NSGA-II与MOPSO算法的多工序车削节能优化比较分析

在实际加工约束条件下,建立以表面粗糙度和能量消耗为目标的多工序车削优化模型的切削参数优化选择十分必要。运用NSGA-II算法和MOPSO算法对多工序车削模型进行优化比较。优化实例表明:NSGA-II算法能够获得了比MOPSO算法更优的表面粗糙度、能量消耗的Pareto最优解集以及相应的粗、精切削参数,为多工序车削参数优化选择提供了依据。     

面向现代绿色制造的精车车削优化

考虑车削加工约束条件,建立切削能量最小与表面粗糙度最小的精车车削优化模型。通过实例运用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)与多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO)对精车优化切削模型进行仿真优化,结果表明NSGA-II算法与MOPSO算法切削能量和表面粗糙度的Pareto最优解集均可由同一的六次曲线方程拟合,且拟合相关指数为0.999 5、0.998 2。在表面粗糙度和切削能量的Pareto最优解集下,获得了精车优化切削模型相应的进给量、切削速度,为优化选择精车切削参数提供了参考。     

切削参数对车削20CrMnTi表面粗糙度的影响及优化研究

20CrMnTi是一种广泛应用于齿轮制造的材料。为提高20CrMnTi精加工的表面质量、加工效率,以车削20CrMnTi钢的表面粗糙度为研究对象,设计正交试验,在数控车床GENOS L250E上进行硬质合金刀具车削试验,探究切削参数（切削速度、进给量、背吃刀量）对表面粗糙度的影响。并通过多元回归建立切削参数与表面粗糙度的关系模型,从而构建以加工效率、表面粗糙度为目标的多目标优化模型,通过粒子群算法对切削参数进行优化。试验结果表明：使用优化后的切削参数加工可以减小表面粗糙度、提高加工效率。     

基于NSGA Ⅱ算法的高速铣削参数多目标优化

采用正交试验法对3Cr2Mo模具钢进行高速铣削试验,建立了刀具磨损和表面粗糙度的预测模型。在此基础上,以生产效率最大、生产成本最小为目标建立优化模型,使用Matlab中以NSGA-Ⅱ算法为理论基础的多目标优化方法对其求解,得到了较优铣削参数。     

基于神经网络和粒子群算法的切削参数现场实时优化

为了使金属切削加工中，能实现切削参数的实时优化，保证产品质量和设备效率，提出了一种新的切削参数最优化方法，引入加工时间、加工精度、加工成本三个目标控制量，建立了多目标非线性规划模型。并用惩罚函数法将多目标非线性约束规划问题转换成无约束非线性单目标规划问题。通过对神经网络和粒子群算法的有机结合，并充分利用了粒子群算法和BP网络各自具有的优点，对模型进行了求解。数值试验表明该方法能较好地解决切削参数的优化问题。     

基于能耗和表面粗糙度的车削参数优化研究

为了合理地优化车削参数,提出了低能耗、低粗糙度的车削参数优化方法。在CAK3665ni车床上对45钢进行了干车削试验,采集了不同工况下的功耗和工件表面粗糙度值。在建立功耗和粗糙度模型的基础上,以切削比能低、平均粗糙度小为目标,使用多目标遗传算法,优化了车削参数。试验表明,使用优化后的车削参数进行加工,可以有效减小切削能耗和表面粗糙度。     

细长轴车削与磨削参数优化研究

针对细长轴车削和磨削加工参数的选择问题,建立以工件刚度、刀片强度、刀杆刚度、机床进给机构强度、机床功率、机床参数、加工表面粗糙度、加工余量等作为约束条件,以切削速度、进给量、背吃刀量、工件转速、磨削余量、径向进给量等参数为优化变量,以车、磨多工序成本最低为目标的切削参数优化模型。以某型号电机轴为案例,运用MATLAB模式搜索工具箱对其车削和磨削参数进行寻优,与切削参数的传统选择方法比较表明,工序成本可降低35%以上,从而验证了优化模型的有效性。     

精密成形铣齿切削参数优化研究

大模数齿轮精密成形铣齿具有多切削刃、非自由、断续重切削的特点,其加工过程中切削参数的变化对加工效益影响较大。为了提高综合加工效益,需综合考虑加工成本、残余高度以及刀具耐用度。分析成形铣齿加工过程及原理,建立了各待优化目标数学模型,提出以多目标遗传算法建立刀具耐用度、加工成本及加工残余高度的多目标优化模型,得到了以切削速度、每齿进给量为决策变量的多种工艺参数组合。优化结果与实际加工参数范围吻合,提出了切合实际加工条件的切削工艺参数范围,为下一步刀具磨损状态监测研究提供了理论依据。     

高速铣削加工工艺优化技术的研究

针对高速加工安全性高、切削效率佳、工艺性好等独特的编程要求，构造出了以切削时间短、加工成本低、表面质量高为优化目标的，并以满足零件尺寸精度要求为约束条件的加工工艺方案评优模型。该模型已应用于自主开发的高速铣削Superman CAMⅡ原型系统中，以指导粗精加工刀轨的生成。实验结果表明：该模型具有合理性和实用性，对工艺人员编制高速加工工艺有一定的参考价值。     

绿色电火花成型加工多目标工艺参数优化

为实现电火花成型加工的绿色制造,在保证加工效率和加工质量的基础上尽可能减少能耗和污染物排放,采用正交试验与非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对加工参数进行多目标优化。选择脉冲电流(I)、周率(T)及效率(η)3个工艺参数作为因变量,表面粗糙度(Ra)、能耗(EEV)和环境污染物(EEC)作为响应值,对SKD11进行电火花成型加工试验。通过回归分析验证工艺参数与响应之间所建模型的正确性,并利用信噪比分析获得影响能耗和污染物排放的主要因素。得出了加工工艺参数与加工效果之间的回归关系,并通过NSGA-Ⅱ算法对其进行优化得到Pareto前沿。Ra、EEV和EEC预测结果的平均相对误差分别为6.46%、10.45%、9.58%,表明优化结果准确有效,对今后的研究以及企业的绿色加工具有一定参考意义。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.