Effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: Lignocellulose should undergo pretreatment to enhance its enzymatic digestibility before being saccharified. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong oxidant that can remove lignin under mild conditions. The sulfuric acid in the PAA solution also can cause degradation of hemicelluloses. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of several factors on peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. RESULTS: It was found that PAA charge, liquid/solid (l/s) ratio, temperature, time, interactions between PAA charge and l/s ratio, temperature and time, all had a very significant effect on the enzymatic conversion ratio of cellulose. The relative optimum condition was obtained as follows: PAA charge 50%, l/s ratio 6:1, temperature 80 °C and time 2 h. More than 80% of the cellulose in bagasse treated under the above conditions was converted to glucose by cellulase of 20 FPU g^?1 cellulose. Compared with H₂SO₄ and NaOH pretreatments under the same mild conditions, PAA pretreatment was the most effective for enhancement of enzymatic digestibility. CONCLUSION: PAA pretreatment could greatly enhance the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by removing hemicelluloses and lignin, but removal of lignin was more helpful. This study can serve as a step to further optimization of PAA pretreatment and understanding the mechanism of enhancement of enzymatic digestibility. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘蔗渣的酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理及其酶解

预处理可以打破木质纤维素原料纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大组分间的顽抗结构,从而提升纤维素基质可酶解性。本文针对目前常压甘油有机溶剂预处理花费时间过长的问题,尝试开展酸催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理研究以缩短预处理时间。实验通过单因素选择和响应面Box-Behnken设计优化,获得酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂预处理的最佳条件为：预处理温度245℃,预处理时间38min,硫酸添加质量0.1%。在此条件下获得基质48h酶解率的响应面预测值为94.0%,实际值为91.4%。结果表明响应面优化方案和回归模型适用于本实验,预处理显著提高了基质可酶解性。高浓度基质（15%～20%）酶解进一步证明了预处理后基质具有突出的可酶解性,20%浓度基质在酶载量5FPU/g干基质条件下批次酶解72h,酶解率达60%,葡萄糖浓度达83.4g/L。酸催化常压甘油有机溶剂酸预处理在明显缩短预处理时间的同时,能显著提高木质纤维素基质可酶解性,使后续工业化意义的浓醪酶解糖化成为可能。     

Peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis: a continued work

Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA‐treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

预处理蔗渣纤维素水解糖化研究

采用两段稀酸水解法对用质量分数为5%氢氧化钠溶液预处理后的蔗渣进行了水解糖化研究,考察了液固比、硫酸体积分数、反应时间及催化剂硫酸亚铁对葡萄糖得率及纤维素水解率的影响。结果表明:第一段主要是半纤维素水解,以及少量纤维素水解,最优条件为液固比10 mL/g,硫酸体积分数3%,在121℃下反应3 h,葡萄糖得率为22.16%,纤维素水解率为25.98%;对残渣继续第二段水解,最优条件为液固比8 mL/g,硫酸体积分数为8%,硫酸亚铁质量分数1%,在121℃下反应5.5 h,葡萄糖得率为41.05%,纤维素水解率为56.36%;采用两段稀酸水解法水解蔗渣,葡萄糖总得率为52.68%,纤维素总水解率为67.70%。     

An approach to optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse based on organosolv pretreatment

BACKGROUND: The organosolv pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material and subsequent fermentation of the hydrolysate produced, was the strategy used for ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. The effect of different operational variables affecting the pretreatment (the catalyst type and its concentration, and the pretreatment time) and enzymatic hydrolysis stage (substrate concentration, cellulase loading, addition of xylanase and Tween 20, and the cellulase/β‐glucosidase ratio), were investigated. RESULTS: The best values of glucose concentration (28.8 g L^?1) and yield (25.1 g per 100 g dry matter) were obtained when the material was pretreated with 1.25% (w/w) H₂SO₄ for 60 min, and subsequently hydrolyzed using 10% (w/v) substrate concentration in a reaction medium supplemented with xylanase (300 UI g^?1) and Tween 20 (2.5% w/w). Fermentation of the broth obtained under these optimum conditions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in an ethanol yield of 92.8% based on the theoretical yield, after 24 h. CONCLUSION: Organosolv pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse under soft conditions, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material with a cellulolytic system supplemented with xylanase and Tween 20, is a suitable procedure to obtain a glucose rich hydrolysate efficiently fermentable to ethanol by Sacharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production: determining optimal enzyme loading using neural networks

BACKGROUND: The efficient production of a fermentable hydrolyzate is an immensely important requirement in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock in bioethanol production processes. The identification of the optimal enzyme loading is of particular importance to maximize the amount of glucose produced from lignocellulosic materials while maintaining low costs. This requirement can only be achieved by incorporating reliable methodologies to properly address the optimization problem. RESULTS: In this work, a data‐driven technique based on artificial neural networks and design of experiments have been integrated in order to identify the optimal enzyme combination. The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse was used as a case study. This technique was used to build up a model of the combined effects of cellulase (FPU/L) and β‐glucosidase (CBU/L) loads on glucose yield (%) after enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal glucose yield, above 99%, was achieved with cellulase and β‐glucosidase concentrations in the ranges of 460.0 to 580.0 FPU L^?1 (15.3–19.3 FPU g^?1 bagasse) and 750.0 to 1140.0 CBU L^?1 (2–38 CBU g^?1 bagasse), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamic model developed can be used not only to the prediction of glucose concentration profiles for different enzymatic loadings, but also to obtain the optimum enzymes loading that leads to high glucose yield. It can promote both a successful hydrolysis process control and a more effective employment of enzymes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of glucose:xylose ratio on xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities from Candida guilliermondii in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate

The influence of glucose on xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme activity was evaluated from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate fermentations with different glucose:xylose ratios (1:25, 1:12, 1:5 and 1:2.5) by employing an inoculum of Candida guilliermondii grown in media containing glucose, a mixture of glucose and xylose, or only xylose as carbon sources. According to the results, the glucose:xylose ratio affected positively this bioconversion and a correlation was not observed between the favourable conditions for xylitol production and the XR and XDH activities. Also, the results were influenced not only by the glucose:xylose ratio in the fermentation medium, but also by the carbon source employed in the growth medium of the inoculum. The optimum condition for xylitol production by C. guilliermondii in sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate should use hydrolysate with a 1:5 glucose:xylose ratio and inoculum grown in medium containing xylose as the only carbon source. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse with hydrochloric acid: Separation of the acid by pervaporation. Evaluation of the bergius process

Polyester reinforced PTFE membranes with a nominal pore size of 0.02 μm are very effective in pervaporating HCl gas from hydrochloric acid solutions and cellulose hydrolysates. The efficiency of such membranes, which may be as high as 1.8x10^?2 mmol HCl min^?1 cm^?2 at 40°C, is almost independent of the flow rate and the static pressure of the acidic solution but depends strongly on the acid concentration. At an acid concentration of 26% (w/v) the pervaporation of HCl is negligible at 40°C, but can be accelerated by increasing the temperature. A slow increase of temperature during the pervaporation process is proposed, as this promotes post-hydrolysis of the sugars. Lithium chloride induces structural changes in the membrane which increase efficiency without compromising performance. The use of this new technology in conjunction with the original Bergius process could improve the performance of the latter and reduce its overall costs. The use of the improved process for the hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse could double the yields of sugar or alcohol per hectare of planted sugar cane.     

连续酸解在硫酸法钛白生产中的应用

硫酸法钛白生产会产生大量的废水、废酸和废气,给环境造成严重的污染。通过分析硫酸法钛白生产酸解的原理,对比连续酸解与间歇酸解主反应时产生的废气排放对比,续酸解与间歇酸解的经济对比,体现连续性酸解尾气处理的优越性。     

硫酸分解磷矿第一阶段反应动力学研究

对硫酸分解磷矿粉的第一阶段反应进行了动力学研究,通过对实验数据的分析,证明此阶段反应为一级反应。反应速率常数与温度的关系符合阿累尼乌斯方程,活化能Ea为8．65kJ／mol。     

热分析在磷石膏制酸反应研究中的应用

采用热分析方法研究磷石膏制酸过程中CaSO4与焦炭的反应进程。在TG-DTA热分析仪上研究原料配比(C与CaSO4摩尔比)对反应进程及反应温度的影响。通过比较化学反应的实际失重量与理论失重量,发现原料配比为0.4和0.5时,反应先生成CaS,且反应温度随原料配比增加而降低。当原料配比增至0.6时,反应先生成CaO、CO。反应产物的XRD表征也进一步证实分别生成了CaS和CaO,因此可以认为热分析方法用于磷石膏制酸反应研究是可行的。最后对反应机理进行了初步的探讨。     

800 kt/a硫酸装置风机存在问题分析及对策

800 kt/a硫酸装置,风机由汽轮机拖动,由于汽轮机叶片积盐及风机叶片的油泥酸垢,使风机运行中存在风量不够的问题,提出采用冲洗汽轮机及风机除盐垢的方法,解决了风机的风量问题,稳定了硫酸生产.     

Kinetic model for the esterification of free fatty acids from palm oil with methanol using sulfuric acid as catalyst and sensitivity analysis in tubular reactors

Industrial biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) by homogeneous transesterification requires some conditioning stages. One is deodorization, where free fatty acids (FFA) are stripped out from the CPO. The FFA from the deodorizer is esterified using a homogeneous acid catalyst to produce more biodiesel and improve process profitability. This work studied the sulfuric acid-catalyzed esterification of FFA with methanol. The factors evaluated were temperature (between 40 and 60°C) and catalyst concentration (between 0.15 and 1.5 wt% based on the mixture). The parameters of a reversible second-order kinetic model were adjusted from experimental data using a genetic algorithm. The kinetic model, which adequately represents the esterification reaction, according to the Fisher–Snedecor test, was used to perform a sensitivity analysis in isothermal, adiabatic, and non-isolated continuous tubular esterification reactors using ASPEN HYSYS V10. The results showed that the highest conversion (~96%) was predicted using an isothermal reactor. However, its installation and operational costs could also be the highest. An adiabatic reactor was preferred, which optimal conversion of 94.5% was predicted at temperature, catalyst concentration, residence time, and methanol-to-FFA molar ratio of 140°C, 0.3 wt%, 47 min, and 6.7, respectively, its predicted operational cost was 0.63 dollars per biodiesel kilogram. Therefore, the adjusted and validated model has a relevant importance in the biofuel sector, not only in Colombia, but also worldwide.