松子油提取工艺及3种松子油脂肪酸组成分析

通过对马尾松、云南松和红松3种常见松子的主要组分进行分析,得出马尾松是制备松子油的一种理想原料。采用离心分离法提取松子油,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对其工艺条件进行优化,并对得到的松子油理化性质进行测定;通过GC-MS对马尾松、云南松和红松3种松子油脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果表明:松子油最佳提取工艺条件为加热温度85℃,离心转速6 500 r/min,离心时间10 min;在此条件下松子油的提取率为60.54%,得率为37.53%,所得松子油理化指标符合国标植物油卫生标准。以亚麻酸和皮诺敛酸标准品进行定性分析,得出松子油中的十八碳三烯酸主要为皮诺敛酸,3种松子油皮诺敛酸的相对含量分别为20.61%、19.35%和15.65%,其中马尾松松子油中皮诺敛酸的相对含量最高。     

松子油开发利用

本文介绍松子油理化指标和化学组成,及其开发利用价值。     

红松子油及皮诺敛酸的研究进展

红松子油是从红松松子中提取的一种天然植物油脂,富含亚油酸、油酸和皮诺敛酸等多不饱和脂肪酸。皮诺敛酸是松子油中特有的多不饱和脂肪酸,具有减肥、降脂、增强免疫、抗炎、抗氧化、增强胰岛素敏感性、抗肿瘤转移等多种生理功效。皮诺敛酸在松子油甘油三酯中的酯化主要发生在sn-3位,而位于甘油三酯sn-2位的脂肪酸更容易被人体有效的吸收利用,因此通过改性使皮诺敛酸分布在甘油骨架sn-2位有重要研究意义。本文重点介绍红松子油及皮诺敛酸的研究进展,包括生理功能和改性现状,并就其在食品、医药等领域的应用作出展望。     

松子油加工工艺及脂肪酸组成研究进展

综述了松子油的加工工艺、脂肪酸组成及松子相关产品的开发,旨在为充分利用松子的营养功能及其深度开发奠定基础,并对其发展前景进行展望。     

响应面法优化水酶法提取松子油的研究

用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对松子仁进行水解,提取松子油,试验以总油提取率为指标,采用单因素试验对酶解温度,加酶量,料液比,酶解pH和酶解时间5个影响因素进行了研究,并用响应面法进行了优化。上述影响因素中,酶解温度为主要的影响因素,其他依次为加酶量,料液比,酶解pH,酶解时间。本试验优化后得到的最佳酶解条件为:加酶量1.97%,温度51℃,时间3.0 h,料水比1∶5,pH 8.4,松子总油提取率可达89.12%。测定松子油的5种脂肪酸的质量分数分别为,棕榈酸3.89%,硬脂酸1.53%,油酸19.44%,亚油酸50.09%,亚麻酸0.58%。     

超临界CO2萃取红松子油的研究

研究超临界CO2萃取红松子油的影响因素，在试验条件下，其影响因素次序为萃取压力、夹带剂、萃取温度、萃取时间。最优条件为35MPa，45℃，240min，5％无水乙醇作夹带剂，CO2流量20L／h～25L／h。45oC时，在15MPa和35MPa两种不同的压力下，对比了加入5％无水乙醇作夹带剂与不使用夹带剂时超临界CO2萃取过程中出油量随时间的变化，使用夹带剂后出油量均有提高。     

开口松子加工工艺

从分析松子的组织结构着手，探讨松子加工的开口技术。通过实验得出在９０℃、１．５％的ＮａＯＨ浓度、１∶０．５的松子与ＮａＯＨ溶液的重量比的条件下，浸泡２０～４０ｍｉｎ，经这样处理的松子加工后的开口率在９９％以上。     

超临界CO_2萃取云南松松子油提取工艺研究

本试验采用超临界CO2萃取云南松松子油,以萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间3个因素进行单因素试验,在单因素试验结果的基础上,利用响应面法中的Box-Behnken和中心旋转组合设计对超临界CO2萃取云南松松子油的提取工艺条件进行了优化。各个条件均做3次重复试验,以平均值作为最后结果。试验结果表明:萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间3个因素对松子出油率影响都显著。经过验证性试验后,最终得到超临界CO2萃取云南松松子油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取温度36.7℃、萃取压力40.6MPa和萃取时间112.6min,在最佳条件下的出油率24.68%。     

松子小档案

松子是很多人都爱吃的一种休闲食品。很久以前,松子便被视为对老人最有益的“长寿果”,现在人们将其称为“坚果中的鲜品”,是孕妇、学生和脑力劳动者的理想食品。     

松子──营养保健长生果?

松子的营养保健价值非比一般。松子富含有蛋白质、脂肪、糖类，还含有钙、磷、铁等多种矿物质和多种维生素以及挥发油等成分。松子中的脂肪多为不饱含脂肪酸，对人体有益处。经常食用松子可滋补身体，延年益寿。松子作为食疗有以下用途： 高血压、脑动脉硬化、头晕目眩：取松子仁、黑芝麻、枸杞子、菊花各９克，以水煎代茶饮。 风湿性关节炎：取松子仁１０克，当归、桂枝、羌活各６克，加黄酒、水合煎，食松子饮汁。 老年人习惯性便秘：松子仁、麻子仁、柏子仁各３０克，捣成泥状，每日服６克，每日２次。亦可单食松子仁１０克，每日２次。 …     

Differences in Oils from Nuts Extracted by Means of Two Pressure Systems

Nuts are nutrient dense foods especially appreciated for the fatty acids composition of the oil fraction and other bioactive compounds, like polyphenols or sterols. Almond, pistachio, and walnut oils were extracted by two pressure systems (hydraulic press and screw press) in order to obtain virgin oils. A comparison of the fatty acids was performed for oils from different sources. Although the main components of oils (fatty acids and sterols) did not vary according to the system used, some differences among the three types of nut oils were found. Almond and pistachio oil samples showed a similar fatty acid profile with a substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids, 70 and 61%, respectively. However, the majority proportion in walnut oils was the polyunsaturated fatty acids (60%). The highest total sterol content was presented by pistachio oils (4476 mg/kg). Screw press oils showed higher values of the regulated quality parameters (acidity, peroxide value, K₂₃₂, and K₂₇₀). In the same way, polyphenols and oxidative stability were slightly higher when the nut oils were extracted with a screw press.     

甘肃亚麻籽油与小品种油脂肪酸组成的比较分析

对甘肃产亚麻籽油与其它6种小品种食用油脂肪酸的组成成分进行测定,结果表明,亚麻籽油中α-亚麻酸含量最高(平均值为54.1%),其次是油酸(平均值为24.25%);紫苏油、牡丹籽油、松子油不饱和脂肪酸含量高,其中松子油的单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,紫苏油的多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,南瓜籽油二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)平均含量0.106%,御米油二十碳五烯酸(EPA)平均含量0.242%。硬脂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸是构成甘肃地产亚麻籽油的特征脂肪酸。甘肃产亚麻籽油的ω-3系脂肪酸与ω-6系多不饱和脂肪酸的比是1.6∶0.4,仅次于紫苏油,是健康饮食的高品质油脂。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS结合电子鼻对10 个品系红松籽油挥发性物质分析比较

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱（headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用技术结合电子鼻（electronic nose,E-nose）对10 个品系（种）红松籽油挥发性物质进行区别和比较。10 个样品中GC-MS共鉴定163 种挥发性物质,包含烃类、醇类、醛类、酯类、酮类、酸类等类型的挥发性物质,且以烃类、醛类、醇类和酯类为主,主要贡献风味的物质为醛类、醇类和酯类。通过聚类分析和主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）对10 个红松籽油品系进行区分,可以将样品分为3 组,各组之间的挥发性成分含量存在显著差异。采用PCA和线性判别分析处理E-nose数据,PC的累计贡献率分别达到97.17%、88.82%,说明传感器识别度高、样品间区分度好。2 种技术相关性分析结果表明,信号传感器与不同挥发性物质存在相关性。本研究评价10 个品系松籽油的挥发性物质,探讨HS-SPME-GC-MS与E-nose相结合用于区别和比较10 个品系松仁油挥发性成分的可行性。     

新疆4种典型木本油料油脂脂肪酸和甘三酯组成分析

以新疆4种典型的木本油料沙漠果、碧根果、甜杏仁和巴旦木为原料,测定了4种木本油料种仁的粗脂肪含量、水分及挥发物含量,以及4种油脂的脂肪酸和甘三酯组成。结果表明:4种油料种仁的水分及挥发物含量较低,粗脂肪含量较高,为40. 67%～69. 29%;巴旦木油、碧根果油和甜杏仁油不饱和脂肪酸含量均在90%以上,沙漠果油的不饱和脂肪酸含量为73. 85%; 4种油脂的脂肪酸均以油酸为主(48. 04%～80. 16%);巴旦木油、碧根果油和甜杏仁油以三不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯为主,含量为69. 88%～75. 50%,沙漠果油以二不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯为主,含量为48. 50%; 4种油脂甘三酯均以OOO最多,碳原子当量中均以ECN48最高。     

常用食用油的营养特点和作用研究进展

常用食用油有橄榄油、花生油、大豆油、茶油、芝麻油等。不同食用油的脂肪酸组成和含量不同,特别是一些重要的脂肪酸如油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量不近相同。橄榄油和茶油的油酸含量高达70％以上;花生油中油酸约占40％;大豆油的多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,主要为亚麻酸;芝麻油中亚油酸含量占到40％以上。食用油除提供能量和必需脂肪酸外,还有脂溶性维生素和一些植物化合物,一些食用油对控制脂代谢异常具有一定的作用。     

松籽油的提取及理化指标分析

为了开发和利用松籽资源,对松仁的化学成分和松籽油的理化指标、松籽油的甘三酯组分及氧化稳定性进行了分析研究。结果表明,松仁粗脂肪含量为69.9%,粗蛋白含量为16.6%;松籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,含量高达85%以上,松籽油相对密度(d240)0.919 9,折光指数(n20)1.477 9,碘值(I)142.8 g/100 g,皂化值(KOH)193.2 mg/g。     

Comparative GLC-MS Analysis of Phenolic Acids of Selected Tree Nuts

Phenolic acids were extracted from the nutmeats and/or testae of pine nut, almond, filbert, American Chestnut, a hybrid American chestnut, Chinese chestnut, black walnut, butternut and shagbark hickory and analyzed as their methyl esters/trimethylsilyl derivatives by GLC-MS. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among samples in the acids present with gallic acid being predominant except in pine nut, almond and filbert. Caffeic was the predominant acid in pine nut; protocatechuic acid was predominant in almond and filbert. Phenolic acids isolated and identified were p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, vanillic, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, caffeic and ferulic acids.     

Effects of different nut oils on the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions induced by ultrasound using soy protein as an emulsifier

Gel-like emulsions were produced by high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) emulsification using soy protein as an emulsifier. Sunflower (a seed kernel oil), peanut (a groundnut oil), hazelnut, walnut, almond and pine nut oils were chosen as oil phases. The kinds of nut oil significantly affect the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions. The particle size of sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was smallest. Moreover, the macrorheological and microrheological results indicated that the values of apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and elasticity index (EI) of sunflower and almond oil gel-like emulsions were higher while those of the walnut and pine nut oil gel-like emulsions were lower. Moreover, the sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was more stable after 2-month storage. The current study illustrated that HIU was of great importance for the production of high-viscosity gel-like emulsions. Furthermore, the differences of nut oils resulted in diverse physicochemical properties of gel-like emulsions.     

Lipase-catalysed production of triacylglycerols enriched in pinolenic acid at the sn-2 position from pine nut oil

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to produce triacylglycerols (TAGs) enriched in pinolenic acid (PLA) at the sn‐2 position using the principle of acyl migration, from the pine nut oil containing PLA esterified exclusively at the sn‐3 position. RESULTS: Two types of lipase‐catalysed reactions, i.e. redistribution and reesterification of fatty acids, were successively performed using seven commercially available lipases as biocatalysts. Of the lipases tested, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM were effective biocatalysts for positioning PLA at the sn‐2 location. These biocatalysts were selected for further evaluation of the effects of reaction parameters, such as temperature and water content on the migration of PLA residues to the sn‐2 position and TAG content. For both lipases, a significant decrease in TAG content was observed after the lipase‐catalysed redistribution of fatty acids for both lipases. The reduced TAG content could be enhanced up to approx. 92%, through lipase‐catalysed re‐esterification of the hydrolysed fatty acids under vacuum. CONCLUSION: TAG enriched in PLA at the sn‐2 position was synthesised from pine nut oil via lipase‐catalysed redistribution and re‐esterification of fatty acid residues using Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 as biocatalysts. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry