基于FDTD的不等长有损耗传输线的瞬态分析

本文在考虑传输线损耗的情况下,对时域有限差分(FDTD)法应用于不等长有损耗传输线的情况进行了研究。首先,在考虑传输线损耗的情况下给出了传输线上各点电压和电流的迭代计算公式;其次,利用该公式对不等长有损耗传输线模型进行数值计算和理论分析;最后,通过仿真实验,其结果表明了所提计算方法是正确和有效的。该方法对不等长有损耗传输线的研究提供了理论计算参考。     

端接非线性负载的不等长传输线瞬态分析

对时域有限差分(FDTD)法应用于不等长多导体传输线端接非线性负载的情况进行了介绍.首先给出了多导体传输线电报方程和差分公式;然后介绍了不等长传输线的仿真模型;在此基础上,最后通过建立端接非线性负载的不等长多导体传输线模型,对该情况下传输线两端的电压响应进行了分析.数值仿真结果说明了FDTD法解决此类问题的正确性和有效性,为不等长传输线瞬态分析的进一步研究打下了基础.     

任意截面的非平行多导体传输线瞬态分析

以分析多导体传输线的时域有限差分(FDTD)法为基础,在考虑任意截面传输线分布参数无法直接计算的情况下,提出MOM-FDTD 混合方法对不平行多导体传输线进行瞬态分析。首先,利用FDTD建立多导体传输线时域差分模型,然后用MOM 法计算任意截面形状的非平行传输线的分布参数,并且与FDTD法混合进行瞬态分析计算。此算法相对于全波算法,在时间与存储空间消耗上具有很大的优势,并且满足精度要求。最后通过同轴传输线与矩形带状线的例子验证这个方法是正确有效的。     

多导体传输线高频分布参数分析

多导体传输线高频场线耦合研究是当前电磁兼容研究的重点和难点,而多导体传输线上的耦合响应与线上的高频分布参数紧密相关。由于经典传输线理论中采用准TEM波近似,使其不适用于求解高频分布参数。为此,从基于TLST理论的非均匀多导体传输线高频场耦合模型出发,对多导体传输线高频分布参数进行了研究和分析,计算出多导体传输线上的沿线单位长度高频分布参数,并将其与利用经典传输线理论计算得到的结果进行了比较,对二者的差异进行了分析,最后通过高频场线耦合算例说明了本文高频分布参数计算的正确性。     

MacCormack差分法在非均匀多导体传输线分析中的应用

在将MacCormack差分法引入传输线计算的基础上，给出了无需解耦过程的非均匀多导体传输线时域计算方法。摆脱了电容、电感、电阻、电导矩阵形式的限制。该方法是直接的时-空离散数值方法，具有二阶的计算精度。对电路本身没有任何特殊要求，并且应用过程中不需要复杂的变换，便于程序的编制。数值实验表明，利用该方法编制的通用计算程序，具有比快速傅立叶变换法高得多的效率，可以方便的用于均匀、非均匀耦合多导体传输线的计算。     

多导体传输线的邻近效应和分布参数研究

随着多导体传输线内各导体之间间距的减小, 导体之间的近邻效应对传输线的分布参数和传输特性的影响越来越大.为此, 我们针对三种典型的传输线结构, 分别建立了基于矢势有限元方法分析的多导体传输线的模型, 并分析了近邻效应对磁通密度和分布电感的影响.利用提出的方法计算了同轴传输线的单位长度分布电感, 并将它与采用解析方法得到的结果进行比较来证明该方法的正确性.计算双线传输线在不同间距时的单位长度电感, 与理论分析得到的结果相比较验证了导线间距越小, 近邻效应对单位长度电感的影响越大.最后, 计算考虑了近邻效应的耦合微带线的电感矩阵, 并将它与其他不考虑近邻效应的方法得到的结果相比较, 说明近邻效应对传输线电感矩阵的影响.     

多导体传输线瞬态响应研究

针对多导体传输线瞬态响应的无源性问题,提出了基于集总等效源模型的多导体传输线瞬态响应模型. 从外场激励下的多导体传输线的频域电报方程解出发,将外场在传输线上激励的分布电压源和电流源与传输线指数矩阵解耦,建立了集总等效电压源和电流源模型. 为避免复杂的傅里叶反变换及卷积运算,推导了集总源模型的时域递推方程. 在此基础上,采用时域有限差分法建立了端接线性负载、非线性负载和外场激励下的不等长多导体传输线瞬态响应离散递推方程. 通过对无损传输线的仿真对比,验证了方法的有效性. 最后,对端接线性负载、非线性负载和外场激励下的不等长多导体传输线瞬态响应进行了试验和仿真分析.       

不等长多导体传输线模型串扰问题分析

不等长多导体模型为电力电子系统中传输线的一种常见结构,其串扰问题关系到整个系统的正常运行。采用时域有限差分格式对传输线方程进行差分离散,并结合基尔霍夫定律,对不同多导体系统连接位置进行处理,推导出多导体传输线上电压电流迭代公式,实现了整个模型上全部电压电流的同步求解,并通过算例验证了该方法在分析电大尺寸传输线电磁干扰问题时的有效性。     

多导体传输线时域响应分析的卷积—特征法

本文提出了多导体传输线时域响应分析的卷积-特征法,其最大特点是能分析具有频变损耗和任意负载终端的非均匀传输线.     

多导体传输线瞬态响应研究

针对多导体传输线瞬态响应的无源性问题,提出了基于集总等效源模型的多导体传输线瞬态响应模型.从外场激励下的多导体传输线的频域电报方程解出发,将外场在传输线上激励的分布电压源和电流源与传输线指数矩阵解耦,建立了集总等效电压源和电流源模型.为避免复杂的傅里叶反变换及卷积运算,推导了集总源模型的时域递推方程.在此基础上,采用时域有限差分法建立了端接线性负载、非线性负载和外场激励下的不等长多导体传输线瞬态响应离散递推方程.通过对无损传输线的仿真对比,验证了方法的有效性.最后,对端接线性负载、非线性负载和外场激励下的不等长多导体传输线瞬态响应进行了试验和仿真分析.     

Time-domain analysis of lossy multiconductor transmission lines based on the Lax–Wendroff technique

Taking advantage of the hyperbolic characteristics of the telegrapher equations, this paper applies the Lax–Wendroff technique, usually used in fluid dynamics, to transmission line analysis. A second-order-accurate Lax–Wendroff difference scheme for the telegrapher equations for both uniform and nonuniform transmission lines is derived. Based on this scheme, a new method for analyzing lossy multiconductor transmission lines which do not need to be decoupled is presented by combining with matrix operations. Using numerical experiments, the proposed method is compared with the characteristic method, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach, and the Lax–Friedrichs technique. With the presented method, a circuit including lossy multiconductor transmission lines is analyzed and the results are consistent with those of PSPICE. The nonlinear circuit including nonuniform lossy multiconductor transmission lines is also computed and the results are verified by HSPICE. The proposed method can be conveniently applied to either linear or nonlinear circuits which include general transmission lines, and is proved to be efficient.     

非均匀传输线间的串扰研究

应用时域有限差分法对非均匀传输线间的串扰耦合进行分析。基于细线散射的时域有限差分法分析非均匀结构时,采用阶梯式均匀传输线模型,对非均匀传输线进行分段逼近。针对不等长、线径变化、非平行线和交叉线4种情况分析其参数变化对串扰的影响。研究表明：不等长电缆超出部分长度对串扰耦合幅度影响较小,对谐振频率影响较大;电缆线径的变化对其串扰耦合影响较小;非平行线和交叉线的角度对电缆间串扰的影响较大。     

Equivalent Transformations for Mixed-Lumped and Multiconductor Coupled Circuits

Distributed circuits consisting of a cascade connection of m -port stab circuits and multiconductor coupled transmission lines are equivalent to ones consisting of cascade connections of multiconductor coupled transmission lines whose characteristic impedances are different from original ones, m-port stub circuits, and an m-port ideal transformer bank. Because of the reciprocity of the circuit, values of transformer ratio must be identified. In the special case of a one conductor transmission line, these equivalent transformations are equivalent to Kuroda's identities. These extended equivalent transformations may be applied to mixed-lumped and multiconductor coupled circuits. By using these equivalent transformations, equivalent circuits and exact network functions of multiconductor nonuniform coupled transmission lines can be obtained.     

Electromagnetic Field-to-Wire Coupling in the SHF Frequency Range And Beyond

Methods have been developed for the treatment of field-to-wire coupling at superhigh frequencies (SHF's) and beyond. In this region, transmission-line lengths and wire separations become very large electrically, and field-to-wire coupling problems become intractable. Several types of transmission lines have been examined in the SHF range, including uniform and nonuniform transmission lines, coaxial transmission lines, and multiconductor transmission lines. Current distributions are found to be predominantly of a standing-wave or traveling-wave form. The higher order modes are not significant for those cases examined. Bounds may be obtained for induced currents in the field-to-wire problem by considering the transmission line as a receiving antenna. The maximum value of induced current under conditions of maximum susceptibility is shown to vary little with frequency.     

On the modeling of conductor and substrate losses inmulticonductor, multidielectric transmission line systems

Most models used for the analysis of lossy, multiconductor, multidielectric transmission line systems (MCMDTLSs) are noncausal and fail to accurately predict the signal distortion on practical printed circuits. The authors review the method of analysis and assumptions made in these models and present more accurate models. The authors solve for the time-domain response of a single, lossy, perfectly matched conductor above a ground plane and immersed in a perfect dielectric, assuming transverse electromagnetic (TEM) propagation. The authors also solve for the same line, except that the line is assumed to be perfect while the dielectric is lossy. The TEM mode propagates in such lines and no errors result from this assumption. A brief generalization to MCMDTLSs is described to illustrate the theory, and numerical examples are presented     

Analysis of crosstalk and field coupling to lossy MTLs in a SPICEenvironment

This paper proposes a circuit model for lossy multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) suitable for implementation in modern SPICE simulators, as well as in any simulator supporting differential operators. The model includes the effects of a uniform or nonuniform disturbing field illuminating the line and is especially devised for the transient simulation of electrically long wideband interconnects with frequency dependent per-unit-length parameters. The MTL is characterized by its transient matched scattering responses, which are computed including both dc and skin losses by means of a specific algorithm for the inversion of the Laplace transform. The line characteristics are then represented in terms of differential operators and ideal delays to improve the numerical efficiency and to simplify the coding of the model in existing simulators. The model can be successfully applied to many kinds of interconnects ranging from micrometric high-resistivity metallizations to low-loss PCBs and cables, and can be considered a practical extension of the widely appreciated lossless MTL SPICE model, which maintains the simplicity and efficiency     

The Time Domain Propagator Method for Lossless Multiconductor Quasi-TEM Lines

A time domain propagator method is developed to solve telegraphers equations for coupled lossless multiconductor quasi-TEM transmission lines. The resulting expression is obtained in a form in which the propagator operates on the line voltage and current. Examples are presented showing that exceptionally accurate results are obtained for uniform and nonuniform coupled microstrip lines. The lack of numerical dispersion with the propagator method is demonstrated through an examination of two coupled microstrip lines.      

Multiconductor transmission-line characterization: Representations,approximations, and accuracy

This paper investigates a measurement method that characterizes lossy printed multiconductor transmission lines, its accuracy, the choice of measurement representations, and some simple approximations. We illustrate the method with measurements of a pair of lossy coupled asymmetric microstrip lines