内燃机缸体清洗工艺研究

介绍了一种内燃机缸体清洗工艺:在合装前采用工序清洗房清洗,完工时采用往复式双室清洗房清洗,解决了传统清洗方案无法满足多品种缸体清洗的弊端,保证了缸体清洗效果。实际应用表明:该工艺具有适应品种多、操作方便、安全可靠、清洗效果好等特点,可保证不同直列与V型系列缸体的清洗质量,具有良好的技术经济效益。     

等离子体清洗技术在航空制造业中的应用及前景分析

主要介绍了等离子体清洗技术的清洗原理、清洗类型、清洗设备及清洗特点,分析了等离子体清洗技术的发展现状,着重介绍了等离子体清洗技术在航空航天制造业中铝合金表面涂装前处理、电连接器涂胶前处理、复合材料表面处理和芳纶制件表面处理等应用,并分析了其在航空航天领域的应用前景。     

塔式太阳能热发电镜场定日镜清洗装置设计

设计了一种应用于塔式太阳能热发电镜场的定日镜清洗装置。该定日镜清洗装置具备自动循迹、根据镜面自动调整清洗面角度、自动进行清洗水流控制的功能,并采用无线通信技术实现清洗装置与镜场控制系统间的信息交互,保证清洗完毕的定日镜立即恢复为正常运营状态,尽量减少镜场能量损失。通过实际测试,该清洗系统能够有效地实现预定的控制功能和清洗功能,其清洗装置通过一次清洗可将镜面清洁度从0.85提高到0.95。     

超临界直流锅炉EDTA低温清洗的探讨

介绍了国内某电厂630MW超临界直流锅炉EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)铵盐低温化学清洗的清洗范围、清洗工艺、控制参数和清洗效果等,分析和讨论了化学清洗过程中应注意的事项.     

可编程超高压喷射清洗在曲轴中的应用

结合改进实例,针对不断提高的曲轴清洁度(颗粒分级、总重量)要求,系统分析了一种全新的曲轴清洗工艺,该工艺的主要特点是首次采用了数控清洗位置控制的策略,解决了现有高压清洗无法方便、快速满足不同品种曲轴清洗的难题,通过自动更换不同规格喷嘴、数控清洗轨迹控制以及喷嘴角度控制等功能,基本实现了曲轴所有部位的可靠清洗。同时分析了可编程超高压喷射清洗的一般工艺流程、清洗各环节的工艺思路及优化要点,配合杂质、油污的粗、精过滤系统、恒温系统,能够得到持久稳定的清洗质量及相对较高的清洗效率。     

多旋翼清洗无人机在屋顶类分布式光伏电站的应用研究

分布式光伏电站多建设在建筑物屋顶等高处，人工巡检和清洗比较困难，存在劳动力成本大、安全风险高等问题。对多旋翼清洗无人机清洗技术的研究现状进行了分析，研究了可用于建筑物屋顶、车棚顶棚等屋顶类分布式光伏电站光伏组件清洗作业的多旋翼清洗无人机的关键技术，并对此类清洗无人机的应用进行了列举与前景展望。研究结果显示：对于1 MW屋顶类分布式光伏电站的清洗任务，多旋翼清洗无人机的清洗效率是人工清洗的40多倍，耗水量只有人工清洗的1/10，成本仅是人工清洗的1/3左右，除尘率超过90%，具有得天独厚的清洗优势，是解决屋顶类分布式光伏电站运维难题的有效手段，应用前景良好。     

油泵油嘴精密偶件制造过程中的清洗工艺

清洗是精密偶件制造过程中反复进行的工序，贯穿于整个制造过程，直接影响着机械加工精度，产品的工作性能和使用寿命。作者对精密偶件制造过程中清洗重要性、污垢分类、清洗过程及去污机理，清洗剂及其选择、清洗方法、清洗质量检测等作了介绍；对其它机械制造过程中的清洗亦有借鉴作用。     

油泵油嘴精密偶件制造过程中的清洗工艺

清洗是精密偶件制造过程中反复进行的工序,贯穿于整个制造过程,直接影响着机械加工精度、产品的工作性能和使用寿命。作者对精密偶件制造过程中清洗重要性、污垢分类、清洗过程及去污机理、清洗剂及其选择、清洗方法、清洗质量检测等作了介绍;对其它机械制造过程中的清洗亦有借鉴作用。     

光伏组件自动清洗系统的应用研究

针对积灰影响光伏组件发电量且现有光伏组件清洗方式不能满足大规模光伏电站清洗需求的情况，设计了1套光伏组件自动清洗系统。该自动清洗系统由水源、水泵、喷淋系统和可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)控制柜等组成，其可同时对3个光伏阵列进行清洗，实现光伏组件的自动清洗；然后以某8.2 MW光伏电站为例，研究了清洗前后光伏组件的I-V特性、表面温度、短路电流、开路电压、输出功率、光能转化效率的变化情况；最后分析了积灰对光伏电站经济性的影响。研究结果显示：1)相较于清洗前，清洗后光伏组件的I-V特性、表面温度、短路电流、开路电压、输出功率、光能转化效率均得到明显改善；2)当光伏组件表面处于稠密积灰状态时，经济损失基本平稳，日经济损失最高约可达4268元。由此可以说明，利用光伏组件自动清洗系统对光伏组件进行定期清洗尤为重要。     

超滤膜元件的重度污染及离线清洗

介绍超滤膜重度污染的原因、特征以及离线清洗操作方法、清洗配方的选择和清洗实例。     

二氧化碳的等离子体化学固定化

二氧化碳排放控制和化学利用是全世界科学家面临的难题。人们已提出利用物理和生物方法来解决二氧化碳问题,但对二氧化碳这样一个巨大的碳资源,还没有特别有效的化学利用方法。在这方面,前人曾考虑过非均相催化。但非均相催化能耗大,而氢源紧缺;以及二氧化碳本身非常稳定,需高温激活,而高温又导致催化剂寿命很有限,很难达到工业化要求。而冷等离子体,包括各种气体放电现象,其某些作用方式类似于常规催化,但在低温高效激活二氧化碳方面更有效率。本文详细讨论了等离子体二氧化碳化学固定化的各种方法,包括直接法和间接法,并比较了等离子体法与常规催化方法的区别。讨论的物系包括：Ｈ２／ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２、Ｈ２Ｏ／ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｓ／ＣＯ２     

Chemical exergies of the elements

The principles involved in the choice of reference species for the calculation of chemical exergy have been formulated. Various systems of reference species have been compared and the recommended system has been established. A table of the chemical exergies of the elements has been calculated.     

锅炉化学清洗介绍

锅炉内表面进行化学清洗 ,清除各种残渣 ,保证锅炉内表面的清洁 ,使锅炉安全正常运行     

Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon combustion

Chemical kinetic modeling of high temperature hydrocarbon oxidation in combustion is reviewed. First, reaction mechanisms for specific fuels are discussed, with emphasis on the hierarchical structure of reaction mechanisms for complex fuels. The concept of a comprehensive mechanism is developed, requiring model validation by comparison with data from a wide range of experimental regimes. Fuels of increasing complexity from hydrogen to n-butane are described in detail, and further extensions of the general approach to other fuels are discussed.Kinetic modification to fuel oxidation kinetics is considered, including both inhibition and promotion of combustion. Simplified kinetic models are then described by comparing their features with those of detailed kinetic models. Finally, application of kinetic models to study real combustions systems are presented, beginning with purely kinetic-thermodynamic applications, in which transport effects such as diffusion of heat and mass can be neglected, such as shock tubes, detonations, plug flow reactors, and stirred reactors. Laminar flames and the coupling between diffusive transport and chemical kinetics are then described, together with applications of laminar flame models to practical combustion problems.     

Chemical non-equilibrium modelling of columnar solidification

This paper deals with the macroscopic modeling and numerical simulation of columnar dendritic solidification of binary alloys. The macroscopic governing equations and associated effective transport properties were previously derived using a volume averaging technique with local closure. The macroscopic model takes into account the spatial variation of the pore-scale geometry within the mushy zone, which leads to additional terms involving porosity gradients. The second important feature concerns solute mass conservation, which is described by considering a macro-scale non-equilibrium accounting for chemical exchanges at the solid–liquid interface. A simplified version of the model is validated through a comparison of the numerical solution to three experiments available in the literature. Porosity extra terms are systematically estimated on the basis of these numerical simulations, and the influence on solidification of effective transport properties such as permeability and interfacial solute exchange coefficients is investigated.     

Chemical thermodynamics in geothermal operations

Chemical thermodynamics of geothermal brines are important in every aspect of geothermal development, starting from initial stages of exploration to the final stages of utilization. Yet there are serious gaps in the knowledge of high temperature thermodynamics of aqueous fluids. The critical areas of chemical thermodynamics that need serious evaluation include: (1) chemical and physical characteristics of aqueous solutions at high temperatures, (2) solubility and phase behaviour of numerous inorganic solids in aqueous media at high temperatures, (3) solubility and flash behaviour of gases in equilibrium with aqueous media at high temperatures and (4) cement, metal and other material resistivity to any mechanical and/or chemical degradation in various high temperature aqueous environments. The present paper reviews the status of the various aspects of chemical thermodynamics. The emphasis is placed in reviewing the various methodologies used in predicting scale formation and gas flashing during the production of geothermal brines. Various well-known models used in obtaining the chemical thermodynamic information are also critically reviewed. The general lack of knowledge on the data bases related to solubility of various species in high temperature brine is clearly pointed out. Based on the critical review of chemical thermodynamics of geothermal brines, the following conclusions are made: 1. The basic chemical thermodynamics of aqueous systems at high temperatures are not well known. 2. There is a lack of a thorough and reliable data base related to the phase behaviour of inorganic solids and their solubilities in aqueous media at high temperatures. 3. The solubilities and flash behaviours of gases in equilibrium with aqueous media at high temperatures and high pressures are not well known.     

煤层气在化工领域中的应用

我国煤层气资源丰富,部分地区已获得商业性开发。作为主要成分是基本化工原料(甲烷)的煤层气,具有广泛的加工价值。本文介绍了煤层气在化工领域中的应用。     

Chemical kinetics of Ru-catalyzed ammonia borane hydrolysis

Ammonia borane (AB) is a candidate material for on-board hydrogen storage, and hydrolysis is one of the potential processes by which the hydrogen may be released. This paper presents hydrogen generation measurements from the hydrolysis of dilute AB aqueous solutions catalyzed by ruthenium supported on carbon. Reaction kinetics necessary for the design of hydrolysis reactors were derived from the measurements. The hydrolysis had reaction orders greater than zero but less than unity in the temperature range from 16 °C to 55 °C. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model was adopted to interpret the data with parameters determined by a non-linear conjugate-gradient minimization algorithm. The ruthenium-catalyzed AB hydrolysis was found to have activation energy of 76 ± 0.1 kJ mol⁻¹ and adsorption energy of −42.3 ± 0.33 kJ mol⁻¹. The observed hydrogen release rates were 843 ml H₂ min⁻¹ (g catalyst)⁻¹ and 8327 ml H₂ min⁻¹ (g catalyst)⁻¹ at 25 °C and 55 °C, respectively. The hydrogen release from AB catalyzed by ruthenium supported on carbon is significantly faster than that catalyzed by cobalt supported on alumina. Finally, the kinetic rate of hydrogen release by AB hydrolysis is much faster than that of hydrogen release by base-stabilized sodium borohydride hydrolysis.     

The Chemical Principle of Green Coal Power

Coal is still a major source of energy, also a major source of SO_2, NOx and CO_2 emission though. Removal of SO_2 and NOx doubled the cost of power generation, and capture of CO_2 is equivalent to double the market price of power coal. The GCP （green coal power） is the power generated in coal-combustion with zero emission. The author indicates that it is possible to make coal-fired power plants emission free based on thermodynamic analysis and purposely designed experiments using SFG （simulated flue gases）. It is concluded in the study that all SO_2 and NOx in the post-combustion flue gas are reduced to inoffensive substances at temperature lower than 750 ℃ when contacting carbon and elemental sulfur is separated in succeeded cooling of flue gas at temperatures 200-400 ℃, and the ultrafine dusts are trapped in condensed water at temperature blow 100 ℃. Based on chemical engineering expertise the author is sure that the cost for removing acid gases is much lower than any clean coal technologies known to today. Instead of capture, the remained CO_2 is converted to CO in the second time contact with carbon at 900-950 ℃. CO is the raw material of chemical synthesis and, thus, CO_2 is stored in chemical products such as methanol, fertilizer, plastics, etc. The simple and low-cost processing allows GCP utilized in practice easily.