A look-up-table digital predistortion technique for high-voltage power amplifiers in ultrasonic applications

In this paper, we present a digital predistortion technique to improve the linearity and power efficiency of a high-voltage class-AB power amplifier (PA) for ultrasound transmitters. The system is composed of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in which the digital predistortion (DPD) algorithm is implemented. The DPD algorithm updates the error, which is the difference between the ideal signal and the attenuated distorted output signal, in the look-up table (LUT) memory during each cycle of a sinusoidal signal using the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm. On the next signal cycle, the error data are used to equalize the signal with negative harmonic components to cancel the amplifier's nonlinear response. The algorithm also includes a linear interpolation method applied to the windowed sinusoidal signals for the B-mode and Doppler modes. The measurement test bench uses an arbitrary function generator as the DAC to generate the input signal, an oscilloscope as the ADC to capture the output waveform, and software to implement the DPD algorithm. The measurement results show that the proposed system is able to reduce the second-order harmonic distortion (HD2) by 20 dB and the third-order harmonic distortion (HD3) by 14.5 dB, while at the same time improving the power efficiency by 18%.     

Combining envelope elimination and restoration and predistortion techniques for use in IEEE802.11g systems

The envelope elimination and restoration (EE&R) transmitter inherently provides high-power efficiency for linear amplification, but it suffers out-of-band spectral re-growth from a number of distortion sources such as differential time delay between envelope and phase paths and nonlinear conversion and feed-through effect due to envelope variation of the radio frequency (RF) power amplifier. The combination of EE&R and predistortion techniques is discussed, which are used to compensate for the nonlinear distortions, and a modified RF phase signal is used to reduce the feed-through effect for an IEEE802.11g application. This results in an EE&R transmitter with a performance of - 37 dBc at the first adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and - 47 dBc at the second ACPR and an average power added efficiency of 47.3%.     

A passive auxiliary circuit with interphase transformer applied in 12-pulse converters to provide clean power utility interface

This paper proposes a passive auxiliary circuit which can be added to an interphase transformer (PAC + IPT) configuration to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) existing in 12-pulse diode rectifier converter systems at AC mains. The proposed PAC + IPT compensation method is a simple structure, with low power consumption and requires no extra DC power supply. We present the theoretical analysis of the proposed topology that lessens the total harmonic distortion (THD) and evaluate the dynamic simulation results on a 12-pulse converter system and a 3-kW laboratory prototype. Both the simulation and the experimental results show that the proposed PAC + IPT compensation method can improve the power quality and provide a clean power utility interface of AC line input currents for a conventional 12-pulse diode rectifier converter.     

一种通信应用中的X波段行波管预失真器

随着通信技术的发展,行波管功率放大器预失真电路显得日益重要。不过,目前预失真电路在调节过程中增益和相位扩张量不能独立调节,很难保证增益和相位同时满足线性化指标的要求,给调节工作带来了困难。本文介绍一种预失真线性化器电路,该电路结构简单,在相位扩张量变化较小的同时,可以对增益扩张量进行调节控制。实验表明,在频率为8.38~8.58 GHz和额定输入功率范围内,预失真器增益和相位扩张量分别为6 dB和42°,满足通信工程中对行波管功率放大器补偿的需求。     

A Modified-Simplified MPPT Technique for Three-Phase Single-State Grid-Connected PV Systems

Nowadays, the single state inverter for the grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems is becoming more and more popular as they can reduce circuit complexity resulting in less power losses of the inverter. This paper focuses on the use of model predictive control (MPC) to control a 3-phase and 2-level single-state grid-connected inverter in order to regulate the PV maximum power point (MPP). The algorithm of MPC scheme was done to measure the simultaneous current signal including predicting the next sampling current flow. The reference current (I_d*) was used to control the distribution of electrical power from the solar cell to the grid. To be able to control the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) when the sunlight suddenly changes, so that a developing MPPT based on estimation current perturbation and observation (ECP&O-MPPT) technique was used to control the reference current. This concept was experimented by using MATLAB/Simulink software package. The proposed technique was tested and compared with the old technique. The simulation results showed that the developed MPPT technique can track the MPP faster when the light changes rapidly under 1,000 W/m², 25°C standard climatic conditions. The MPPT time was 0.015 s. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was 2.17% and the power factor was 1.     

Measurement of AM to PM conversion in medium wave AM transmitter

A method for measuring AM (amplitude modulation) signal distortion caused by AM to PM (phase modulation) conversion at the output of an AM radio transmitter is presented. A novel type of measuring instrument is also presented for testing the phase distortion which may occur in an AM radio transmitter when an AM modulation signal is applied. The down-converted AM signal is first divided into the inphase and orthogonal-phase components, and these signals are processed by an operational circuit to obtain phase distortion, which is the angle between the orthogonal-phase and inphase components. A phase angle of 10° or more is detected in the prototype version     

Analytic expressions for the fourth- and the fifth-order dispersions of crossed prisms pairs

In case of tunable ultrashort-pulse lasers, besides the prism material, separation, and insertion, one may choose the central wavelength providing a better high-order dispersion compensation. Because of errors that accumulate in numerical iterations, the analytic approach may be preferable for high-order dispersion examination. Analytic expressions for the fourth- and the fifth-order dispersions of crossed prisms pairs, both at arbitrary and Brewster-angle incidences are presented. Examples are given for e-sapphire slabs and for one or two pairs of fused-silica prisms. Results are shown providing compensation of both the second- and the third-order dispersions, by keeping as low as possible the higher-order ones.     

CCD读出电路中数字补偿式一阶模拟滤波器设计

CCD读出电路中低通滤波器在改善系统输出信噪比的同时,不可避免地会产生像素串扰,造成信息畸变.本文针对CCD读出电路中像素串扰造成的信息畸变问题进行理论分析,推导出信息畸变度与一阶低通模拟滤波器截止频率的关系.并针对视频模拟滤波电路中高阶滤波器的实现困难,提出一种数字补偿式一阶低通模拟滤波器的设计方法,该方法根据本文对信息畸变理论的分析,采用一阶低通滤波器,在满足信息畸变度的前提下,极大降低系统截止频率,达到了应用系统的带宽要求,从而可以在应用系统设计中以一阶滤波器替代高阶滤波器.并设计实验进行验证,证明了该方法的正确性与有效性.     

Analysis and design of a single-phase AC/DC step-down converter for universal input voltage

This work presents a single-phase AC/DC step-down converter, which is composed of two power stages, buck-boost converter and buck converter. The front stage is used for a power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit and is operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) by using the pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique to achieve almost unity power factor and low total harmonic distortion of input current (THD_i). The rear stage is also operated in DCM to achieve voltage step-down and low DC-link voltage. The proposed converter can be applied for universal input voltage (85-265 V) and wide output power range. Also, the steady-state analysis of voltage gain and boundary operating condition are presented. Moreover, the selections of inductors, capacitors and input filter are depicted. Finally, a hardware circuit with simple control logic is implemented to illustrate the theoretical analysis.     

Third-order parametric array generated by distantly spaced primary ultrasonic tones

Traditional parametric arrays are produced by a second-order nonlinear interaction between two primary ultrasonic tones that are close in frequency, resulting in a difference tone that is in the audio band. This article presents a parametric array produced by a third-order nonlinear interaction between two primary ultrasonic tones that are distantly spaced in frequency such that one tone is approximately the second harmonic of the other. The result is a third-order lower intermodulation (IM3) tone in the audio band with greater directivity and lower side lobe amplitude than comparable second-order fields. Measurements are presented that compare the directivity of 1-, 2-, and 4-kHz difference tones to that of 1-, 2-, and 4-kHz IM3 lower tones. Furthermore, a cascaded second-order approach for N-element transducer arrays is used to model third-order scattering with good agreement between measurement and theory.     

Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller for Harmonics Mitigation Using Particle Swarm Optimization

An excessive use of non-linear devices in industry results in current harmonics that degrades the power quality with an unfavorable effect on power system performance. In this research, a novel control technique-based Hybrid-Active Power-Filter (HAPF) is implemented for reactive power compensation and harmonic current component for balanced load by improving the Power-Factor (PF) and Total–Hormonic Distortion (THD) and the performance of a system. This work proposed a soft-computing technique based on Particle Swarm-Optimization (PSO) and Adaptive Fuzzy technique to avoid the phase delays caused by conventional control methods. Moreover, the control algorithms are implemented for an instantaneous reactive and active current (I_d-I_q) and power theory (Pq0) in SIMULINK. To prevent the degradation effect of disturbances on the system's performance, PS0-PI is applied in the inner loop which generate a required dc link-voltage. Additionally, a comparative analysis of both techniques has been presented to evaluate and validate the performance under balanced load conditions. The presented result concludes that the Adaptive Fuzzy PI controller performs better due to the non-linearity and robustness of the system. Therefore, the gains taken from a tuning of the PSO based PI controller optimized with Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) are optimal that will detect reactive power and harmonics much faster and accurately. The proposed hybrid technique minimizes distortion by selecting appropriate switching pulses for VSI (Voltage Source Inverter), and thus the simulation has been taken in SIMULINK/MATLAB. The proposed technique gives better tracking performance and robustness for reactive power compensation and harmonics mitigation. As a result of the comparison, it can be concluded that the PSO-based Adaptive Fuzzy PI system produces accurate results with the lower THD and a power factor closer to unity than other techniques.     

Integrated scanning Kelvin probe-scanning electrochemical microscope system: development and first applications

The integration of a scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) into a single SKP-SECM setup, the concept of the proposed system, its technical realization, and first applications are presented and discussed in detail. A preloaded piezo actuator placed in a grounded stainless steel case was used as the driving mechanism for oscillation of a Pt disk electrode as conventionally used in SECM when the system was operated in the SKP mode. Thus, the same tip is recording the contact potential difference (CPD) during SKP scanning and is used as a working electrode for SECM imaging in the redox-competition mode (RC-SECM). The detection of the local CPD is established by amplification of the displacement current at an ultralow noise operational amplifier and its compensation by application of a variable backing potential (V(b)) in the external circuit. The control of the tip-to-sample distance is performed by applying an additional alternating voltage with a much lower frequency than the oscillation frequency of the Kelvin probe. The main advantage of the SKP-SECM system is that it allows constant distance measurements of the CPD in air under ambient conditions and in the redox-competition mode of the SECM in the electrolyte of choice over the same sample area without replacement of the sample or exchange of the working electrode. The performance of the system was evaluated using a test sample made by sputtering thin Pt and W films on an oxidized silicon wafer. The obtained values of the CPD correlate well with known data, and the electrochemical activity for oxygen reduction is as expected higher over Pt than W.     

Magnetic circuit for a controllable reactor

Reactive power compensation is vital for obtaining efficient operation of long transmission power lines or cables. A controllable shunt reactor that controls the transmission of power by continuous reactive power compensation will reduce the transmission losses and increase the transmission capacity of active power. We show that the saturation phenomena of iron and the high current density of a high-temperature superconductor can be utilized to design controllable reactors with large dynamic range, low losses, and limited harmonic distortion. We have designed and constructed a small-scale prototype of a controllable shunt reactor with a high-temperature superconductor control winding. We present a simple model of the magnetic circuit of the controllable reactor and we compare calculations from the model to experimental measurements on the controllable reactor.     

Maksutov’s cameras and telescopes

The third-order aberration formulae we have proposed in a previous paper, starting from Fermat’s principle and from the idea of stigmatic paths, are here applied to analyze and to project Maksutov’s cameras and Maksutov-Cassegrain’s telescopes. The final projects, since they take into account the thickness of lenses and the fifth-order aberrations, do not need any optimization procedure.     

Simulation and performance evaluation of shunt hybrid power filter using fuzzy logic based non-linear control for power quality improvement

This paper deals with design and simulation of a three-phase shunt hybrid power filter consisting of a pair of 5th and 7th selective harmonic elimination passive power filters connected in series with a conventional active power filter with reduced kVA rating. The objective is to enhance the power quality in a distribution network feeding variety of non-linear, time-varying and unbalanced loads. The theory and modelling of the entire power circuit in terms of synchronously rotating reference frame and leading to a non-linear control scheme is presented. This work involves introduction of individual fuzzy logic controllers for d and q axis current control and for voltage regulation of the DC link capacitor. The simulation schematic covering the power and control circuits have been developed taking into account severe harmonic distortion caused by non-linear and unbalanced loads. The effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller for the compensation of harmonics and reactive power has been verified by successive simulation runs and analysis of the results. The proposed controller is also able to compensate the distortion generated by the voltage- and current-fed non-linear loads, unbalanced and dynamically varying loads. Further, excellent regulation of the DC link voltage is accomplished, which significantly contributes to improvement of power quality.     

Hybrid quadrature polar modulator-based transmitter with digital predistorter for simultaneous enhancement of adjacent channel power ratios and power added efficiency (PAE)

The design and linearisation techniques for a highly efficient but nonlinear Class-E power amplifier (PA) applied to linear RF transmitters are presented. A hybrid quadrature polar modulator (HQPM) is proposed to linearise the Class-E PA. To accomplish this HQPM-based transmitter, the Class-E PA is designed with a consideration of finite DC-feed inductance for a wide supply voltage modulation bandwidth. In addition, a digital predistorter is embedded in the HQPM to provide the predistorted envelope modulation for both RF-input and supply voltage signals fed to the Class-E PA. A cdma2000 1x transmitter incorporating such a Class-E PA and a HQPM have been implemented to serve as an evidence for the simultaneous achievement of high linearity and high efficiency.     

Low THD bandpass-based oscillator using multilevel hard limiter

In order to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of a bandpass-based oscillator, instead of using a conventional hard limiter, a multilevel hard limiter (MHL) is proposed which inherently removes the third and the fifth-order harmonics from the frequency spectrum of its output signal. The input-output characteristic of the proposed MHL contains slope values of only zero and infinity, making it easy to implement. The optimal height and width of each stair of the MHL characteristic are derived. Measurement results show that for the same bandpass filter, the proposed approach shows 14 dB improvement in the THD of the output signal with respect to the conventional two-level hard limiter (comparator). The oscillator has been fabricated in TSMC 0.35 mum CMOS process and the die occupies an area of about 3.15 mm² . The oscillator chip prototype operates at the frequency of 10.7 MHz, consumes 40 mA current from a 3.3 V power supply and yields a THD of -53 dB     

CsCdF3:Cr3+晶格畸变及其Cd2+-空位研究

按照零场分裂（ＺＦＳ）的三阶微扰理论和叠加晶场模型,建立了ＺＦＳ参量Ｄ与ＣｓＣｄＦ_３：Ｃｒ^３＋晶格结构之间的定量关系;同时考虑了晶格畸变和Ｃｄ^２＋空位对零场分裂参量Ｄ的贡献,计算了ＣｓＣｄＦ_３：Ｃｒ^３＋晶体的零场分裂参量Ｄ,计算结果与实验符合甚好．证明了晶格畸变和Ｃｄ^２＋空位的存在;同时得到包围 Ｃｒ^３＋离子的 Ｆ^－离子向中心 Ｃｒ^３＋离子分别移动Ｘ_１＝０．００２９１ｎｍ,Ｘ_２＝０．００１ｎｍ,Ｘ_３＝０．００２６ｎｍ．ＣｓＣｄＦ_３：Ｃｒ^３＋晶体基态的ＺＦＳ主要来自Ｃｄ^２＋空位,但晶格畸变的贡献是不能忽略的．     

Design of reactive power compensators for distribution systems with harmonic distortion

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to derive a systematic algorithm to decide the optimal location and size of shunt capacitors and filters for distribution systems with harmonic distortion. In this paper, the problem of reactive power compensation is first formulated as a nonlinear programming of minimization of real power loss and capacitor cost under voltage constraint to decide the optimal locations and sizes of shunt capacitors. The harmonic load flow is then applied to solve the total voltage harmonic distortion factor (HDF). Finally, the tuning frequency of the single‐tuned filter and the capacity and voltage ratings of the corresponding reactor and capacitor are determined so that both the harmonic distortion and the reactive power compensation can be solved simultaneously. To demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a practical distribution feeder with nine large industrial customers is selected for computer simulation. It is concluded that proper design of harmonic filters should be undertaken to solve the harmonic resonance problem, as well as the reactive power compensation for distribution systems with nonlinear loads.