非均匀沙床面阻力特性的实验研究

天然情况下，河流泥沙组成多为非均匀沙。河流床沙及其粒径组成的非均匀性是影响水流阻力的主要因素之一，研究床沙组成的非均匀性对水流阻力的影响，具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文在大量实验和实测资料的基础上，首次系统考虑床沙级配及其组成的非均匀性对水流阻力的影响，认识了床沙组成非均匀性对水流阻力的影响关系，初步得出非均匀性对水流阻力影响的规律，丰富了人们对床面泥沙组成非均匀性的认识，为进一步深入研究奠定了基     

非均匀沙床面阻力特性及计算方法

天然情况下，河流泥沙组成多为非均匀沙．研究床沙组成非均匀性对水流阻力的影响，具有重要的理论和现实意义．以Keulegan流速公式为理论依据，分析可靠的2174组试验和国外1404组河流实测资料，系统考虑庆沙组成的非均匀性对水流阻力的影响关系，建立了非均匀沙床面阻力系数的计算方法．通过长江中下游678组现场资料验证，得知计算结果有较高的精度，可供确定非均匀沙床面阻力时参考．     

天然河道不连续宽级配床沙特性及形成条件探讨

选取我国有代表性的几个河段对不连续宽级配床沙特性及形成条件进行了初步探讨,为不连续宽级配床沙运动规律研究提供了基础。认为不连续宽级配床沙特性为：泥沙粒径范围很宽,某一粒径范围泥沙较少甚至缺失,床沙粒径重量百分数具有明显的双峰分布特征。不连续宽级配床沙形成的一般条件为：河床床沙本身具有一定的不均匀性,河床有一定的覆盖层厚度,上游具有补给性的来沙条件,河段水流速度具有一定的变化幅度。     

沙波运动与床沙交换调整

冲积河流非均匀沙表层床沙粒径组成是影响水流阻力、输沙及河床冲淤的重要因素.表层床沙组成随着冲淤及与深层床沙不断交换而调整变化.本文分析提出沙波运动是床沙交换最基本最普遍的原因,提出了随冲淤及床沙交换床沙调整变化的计算关系.根据作者及其它水槽试验和河流实测沙波资料,文中总结得出了沙波高度、沙波运动速度及周期的新的计算公式,可用于估算床沙活动交换层厚度及交换速度,也可用于其它方面的分析计算.     

冲积河流长距离冲刷不平衡输沙过程初步研究

本文从悬移质扩散方程出发, 研究冲积河流长距离冲刷不平衡输沙过程. 对于天然沙质河流, 床沙均为非均匀沙, 由于较细泥沙的冲刷率总大于较粗泥沙, 因此在床面薄层内泥沙随冲刷迅速粗比, 致使挟沙力降低, 不平衡输沙距离比均匀沙情况大大延长. 文中同时提出了表层床沙粗化的概化计算模式及床沙交换速率计算公式. 床沙交换速率的大小是决定含沙量恢复饱和距离的重要因素. 本文对不同类型底部边界条件进行了计算比较, 并与黄河下游的实际冲刷资料进行了对比, 结果表明, 应用梯度型底部边界条件, 且在考虑表层床沙粗化中以作者提出的公式计算床沙交换速率, 则计算含沙量和实际符合良好.     

床沙代表粒径与输移泥沙中值粒径的关系

本文分析了输移泥沙床沙质中值粒径D50i的变化规律和计算方法，指出由于水流的分选作用，输移泥沙的中径D50i一般较床沙中值粒径D50为细，且相对中值粒径D50i/D50随床沙标准方差σg的增大而减小。还分析了床沙非均匀性对输沙能力的影响，结果在相同的D50条件下，输沙能力随σg的增大而增大。此外，对采用D50i作为床沙代表粒径的输沙能力计算进行了探讨，结果可以大大提高输沙能力的计算精度。研究表明，用于非均匀沙输沙能力计算的床沙代表粒径，不应是一个固定不变的粒径，床沙代表粒径及相应的沙重百分数应随σg的增大而减小，Einstein等建议的D35仅在σg值为1．5左右才适用。     

不连续宽级配床沙推移质输沙率特性试验分析

通过水槽试验对不连续宽级配床沙的推移质输沙率进行试验研究.深入分析、探讨了不同水流强度及不同床沙组成对连续与不连续宽级配床沙输沙率的影响.在已有研究成果的基础上,构造了考虑床沙不均匀性的相对水流强度表达式,着重研究了相对水流强度与推移质输沙率函数的关系.利用试验资料对提出的表达式进行回归分析,确定了有关参数.最终确定的...     

非均匀沙起动规律探讨

本文从分析非均匀沙的起动机理入手，在非均匀少度变化规律研究的基础上，确定床沙的可动层厚度，并用力学分析及泥沙颗粒分布的统计特性理论、解析几何方法，推出了非均匀潲起动流速的计算公式。对该公式用实测的床沙级配资料验证，所得的结果与实测的泥沙起动速一致。     

床面粗化层粒径级配的研究

本文研究了清水冲刷条件下宽级配非均匀床沙粗化的规律性。研究中不仅考虑了水流的紊动性和泥沙非均匀性对其起动规律的影响,而且还考虑了不同粒径泥沙起动引起水流相对脉动强度的变化。通过试验,分别就单峰型和双峰型初始床沙级配,给出了粗化后床面层粒径组成的计算方法,并与已有的试验资料和计算结果进行了比较。     

冲积河流悬移质泥沙与床沙交换机理及计算方法研究

本文在分析前人研究成果的基础上，从非恒定挟沙水流沙量平衡入手，建立了冲积河流悬移质泥沙与床沙交换关系表达式，并引入平衡冲淤物粒径的概念，对冲淤物粒径的计算方法进行了系统分析，提出了一整套计算非恒定挟沙水流悬移质泥沙与床沙交换的模式与方法，同时将该方法引用到数学模型中，采用黄河下游典型洪水进行了验证。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.