三峡库区库湾富营养化生态修复应用研究

为了有效控制水体富营养化,通过构建大漂、苦草与鲢鱼组成的生态系统,研究其对库湾水体富营养化修复效果,试验结果表明:通过合理构建大漂、苦草和鲢鱼组成的生态系统,能够有效去除水体氮、磷营养盐,抑制藻类异常增殖,恢复良好的水体生态功能。     

不同底泥系统的湖泊内源释磷规律研究

综合运用了现场高频率水质和环境因子检测、底泥磷分级测定、实验室模拟这3种研究手段,对3个底泥生态系统各异（自然湖、存有底泥的人工湖、铺有防渗膜无底泥的人工湖）的典型湖泊进行了底泥磷释放和水体富营养化规律研究.结果表明：除掉底泥而铺设防渗膜无法改善湖泊的富营养化状况;夏季水华暴发会导致湖泊底层处于缺氧状态,最低DO浓度＜1 mg/L,同时pH值会升高,最高可达9.5,此状态可持续2个月以上;人工湖底泥中Fe-P和Al-P的成分均高于自然湖,在夏季高温、缺氧、碱性pH的典型环境条件下底泥磷的释放量要远大于自然湖,同时其富营养化程度也高于自然湖.     

再生水对城市河流水体黑臭影响的研究

本文研究了再生水进入城市河流对水体黑臭的影响和各种水质参数的相互作用关系。采用河流底泥和三种类型再生水样,在实验室模拟比较了静置和扰动两种状态,检测指标包括溶解氧、TOC、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总磷、磷酸盐、铁离子、土嗅素、2-甲基异莰醇、二甲基三硫醚等。结果表明:水质在静态不流动情况下明显恶化,底泥污染释放明显,水体溶解氧浓度降至2mg/L以下;在这种情况下,嗅味物质浓度显著上升,超过嗅阈值,容易引起水体黑臭现象。在厌氧状态下,底泥中氨氮、磷和铁离子释放量大,引起水质显著变化;在好氧和缺氧状态下,铁离子和磷酸根之间可能存在着复杂的动态反应,引起铁离子浓度大幅度波动;而氨氮、硝态氮和溶解氧之间也存在着复杂的作用关系,严重影响水体总氮浓度和氮的存在形态。研究结论表明:常规的再生水水质还不足以消除河流黑臭,底泥污染也有重要的影响,理解水体和底泥之间的复杂作用关系对于选择河流黑臭控制措施具有重要的指导意义。     

苏州河底泥对上复水水质污染影响

研究了上海市苏州河底泥中有机物及营养盐释放对上复水水质的影响,分析了微生物与底栖生物底泥再悬浮对底泥释放过程的影响。研究表明,底泥中化学需氧量与水体中的化学需氧量成正比,底泥中生化需氧量与水体中的生化需氧量呈正比,再悬浮促进底泥中污染物向上复水体释放。底泥SOD与水体中DO成正比,底泥污染是影响苏州河水质的重要因素;对苏州河底泥进行疏浚工程可较好地提高水体中溶解氧的浓度、降低化学需氧量、生化需氧量及氨氮的浓度。     

PAC絮凝沉积藻量对水-底泥系统营养盐释放的影响

聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝除藻对降低水体藻密度效果显著,但絮凝形成的沉积藻量对水-底泥系统营养盐释放的影响鲜有报道。通过监测不同量的絮凝藻沉积于一定量的底泥表面时上覆水水质和底泥组成的变化,探究使用PAC絮凝除藻时沉积藻量对水体水质及底泥内源释放的影响。结果表明,沉积藻会显著增加底泥中的氮向上覆水释放,当泥与藻的干质量之比为167.2、83.6和41.8时,反应器上覆水中NH4^+-N浓度均值分别为控制反应器(CK)的2.86、2.42和1.43倍,对应TN浓度均值分别为CK的2.06、1.66和1.09倍。此外,沉积藻会促进泥水界面处的反硝化过程,促进效果与沉积藻量呈负相关。然而,沉积藻对于控制底泥磷释放具有积极作用,试验期间CK上覆水中TP和PO4^3--P浓度均值分别为0.35和0.22 mg/L,而覆有沉积藻的所有反应器中TP和PO4^3--P浓度均值分别都低于0.05和0.03 mg/L,且沉积藻量越大,对应的磷浓度越低。     

南太子湖底泥疏浚工程对湖水水质的影响

湖泊底泥疏浚工程是解决湖泊内源污染、控制水体污染及富营养化的一种重要措施,其目的是通过清除湖内污染底泥,清除沉积物中所含污染物,减少沉积物中污染物向水体的释放,改善基底的污染程度,增加湖泊容积和水体自净能力。由于底泥疏浚工程多采用水下作业,常规方法为采用环保绞吸船对湖泊底泥进行疏浚施工,但底泥疏浚对湖泊水质的具体效果难以量化。以南太子湖底泥疏浚为例,通过对疏浚前后湖泊水质的监测,探讨底泥疏浚对湖泊水质的综合影响,其经验可为以后同类工程的施工提供参考和指导。     

棘洪滩水库水生植物调查及其营养负荷分析

对引黄济青工程唯一调蓄水库——棘洪滩水库的水生植被进行了种类、覆盖面积、现存生物量等的系统调查。结果表明:棘洪滩水库共有水生植物12种,其中沉水植物9种、挺水植物3种,优势种为黑藻。通过计算水库中9种沉水植物体内氮、磷蓄积量,分析了植物残体中营养盐的释放速率,为后期建立库区水动力水质模型提供了数据支持。     

城市景观水体底泥氮磷释放研究

以城市景观水体的底泥为研究对象,研究了底泥中氮磷的释放规律,以及p H和温度对底泥氮磷释放的影响,结果表明,总氮和总磷的浓度随时间而增加,在前期增加较快;p H值对氮磷也有明显的影响;在较高的温度下促进底泥向水体中释放氮和磷。     

营养盐对藻类生长影响的原位实验研究

淡水水体中水华的暴发对水环境造成严重危害,营养盐对形成水华起着重要的作用。为探究水华暴发期营养盐对藻类生长的影响程度,以三峡水库的支流澎溪河原生藻类群落为实验对象,利用自主设计的原位装置开展原位受控实验。在装置内进行了磷、高氮和低氮3种实验,装置内的其他生境条件与周围的环境保持一致。研究发现:在磷实验和低氮实验过程中,叶绿素呈下降趋势,而在高氮实验中叶绿素呈上升趋势。为明确不同实验条件下叶绿素变化趋势不一致的原因,通过化学计量学、相关性分析及非线性拟合等方法,对形成不同叶绿素趋势的原因进行了分析研究,结果表明:水华暴发期澎溪河藻类生长的最适N∶P为32.52,且澎溪河藻类生长的最适总磷和总氮浓度分别为0.12、2.44mg/L;营养盐和水温是原位条件下藻类生长的主要影响因素,营养盐浓度过高(总氮浓度高于2.44mg/L)、营养盐浓度过低(低于化学计量学上藻类所需要最低营养盐浓度)、水温过低(低于20℃)均会抑制藻类的生长,且与营养盐浓度过高相比,水温过低/营养盐浓度过低对藻类生长抑制作用较强;水华的暴发需要同时满足营养盐条件(营养盐浓度需大于藻类在化学计量学上所需要的最低浓度)和温度条件(水温高于20℃)。     

高光谱遥感技术监测内陆水体氮磷中的应用

氮、磷含量是衡量水质的主要指标,高光谱遥感技术在环境监测中具有重要意义。在阐述遥感技术监测水体氮磷的基本原理以及高光谱遥感数据特点的基础上,分析水体无机氮磷遥感反演模型,并对遥感技术监测内陆水体氮磷中的研究进展进行了综述分析,以期为进一步遥感定量研究湖泊、水库和河流等大型内陆水体中的氮、磷奠定了基础。     

Autotrophic nitrogen removal from black water: Calcium addition as a requirement for settleability

Black (toilet) water contains half of the organic load in the domestic wastewater, as well as the major fraction of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. When collected with vacuum toilets, the black water is 25 times more concentrated than the total domestic wastewater stream, i.e. including grey water produced by laundry, showers etc. A two-stage nitritation-anammox process was successfully employed and removed 85%-89% of total nitrogen in anaerobically treated black water. The (free) calcium concentration in black water was too low (42 mg/L) to obtain sufficient granulation of anammox biomass. The granulation and retention of the biomass was improved considerably by the addition of 39 mg/L of extra calcium. This resulted in a volumetric nitrogen removal rate of 0.5 gN/L/d, irrespective of the two temperatures of 35 °C and 25 °C at which the anammox reactors were operated. Nitrous oxide, a very strong global warming gas, was produced in situations of an incomplete anammox conversion accompanied by elevated levels of nitrite.     

棘洪滩水库沉积物对上覆水氮磷营养盐的影响

为了解青岛棘洪滩水库沉积物对水库水质的影响,分别在水库进水口（JSK）、库区中心（KX）和出水口（CSK）3个采样点采集库区沉积物,通过静态模拟吸附/释放实验,分析上覆水中氮磷营养盐含量变化.结果表明,除亚硝酸盐表现出微弱释放作用外,库区沉积物对氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮和总磷均表现出吸附作用,是氮磷营养盐的“汇”,并且不同采样点吸附能力也存在差异.其中出水口沉积物对总氮吸附作用最明显,吸附速率为4.80mg/（kg·d）,进水口沉积物对总磷吸附作用最强,吸附速率为0.06mg/（kg·d）.由此得出棘洪滩水库库区沉积物不会增加上覆水营养盐含量,库区水体营养盐可能主要来自引水.     

A preliminary modeling analysis of water quality in Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Diagnostic and sensitivity analyses

A deterministic mass balance model for nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics was previously developed and calibrated to a comprehensive set of field data for Lake Okeechobee. In the present study, diagnostic and sensitivity analyses were conducted with the calibrated model to better understand factors controlling phytoplankton and load-response dynamics in the lake. Phytoplankton growth rate limitation due to underwater light attenuation appears to be substantially greater than growth rate limitation due to non-optimal phosphorus concentrations. Phytoplankton biomass appears strongly controlled by the supply rate of dissolved available phosphorus to the water column. The dynamics of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in the lake are strongly influenced by sediment-water phosphorus fluxes. There is a wide range of uncertainty in responses of total phosphorus and cholorophyll a concentrations to changes in tributary phosphorus loadings. Much of this uncertainty is due to a lack of quantitative understanding of sediment responses to changes in tributary loadings. Other important factors are inter-annual variability in hydrometeorological conditions and the potential influence of wind-induced resuspension of particulate phosphorus. Responses of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations for a given change in tributary loading depend not only on the magnitide of the loading change, but also on the time frame after the loading change due to a lag in sediment response. Load-response predictions for Lake Okeechobee must take into account changes in available phosphorus loadings to the water column, and must be premised on assumptions for changes in internal phosphorus loadings from the sediments. Results from this preliminary modeling analysis are provisional in that they do not include potential nitrogen limitation, potential interactions between phosphorus and nitrogen, or phytoplankton responses to potential nitrogen fixation.     

Internal phosphorus loading in a shallow eutrophic lake

Internal loading of phosphorus has been implicated as a major eutrophicating factor in Long Lake, Washington (Kitsap County). As a result of such loading, summer total phosphorus concentrations approach or exceed 100 μgP l⁻¹. Most of the summer loading of phosphorus is thought to have been released directly from the rich, flocculent sediment in the mid and northern part of the lake as a result of high pH (up to 10) related to phytoplankton photosynthesis. The lake also supports a dense submersed macrophyte crop (areal weighted mean dry weight of about 220 g m⁻²) composed primarily of Elodea densa. Although excretion of phosphorus from healthy E. densa was found to be minimal, the potential contribution of P indirectly from sediment via macrophyte uptake and subsequent decomposition in the winter was on the order of 200–400 kg yr⁻¹ or about 25–50% of the external loading. Nevertheless, loading of phosphorus during predrawdown summers is thought to have originated largely as a direct release from sediment due to high pH. Estimates of sediment phosphorus release determined from laboratory experiments, mass balance and core analyses ranged from 2.2 to 5.6 mg m⁻² day⁻¹.As a component of the restoration program, the lake (mean depth of 2 m) was drawn down nearly 2 m for 4 months during the summer and fall of 1979. The lake's trophic status was expected to improve due to sediment consolidation and/or macrophyte reduction. The drawdown resulted in an 84% reduction in macrophyte biomass in 1980 but minimal sediment consolidation (0.1 m). Winter decomposition of the much smaller macrophyte crop, apparently provided insufficient phosphorus in the spring to stimulate phytoplankton and to enrich midlake sediments, which has probably occurred in previous years. Low water column pH during the postdrawndown summer of 1980 resulted from relatively low rates of plankton photosynthesis. During the summer of 1980 internal loading of phosphorus was reduced and total phosphorus remained below 50 μg l⁻¹.     

A proposal for managing wastewater in Harare, Zimbabwe

This paper deals with wastewater management in Harare, in the Lake Chivero catchment area of Zimbabwe. It aims at developing a sustainable system for managing water and nutrients and is based on the literature and a water quality monitoring study conducted from June 2000 to December 2001. This study has shown serious water pollution problems due to urbanisation in the catchment. A ‘three‐step strategic approach’ to urban (waste)water management was used as a basis for formulating solutions. The short‐term solutions include reduction of wastewater volume in industries and households, reducing wastewater flows by 24% and total phosphorus by 5%. The medium‐term solutions involve treating wastewater to high standards, resource recovery and reuse, and controlling upstream sources of pollution, and thus would reduce the lake total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels to about 0.4 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively. A long‐term solution was suggested based on pollution prevention and direct reuse, treatment at onsite and decentralised levels followed by reuse, and minimal disposal of the remaining effluents combined with the stimulation of the self‐purification capacity of the receiving rivers. It was concluded that it is feasible to reduce pollution levels in the catchment by applying these phased developments.     

Effect of nitrate concentration in lake water on phosphate release from the sediment

Thirty-one Danish eutrophic lakes were investigated routinely over 1 year during the period 1978–1980. Nine lakes were dimictic with anoxic hypolimnia and 22 were very productive and shallow, polymictic lakes. Phosphate release from the sediment resulted in large increases in phosphate concentrations in anoxic hypolimnion, if concentrations of oxidized nitrogen in hypolimnion were less than about 0.1 g N m⁻³. If concentration of oxidized nitrogen (mainly nitrate) in hypolimnion was about 1 g N m⁻³ or higher, no release of phosphate from the sediment to anoxic hypolimnion occurred. In lakes with no summer stratification a release of phosphate from the sediment to the well oxygenated water resulted in summer maxima of phosphate in the lake water, when nitrate concentration in the water was less than about 0.5 g N m⁻³, but no release took place if nitrate concentration exceeded about 0.5 g N m⁻³. This effect of oxidized nitrogen in preventing phosphate release from the sediment demonstrates the ability of oxidized nitrogen to buffer the redox potential of the surface sediment at a level high enough to prevent a release of phosphate. Thus, among the efforts to limited phytoplankton biomass in lakes an artificial enrichment with nitrate may in some cases be an important supplement to the usually necessary reduction in phosphorus loading, but the possibility of a stimulation of phytoplankton growth through the addition of nitrate must be carefully considered.     

电化学沉淀/复合黏土吸附法回收黄水中的营养盐

为了回收黄水中的氮、磷营养盐,构建电化学鸟粪石沉淀反应装置,试验结果表明,当电流密度为2.5 mA/cm^2时,磷回收速率及总回收率都为最高,反应4 h时磷回收率达到97.2%,沉淀产物中鸟粪石晶体的纯度为95.7%;氨氮去除率随电流密度的升高而增加,但电化学沉淀法对氨氮的最大去除率仅为21.6%。利用改性凹凸棒-膨润土复合黏土对电化学沉淀后黄水中的氨氮进行吸附,发现其对氨氮的吸附过程更符合拟二级动力学模型,对氨氮的平衡吸附量可达到15.30 mg/g。扫描电子能谱分散显微镜(SEM-EDS)分析表明,从实际黄水中回收的产物多为棱柱状晶体,晶体表面杂质较多,且含有一定量的钾型鸟粪石。     

A preliminary modeling analysis of water quality in Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Calibration results

To gain understanding of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, we developed and applied a deterministic, mass balance, water quality model at the whole-lake spatial scale. The model was calibrated to a comprehensive set of field data for 1985–1986, and then used to simulate the period 1973–1992. The model represented the mean behavior of in-lake total phosphorus, dissolved available phosphorus, total nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations reasonably well during the calibration period. The model did not represent dissolved available nitrogen concentrations very well, nor did it capture much of the observed temporal variability during the calibration period. The model results identified important information needs to improve our understanding of the nitrogen cycle including, sediment-water nitrogen fluxes, denitrification and nitrogen fixation. Results from the 1973–1992 simulation indicated that model assumptions and/or calibration parameters were not uniformly applicable over this period. Total phosphorus concentration results from this model were compared with results from two site-specific, empirical loading models for the lake. None of these models represented annual average concentrations uniformly well over the entire 20-year period, and none captured much of the observed inter-annual variability. External total phosphorus loadings and lake hydrology are not sufficient to fully describe total phosphorus dynamics in Lake Okeechobee. Other important factors are diffusive sediment-water fluxes, wind-induced sediment resuspension, and the spatial heterogeneity in the lake.     

Groundwater seepage nutrient loading in a Florida Lake

Twenty-five seepage meters were positioned in East Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, to determine groundwater seepage contributions of water and nutrients to the lake in 1983. Seepage was found to be an important source of water to the lake, contributing 14.3% of the water sources, and rates decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with distance from shore. A comparison of the piezometer and seepage meter techniques for measuring nutrient loading to the lake indicates the direct seepage meter technique overestimated nutrient inputs due to the enclosure to the sediments, possibly resulting in anaerobic conditions and increased release rates of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate. These results suggest that past studies employing this technique may be in error. Nutrient loading, calculated from piezometer nutrient data and seepage meter flow data, show that the groundwater nutrient loading in the lake was significant, contributing 8.7 and 17.6% of the total phosphorus and total nitrogen inputs to the lake, respectively.