Experimental study of heat transfer in layered composites

The heat-transfer characteristics of layered composites where the interface is parallel to the major heat flow direction is experimentally studied for low frequency periodic excitation. From the results, the problem of using steady equivalent thermal properties for unsteady heat conduction analysis is examined. It is concluded that the use of steady equivalent thermal properties for unsteady heat conduction gives good results only when the thermal conductivities of the two constituents do not differ widely.The use of a model with two “diffusivities” for characterizing the heat-transfer problem for this specific geometry is also discussed in detail. One of the diffusivities accounts for the phase shift of the periodic excitation; the other accounts for attenuation.     

Differential transformed approach of unsteady chemically reactive nanofluid flow over a bidirectional stretched surface in presence of magnetic field

This study investigates the consequences of steady and unsteady nanofluid flow over a bidirectional stretching sheet. Herein, the magnetic field is working in the normal direction. The Brownian motion together with thermophoresis is taken into consideration. Moreover, the chemical reaction within the nanoingredients also occupies a novel corner in this study. The leading equations of the considered model are transferred to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by an appropriate similarity transformation. The differential transformation method is used to solve the set of ODEs. We have used MAPLE‐17 software to solve this with the desired accuracy rate. Results are portrayed with graphs and tables. The corresponding physical consignments such as the Nusselt number, skin friction, and the Sherwood number are exhibited. Excellent improvement in heat and mass transport is observed, which can be visualized through tables. Outcomes reveal that both the temperature and x‐direction velocity are reduced for the stretching parameter. Heat transport escalates for stretching factor, but higher outcomes are marked for the unsteady flow as compared with the steady flow. The mass transfer also increases for the chemical reaction factor, but the rate of increment is higher for the unsteady flow.     

Numerical analysis of 3-D unsteady flow in a vaneless counter-rotating turbine

To reveal the unsteady flow characteristics of a vaneless counter-rotating turbine (VCRT), a three-dimensional, viscous, unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed. The results show that unsteady simulation is superior to steady simulation because more flow characteristics can be obtained. The unsteady effects in upstream airfoil rows are weaker than those in downstream airfoil rows in the VCRT. The static pressure distribution along the span in the pressure surface of a high pressure turbine stator is more uniform than that in the suction surface. The static pressure distributions along the span in the pressure surfaces and the suction surfaces of a high pressure turbine rotor and a low pressure turbine rotor are all uneven. The numerical results also indicate that the load of a high pressure turbine rotor will increase with the increase of the span. The deviation is very big between the direction of air flow at the outlet of a high pressure turbine rotor and the axial direction. A similar result can also be obtained in the outlet of a low pressure turbine rotor. This means that the specific work of a high pressure turbine rotor and a low pressure turbine rotor is big enough to reach the design objectives. Translated from Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2006, 27(1): 35–38 [译自: 工程热物理学报]     

Study of unsteady flow simulation of backward impeller with non-uniform casing

The flow characteristics of the centrifugal fans with different blade outlet angles are basically discussed on steady and unsteady simulations for a rectangular casing fan. The blade outlet angles of the impellers are 35° and 25° respectively. The unsteady flow behavior in the passage of the impeller 35° is quite different from that in the steady flow behavior. The large flow separation occurs in the steady flow field and unsteady flow field of the impeller 35°, the flow distribution in the circumferential direction varies remarkably and the flow separation on the blade occurs only at the back region of the fan; but the steady flow behavior in the impeller 25° is almost consistent with the unsteady flow behavior, the flow distribution of the circumferential direction doesn't vary much and the flow separation on the blade hardly occurs. When the circumferential variation of the flow in the impeller is large, the steady flow simulation is not coincident to the unsteady flow simulation.     

Direct numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in periodic wavy channels with rectangular cross-sections

Fully-developed flow and heat transfer in periodic wavy channels with rectangular cross sections are studied using direct numerical simulation, for increasing Reynolds numbers spanning from the steady laminar to transitional flow regimes. The results show that steady flow is characterized by the formation of symmetric secondary flow or Dean vortices when liquid flows past the bends. It is found that the patterns of Dean vortices may evolve along the flow direction, thus leading to chaotic advection, which can greatly enhance the convective fluid mixing and heat transfer. With increasing Reynolds numbers, the flow undergoes transition from a steady state to a periodic one with a single frequency, and subsequently to a quasiperiodic flow with two incommensurate fundamental frequencies. Within these unsteady regimes, the flow is characterized by very complex Dean vortices patterns which evolve temporally and spatially along the flow direction, and the flow symmetry may even be lost. Further increase in Reynolds number leads to chaotic flow, where the Fourier spectrum of the velocity evolution becomes broadband. The bifurcation scenario in wavy channels may thus share some common features with the well-known Ruelle–Takens–Newhouse scenario. Heat transfer simulation in all flow regimes is carried out with constant wall temperature condition and liquid water as the coolant. It is found that due to the efficient mixing in wavy channels, the heat transfer performance is always significantly more superior to that of straight channels with the same cross sections; at the same time the pressure drop penalty of wavy channels can be much smaller than the heat transfer enhancement. The present study shows that these wavy channels may have advantages over straight channels and thus serve as promising candidates for incorporation into efficient heat transfer devices.     

Influence of Reynolds Number on the Unsteady Aerodynamics of Integrated Aggressive Intermediate Turbine Duct

The ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan engine attracts more and more attention in modern commercial engine due to advantages of high efficiency and low Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). One of the characteristics of ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan is the intermediate turbine duct which guides the flow leaving high pressure turbine (HPT) to low pressure turbine (LPT) at a larger diameter, and this kind of design will lead to aggressive intermediate turbine duct (AITD) design concept. Thus, it is important to design the AITD without any severe loss. From the unsteady flow’s point of view, in actual operating conditions, the incoming wake generated by HPT is unsteady which will take influence on boundary layer’s transition within the ITD and LPT. In this paper, the three-dimensional unsteady aerodynamics of an AITD taken from a real engine is studied. The results of fully unsteady three-dimensional numerical simulations, performed with ANSYS-CFX (RANS simulation with transitional model), are critically evaluated against experimental data. After validation of the numerical model, the physical mechanisms inside the flow channel are analyzed, with an aim to quantify the sensitivities of different Reynolds number effect on both the ITD and LPT nozzle. Some general physical mechanisms can be recognized in the unsteady environment. It is recognized that wake characteristics plays a crucial role on the loss within both the ITD and LPT nozzle section, determining both time-averaged and time-resolved characteristics of the flow field. Meanwhile, particular attention needs to be paid to the unsteady effect on the boundary layer of LPT nozzle’s suction side surface.     

Unsteady numerical investigation of back‐step three‐dimensional slots on film cooling effectiveness

A numerical investigation was carried out to study the aerodynamics and cooling effects of a trailing edge. For a greater understanding and to learn more details, an unsteady numerical model has been proposed based on a steady model. The unsteady numerical simulation was conducted under different blowing ratios (0.5, 2.0) to show their effects on film cooling effectiveness. The computational results show that the turbulence intensity downstream of a trailing edge outlet tends to be enhanced by the unsteady flow effect. Film cooling effectiveness of an unsteady model is weaker than that obtained by a steady model. When the blowing ratio is 0.5, the mixing and intersecting of the main flow and secondary flow is rapid and fierce; with the increase of blowing ratio up to 2.0, the secondary flow plays a dominant role on the flow characteristics near the outlet of the trailing edge. The mixing and intersecting of the main flow and secondary flow become smooth. The unsteady computational results agree better with the experiment results than those of steady computation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20236     

The Thermoflow Characteristics of an Oscillatory Flow in Offset-Strip Fins

In this work, a numerical study was performed to investigate the characteristics of pressure drop and heat transfer in an oscillatory flow through offset-strip fins. In the laminar regime, the flow does not oscillate, and the Colburn j and friction f factors from a steady simulation are very close to those of an unsteady simulation. The flow begins to oscillate in the transition and turbulence regimes. In these regimes, the error between the f and j values obtained from the unsteady and steady simulations becomes significant. Since an unsteady simulation is too computationally expensive, a steady simulation with a turbulence model was tested. It was found that a steady simulation with the SST(shear stress transport) k-ω turbulence model can accurately predict the Colburn j and friction f factors of an unsteady simulation.     

A Fast Numerical Simulation for Modeling Simultaneous Metal Flow and Solidification in Thin Cavities Using the Lubrication Approximation

A numerical algorithm for modelling steady flow of liquid metal accompanied by solidification in a thin cavity is presented. The problem is closely related to a die cast process and in particular to the metal flow phenomenon observed in thin ventilation channels. Using the fact that the rate of metal flow in the channel is much higher than the rate of solidification, a numerical algorithm is developed by treating the metal flow as steady in a given time-step while treating the heat transfer in the thickness direction as transient. The flow in the thin cavity is treated as two dimensional after integrating the momentum and continuity equations over the thickness of the channel, while the heat transfer is modelled as a one-dimensional phenomenon in the thickness direction. The presence of a moving solid-liquid interface introduces non-linearity in the resulting set of equations, and which are solved iteratively. The location and shape of the solid-liquid interface are found as a part of the solution. The staggered grid arrangement is used to discretize the flow governing equations and the resulting set of partial differential equations is solved using the SIMPLE algorithm. The thickness direction heat-transfer problem accompanied by phase change is solved using a control volume formulation. The results are compared with the predictions of the commercial software FLOW3D® which solves the full three-dimensional set of flow and heat transfer equations accompanied with solidification. The Reynolds's lubrication equations accompanied by the through-the-thickness heat loss and solidification model can be successfully implemented to analyze flow and solidification of liquid metals in thin channel during the die cast process. The results were obtained with significant savings in CPU time.     

Discretized pressure Poisson algorithm for the steady incompressible flow on a nonstaggered grid

In the aspect of numerical methods for incompressible flow problems, there are two different algorithms: semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE) series algorithms and the pressure Poisson algorithm. This paper introduced a new discretized pressure Poisson algorithm for the steady incompressible flow based on a nonstaggered grid. Compared with the SIMPLE series algorithms, this paper did not introduce three correction variables. So, there is no need to implement the guess-and-correct procedure for the calculation of pressure and velocity. Compared with the pressure Poisson algorithm, there is no need to calculate unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for steady problems in the new discretized pressure Poisson algorithm. Meanwhile, as the finite volume method and cell-centered grid are used, the governing equation for pressure is obtained from the continuity equation and the boundary conditions for pressure are easily obtained. This new discretized pressure Poisson algorithm was tested at the lid-driven cavity flow problem on a nonstaggered grid and the results are also reliable.     

非定常流下Wells涡轮机准静态分析方法研究

以Wells涡轮机为研究对象,通过求解RANS方程和Spalart-Allmaras模型实现数值仿真模拟,研究非定常流下Wells涡轮机的准静态分析方法。通过网格独立性分析和已有文献对比,验证计算模型的准确性。计算并对比定常流、振荡流和往复流工况中Wells涡轮的性能,结果显示非定常流下Wells涡轮机会发生迟滞现象。通过振荡流和往复流的流动频率影响分析,说明非定常流下Wells涡轮机准静态分析方法的可行性和局限性:准静态分析对于较低流动频率的非定常流工况准确性较高,但对于较高流动频率误差较大。     

水工消能设施消能率的理论分析及计算方法

由于水工消能设施内水流流态复杂,当水流流态为恒定急变流和非恒定流时,现有消能率计算公式不能适用。为此,基于水工消能设施内流体能量消散的本质,通过能量方程推导出适用于恒定流和非恒定流计算消能率的一般公式,利用重积分数值计算方法和离散函数求导法则处理所提的消能率计算公式,并给出恒定均匀流、恒定急变流、非恒定流条件下消能率的具体计算方法。最后,以平原区某水闸为例,采用所提公式计算该闸闸门开启后10~40s内消力池的消能率。理论分析及计算案例表明,所提消能率计算公式可适用于复杂流态下消能率计算,通过重积分数值计算方法和离散函数求导法则处理后的计算公式具有实用性和可行性,可较好地解决恒定急变流和非恒定流条件下消能率无法计算或计算结果偏差较大的问题。     

Steady and unsteady flow characteristics of dual cavity in strut injection scramjet combustor

This study aims to understand the flow performance of a dual wall-mounted cavities in a strut-injector mounted scramjet combustor for steady-state and transient reacting conditions. Conventionally, two-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes approach is adopted to compute the steady flow, whereas the current research employs Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation for predicting the unsteady flow characteristics as well. The calculated flow patterns, density, pressure, and temperature fields of dual cavities are compared with shadowgraph and wall pressure measurements from DLR experiments. The dual cavities position substantiates to explore the interplay between wave propagation and shear layer mixing characteristics. Employing a dual cavities arrangement accelerates toward the complete combustion relative to the baseline model. The combustion zone widens in the lateral direction as the dual cavities shift the shock train downstream of the strut injector owing to intense shock shear layer interactions. These cavities' existence significantly modifies the dominating frequencies and affects the strength of the diverging section's coherent flow structures.     

A numerical investigation on the fluid flow and heat transfer in the confined impinging slot jet in the low Reynolds number region for different channel heights

The numerical solution is obtained for unsteady two-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer in a confined impinging slot jet using the finite volume method. In order to consider the effect of Reynolds number and height ratio on the flow and temperature fields in the channel, the numerical simulations were performed for different Reynolds numbers of 50–500 and different height ratios of 2–5. The critical Reynolds number, beyond which the flow and thermal fields change their state from steady to unsteady, depends on the Reynolds number and height ratio. The unsteadiness gives a big impact on the flow and temperature fields and as a result the pressure coefficient, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number in the unsteady region show different characteristics from those in the steady region.     

DSG太阳能槽式集热器的热性能研究

采用数值计算的方法分别对稳态条件下直接产生蒸汽(DSG)太阳能槽式集热管中单相水区、饱和相区和干蒸汽相区的吸收管温度沿周向的分布进行了研究,在此基础上建立了集热器热损模型,并分析了流体温度、质量流量及工作压力对集热管中不同相区热损的影响.结果表明:影响集热器热损的关键因素是流体温度,随着流体与环境温差的增大,集热管中各相区的热损增加;流体的质量流量和工作压力对集热器热损的影响不大.     

Stability of annular flow

A simple transient model using an unsteady state continuity equation and a quasi steady momentum equation is used to analyse the stability of co-current and counter-current annular flows. It is shown that unstable steady state solutions may take place in both cases. Application of the theory is demonstrated for the problem of flooding and flow reversal.     

某舰用燃气轮机舷侧进气系统性能试验研究

与燃气轮机常规进气方式相比，舰用燃气轮机舷侧进气系统对风速、风向等环境条件更为敏感，从而影 响整体性能表现。为验证某舰用燃气轮机舷侧进气系统在不同进气方向下总体性能是否满足设计要求，本文搭 建了该进气系统比例模型，并在其中布置了滤清器、稳压室、消声器等损失部件模型，对舷侧进气系统在5个常 见的进气方向下的整体性能表现进行了试验研究，对M进气方向下7个关键截面上流场进行了详细测量。试 验结果发现，进气方向明显影响舷侧进气系统性能，进气方向垂直于百页窗时进气系统总阻力损失最小。进气 系统中前端部件，如百叶窗、滤清器、稳压室等部件流动损失受进气系统的影响较为明显，消声器等进气系统尾 端部件的流动损失基本不受影响。速度场测量结果表明，进气方向同样会影响进气系统出口截面上流动畸变情 况，变化趋势与进气系统总阻力损失变化趋势基本相反。试验结果表明，在不同进气方向下，舷侧进气系统设计 方案的总阻力损失、出口截面畸变、主机功率损失均满足设计要求。     

Traveling wave solutions to incompressible unsteady 2-D laminar flows with heat transfer boundary

Analytical solutions play important roles in the understanding of fluid dynamics and heat transfer related problems. Some analytical solutions for incompressible steady/unsteady 2-D problems have been obtained in literature, but only a few of those are found under heat transfer conditions (which brings more complexities into the problem). This paper is focused on the analytical solutions to the basic problem of incompressible unsteady 2-D laminar flows with heat transfer. By using the traveling wave method, fluid dynamic governing equations are developed based on classical Navier–Stokes equations and can be reduced to ordinary differential equations, which provide reliable explanations to the 2-D fluid flows. In this study, a set of analytical solutions to incompressible unsteady 2-D laminar flows with heat transfer are obtained. The results show that both the velocity field and the temperature field take an exponential function form, or a polynomial function form, when traveling wave kind solution is assumed and compared in such fluid flow systems. In addition to heat transfer problem, the effects of boundary input parameters and their categorization and generalization of field forming or field evolutions are also obtained in this study. The current results are also compared with the results of Cai et al. (R. X. Cai, N. Zhang. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2002, 45: 2623-2627) and others using different methods. It is found that the current method can cover the results and will also extend the fluid dynamic model into a much wider parameter ranges (and flow situations).     

Mitigation of thermoacoustic instability utilizing steady air injection near the flame anchoring zone

The objective of this work is to investigate the effectiveness of steady air injection near the flame anchoring zone in suppressing thermoacoustic instabilities driven by flame-vortex interaction mechanism. We perform a systematic experimental study which involves using two different configurations of air injection in an atmospheric pressure backward-facing step combustor. The first configuration utilizes a row of micro-diameter holes allowing for air injection in the cross-stream direction just upstream of the step. The second configuration utilizes an array of micro-diameter holes located on the face of the step, allowing for air injection in the streamwise direction. The effects of each of these configurations are analyzed to determine which one is more effective in suppressing thermoacoustic instabilities at different operating conditions. The tests are conducted while varying the equivalence ratio and the inlet temperature. The secondary air temperature is always the same as the inlet temperature. We used pure propane or propane/hydrogen mixtures as fuels. Combustion dynamics are explored through simultaneous pressure and heat release-rate measurements, and high-speed video images. When the equivalence ratio of the reactant mixture is high, it causes the flame to flashback towards the inlet channel. When air is injected in the cross-stream direction, the flame anchors slightly upstream of the step, which suppresses the instability. When air is injected in the streamwise direction near the edge of step, thermoacoustic instability could be eliminated at an optimum secondary air flow rate, which depends on the operating conditions. When effective, the streamwise air injection prevents the shedding of an unsteady vortex, thus eliminating the flame-vortex interaction mechanism and resulting in a compact, stable flame to form near the step.