高转速、不同法向载荷条件下车轮与钢轨间的滚动摩擦磨损及损伤行为

利用滚动接触疲劳试验机研究了高转速不同法向载荷(2 000,5 000,8 000N)条件下,车轮与钢轨(以下简称轮、轨)试样间的滚动摩擦磨损和损伤行为。结果表明:随着法向载荷增大,轮、轨试样间滚动摩擦稳定阶段的摩擦因数以及轮、轨试样的磨损量、塑性变形层厚度均逐渐增大;在相同的试验条件下,轮试样的磨损量大于轨试样的磨损量;轮、轨试样的表面损伤皆表现为典型的滚动接触疲劳特征,并且轮试样的疲劳损伤更严重,表面更易萌生裂纹。     

表面硬化对地铁轮轨磨耗性能影响的实验研究

针对地铁轮轨的表面硬化问题,为了进一步降低轮轨的磨耗,通过对某实际运营线路中的钢轨和两种不同车轮钢的摩擦磨损进行实验研究,探讨了材料表面硬化对轮轨耐磨性的影响规律。首先,采用了赫兹模拟准则,对典型工况下地铁车辆的轮轨接触情况进行了模拟;然后,选取了某地铁线路现役的轮轨材料作为研究对象,并确定了其垂向载荷、运转速度和轮轨试样尺寸等实验参数;最后,采用GPM-60摩擦磨损实验机搭建了测试平台,进行了轮轨接触模拟实验,分析了表面硬化与地铁轮轨磨耗性能之间的规律。研究结果表明：车轮试样的磨耗率随表面硬化程度提高而下降,初始硬度较高的微合金化地铁车轮钢表现出更高的表面硬化程度和更好的耐磨性,相较于CL60钢,其磨耗率可降低35.1%,与其匹配的钢轨磨耗率可提高7.8%,轮轨总磨耗率可降低1.6%;建议在运营初期,对轮轨接触面进行喷丸强化处理,预先提高其表层硬度,以减少轮轨磨合阶段时间和初期磨耗量。     

水润滑条件下速度对车轮钢磨损特性的影响

在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上,利用赫兹模拟准则研究了水润滑条件下速度对车轮钢滚动磨损性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜等分析了车轮钢磨损表面的变化情况.结果表明:随速度的增加,车轮钢试样磨损量呈现减小的趋势,滚动接触表面间润滑状态从边界润滑转变为部分弹流润滑;车轮钢磨损机制主要由微切削、微断裂磨损向轻微塑性变形磨损转变.     

车轮材料对轮轨系统匹配性能的影响

利用MMS-2A型微机控制摩擦磨损试验机研究4种含碳量不同的车轮材料分别与PD3热轧钢轨进行匹配的磨损与疲劳性能。结果表明：随着车轮材料的含碳量增加,硬度增大、耐磨性增强,导致磨损量降低,轮轨系统的磨损量呈现先减小后增大的趋势;车轮试样的塑性变形层厚度随含碳量的增加而减小,抗疲劳性能加强;车轮试样表面由严重剥落损伤向轻微剥落转变,伴随有一定的黏着磨损;钢轨试样表面以剥落磨损为主。     

高速铁路轮/轨材料匹配性能研究

在研究高速铁路钢轨/车轮材料时,提高钢轨或车轮材料硬度可减少磨损,但单方面提高钢轨或车轮材料硬度,会导致与之配合的车轮或钢轨损伤更为严重,因此研究轮轨的匹配问题十分重要。研究根据赫兹接触理论,在MMS-2A磨损试验机上模拟不同钢轨和车轮匹配时的服役过程,并采用扫描电镜观察磨损表面,分析不同材料轮轨匹配服役后的损伤情况。结果表明:随着钢轨材料的含碳量增加,其磨损量下降,但与其相配的车轮的磨损量却随之增加;随着模拟轮轨硬度比的增加,摩擦副的总磨损量呈上升趋势。因此,为了取得摩擦副整体优良的使用性能,应该选择适当的钢轨钢和车轮钢,以达到轮轨之间最佳的硬度匹配。     

低温下高速车轮材料滚动磨损与疲劳损伤行为

利用低温环境轮轨磨损模拟试验装置,研究了高速铁路车轮材料在室温及低温环境下的滚动接触疲劳损伤行为。结果表明：低湿度的低温环境导致车轮材料磨损率、塑性变形及疲劳损伤较室温下明显加重。随试验温度的降低,轮轨摩擦因数、磨损率及表面硬度均呈现先急剧上升后轻微下降趋势。室温工况下磨痕表面有严重的犁沟现象,而低温工况下车轮试样表面以疲劳裂纹及剥落损伤为主。随着温度的降低,磨损形式由氧化磨损、磨粒磨损逐渐向疲劳及粘着磨损转变。车轮材料裂纹主要沿较软的铁素体线扩展,室温下剖面损伤较轻微。低温工况下由于车轮材料发生脆化,珠光体呈现不同于室温下的形貌及分布特性。在低温下,表层裂纹扩展角度及次表层裂纹长度增加,同时表层裂纹易于汇合并产生分支。     

不同工况下轮轨材料间的摩擦磨损行为

在MMS-2A型滚动摩擦试验机上研究了干态、水态和水砂态三种工况下轮轨材料间的摩擦磨损行为,分析了轮轨试样表面的损伤情况。结果表明:相比于干态,水会使轮轨材料间的摩擦因数、磨损量明显下降;水介质中撒砂可增加轮轨材料间的滚动摩擦因数和磨损量,且加重了轮轨表面的损伤,水砂态试验中的干摩擦会使摩擦因数恢复到干态下的正常水平;随水态、干态到水砂态工况的变化,车轮试样表面从粗糙凸起并伴有轻微剥落向严重剥落损伤转变,钢轨材料的表面损伤主要表现为片层状剥离并伴有剥落现象,但较车轮材料的剥落损伤程度轻。     

CL60车轮表面气体软氮化对轮轨滚动接触条件下界面黏着与表面损伤的影响

在轮轨滚动接触疲劳/磨损试验台上开展了CL60车轮表面气体软氮化对轮轨滚动接触疲劳和表面磨损行为的影响研究,对比分析了车轮表面气体软氮化对轮轨表面损伤的作用机理。结果表明:表面氮化处理可使车轮表面依次形成约3μm～5μm厚均匀致密的白亮层和约20μm后的扩散层;车轮表面氮化处理后,干态下轮轨间黏着系数降低了11. 7%、水态下降低了18. 4%,但氮化处理仍可保持轮轨间较高的黏着系数,可以避免车轮打滑等现象的发生;渗氮处理不仅明显提高了车轮表面的耐磨性,而且也有效降低了钢轨试样的磨损,其磨损量分别减小了58. 05%和10. 77%。简言之,车轮渗氮处理有效降低了轮轨系统的综合磨耗,提高了车轮材料的滚动接触疲劳抗力。该方法有望应用于实际,从而有效提高轮轨系统的服役寿命、减缓重载条件下轮轨材料的损伤。     

载流条件下的1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳摩擦磨损性能研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上试验了载荷、速度、电流对1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳对磨时的摩擦因数、磨损量及磨损形貌的影响。试验结果表明,载荷对1Cr18Ni9Ti/浸金属碳摩擦副的摩擦因数和销试样的磨损率有显著影响:载荷越大,摩擦因数越大,磨损率越低;摩擦因数、磨损率与速度的关系受载荷的制约。当低载时,以电流影响为主。销试样的磨损表面出现了粘着磨损,氧化磨损和电弧烧蚀。     

不同载荷下水润滑高分子材料磨损机制的试验研究

为了研究载荷对新型水润滑高分子轴承材料磨损机制的影响,在CFT-1型摩擦磨损试验机上对该材料进行不同载荷下的无/有水润滑摩擦磨损试验,通过考察试样的摩擦因数、磨痕和磨损表面形貌,分析该材料的磨损机制。结果表明:在无水润滑条件下,该材料的摩擦因数随着载荷的增加呈现先降低后逐渐上升的变化趋势,磨损表面均出现塑性变形和撕裂脱落现象,磨损机制主要为黏着磨损,其中随着载荷的增大表面塑性变形趋于严重,而表面撕裂脱落在中等载荷下较为轻微,在低载荷和高载荷下较为严重;在水润滑条件下,该材料的摩擦因数随着载荷的增加也呈现出先下降低后急剧上升的趋势,磨损表面未发生塑性变形和撕裂脱落,但出现脱落的磨粒和犁沟,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,其中在中等载荷下,表面脱落的磨粒少、犁沟细小而浅,在低载荷和高载荷下表面脱落的磨粒多、犁沟深。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

Fifth International Summer School on Screw-Theory Based Methods in Robotics

正3-11 September,2014University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy www.summerscrews.org summerscrews2014.ing.unibo.it SUMMER 20SCREWS 14In 2014,our screw-theory school comes to the world's oldest university.In early September,Summer Screws'14 will gather six experts in the application of screw theory in robotics and up to 40 participants at the University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy.The school will teach attendees how to apply existing methods and empower them to develop new ones in their own research.The basic theoretical notions will be introduced in a rigorous manner,emphasizing examples,applications,and exercises.Scholarships are available.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND VISUALISATION-A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Taking the actual project of teaching and researching process for example, the relationship between the industrial engineering and product development is discussed. And use the novel visualization technology to support the industrial engineering and product development. How to use the new computer modeling and simulating technologies to support the product development and industrial engineering, is introduced especially. The support includes both domestic products and industrial systems. The visualization and computer technologies take a very important role in some system or multi-direction modeling, those technologies mentioned above can help the industrial engineers study the effect of design on the whole life circle, including the producing steps. So the engineers can avoid making the wrong decision which may cause bad effects on the whole industrial engineering.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.