilizer treatment. The polyphenol concentration in shoots was higher than in roots.     

Field studies on the fate of radioactive sulphur fertilizer applied to pastures

Nine field trials involving the application of³⁵S-labelled gypsum fertilizer to various soil—pasture systems were conducted on five different soil types belonging to the New Zealand recent (Entisol) and yellow-brown earth (Inceptisol) soil groups. After application to the soil, the fertilizer sulphur (S) was converted rapidly into organic forms by microbial immobilization. Within 34 to 75 days from the time of S fertilizer application, 17 to 40% of the applied S was in organic forms in the topsoil (0–15 cm depth). A higher rate of incorporation occurred in improved pasture sites compared to unimproved sites. A lower rate of fertilizer S application enhanced the extent of organic incorporation while a difference in the time of fertilizer application reduced the fertilizer conversion. At most sites, leaching of fertilizer S beyond the topsoil was most important at two months after fertilizer application. The rate of plant uptake of fertilizer S decreased with time and was similar to the immobilization rate. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to possible manipulations of the pasture—soil system to improve the efficiency of fertilizer S utilization.     

Manpower requirements for the fertilizer sector in sub-Saharan Africa

The manpower requirements are estimated for the fertilizer sector (production, marketing, and use) in sub-Saharan Africa from 1982/83 to 2002/3. The additional technical manpower requirements in sub-Saharan Africa over a 20-year period are about 15,917 persons for fertilizer production, 7959 for fertilizer marketing and 7958 for fertilizer use. It is estimated that, on the average, an additional 1592 persons will be required annually for the fertilizer sector. There is thus a need to establish —through both national and international organizations— appropriate fertilizer training facilities. This will relax serious manpower constraints in fertilizer sector development and thus will accelerate the contribution of fertilizer to economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.     

腐植酸肥对土壤养分与微生物活性的影响

本试验进行了腐植酸肥对土壤微生物活性与土壤速效养分影响的研究。试验在温室条件下,采用盆栽饲草高粱法,设腐植酸肥、化肥和对照（CK）3个处理。试验表明：抽穗期,腐植酸肥处理的土壤细菌数比化肥处理高4558％;拔节期和抽穗期,腐植酸肥处理的土壤放线菌数比化肥处理高2857％和4358％,土壤真菌数比化肥处理高弱26％－20...     

增效过磷酸钙肥料的生产及其对钙的缓释作用

以过磷酸钙(SSP)为主要原料,氨化中和后转鼓造粒,在包膜油和包膜粉中添加植物生长调节剂和生物菌剂,进行包膜生产增效过磷酸钙肥料,并对其进行水培及土柱淋溶实验。结果表明,增效肥料在水中的初期(前3 d)溶出率(35.17%±0.41%)显著优于过磷酸钙(33.01%±0.79%),增效肥料的钙累积溶出率(51.22%±0.10%)显著高于过磷酸钙(48.62%±1.57%)。淋溶实验表明,增效肥料包膜后,对钙的初期释放可以起到缓释作用,其中第1天达到了显著水平,包膜前为(19.14%±0.53%),包膜后为(15.20%±1.11%)。缓释增效过磷酸钙肥料可以改善过磷酸钙的理化性质。     

新型肥料技术进展

对几种重要的新型肥料，如缓释／控释肥料、硝酸钾和硝酸钾系复混肥、有机-无机复混肥和生物复合肥料等的国内外技术进展进行了较为详细的评述。