Hydraulics of a multiple slit-type energy dissipater简

With the constructions of high dam projects in China, the energy dissipation downstream of a dam becomes a serious concern. In this study, a multiple slit-type energy dissipater, with different reduction size slits in the outlet, is developed on the basis of conventional slit-type energy dissipaters, aiming to enhance the energy dissipation through the turbulence and the friction between the different layers of the jet flow and the air entrainment due to the increased surface of the flow to the air. The hydraulic characteristics of the energy dissipater are experimentally investigated by means of three sets of physical models in nine cases, to characterize the geometric parameters with suitable performance. The main concerns are the flow regime, the jet flow trajectory, the energy dissipation, the cavitation characteristics, and the flow choking. The results indicate that the dissipater enjoys a high energy dissipation ratio with suitable hydraulic performance comparing with the conventional slit-type energy dissipaters.     

Flow choking over weir flow slit-type flip buckets

The flow choking may occur for weir flow slit-type flip buckets under common operation conditions. An estimation method is developed through introducing a comprehensive coefficient to determine the approach flow Froude number for the flow choking to occur in those flip buckets. The error of the present method relative to the experimental data is less than 5%. The results show that, the Froude number for the flow choking to occur is related to the contraction ratio and the contraction angle of the flip buckets. When the flow choking occurs, the upper jet trajectory decreases and the lower one is almost not affected, and the dynamic pressures on the bottom and the sidewalls increase due to the flow profile rising on the flip buckets.     

Flow choking characteristics of slit-type energy dissipaters

In this paper, the behavior of the flow choking, including the critical and developing states, was experimentally investigated by means of five slit-type outlets, characterized by the outlet width, the contraction angle and the opening of the working gate. The results showed that the approach flow Froude number of the critical choking decreases if the outlet width increases, or the contraction angle decreases, or the opening increases. There is the hysteresis when the flow choking develops, i.e., the Froude numbers of the appearance and disappearance of the flow choking at the increasing discharge regime are all larger than those at the decreasing discharge regime. For various widths of the outlets, the differences between the critical Froude numbers at small opening are much larger than thoset at large opening. The change range from appearance to disappearance of the flow choking at small opening is smaller than that at large opening.     

基于降雨分析的窄缝挑坎消能工水翅特性研究

通过建立窄缝挑坎消能工物理模型,模拟研究出射水流的激溅水翅问题。通过调整窄缝挑坎体型参数( 弗氏数Fr、收缩比 β、挑角 θ)以获得不同出射水流条件,进行对比试验分析水翅的成因及其引起的降雨量区域强度变化趋势,甄别影响水翅形成及其强弱变化的主要水力参数,总结其变化规律。研究表明,窄缝消能工水舌的外缘挑距和入水长度均会随着弗汝德数Fr的增加而增大,挑坎下游典型区域的雨量分布亦随之发生变化;随着窄缝收缩角的增大,急流冲击波波角逐渐变小,水翅向岸边扩散的角度变小,冲击波交汇点距离窄缝出口更近,降雨向岸边扩散的范围也逐渐变小;此外收缩比与水舌外缘挑距和入水长度变化成反比。本研究成果可进一步加深对窄缝挑坎消能工水力特性尤其是水翅形成机理的认知,为工程实践提供优化依据。     

低佛氏数底流消能辅助消能工模型试验分析

低佛氏数底流消能的消能效率低,消力池工程量大,往往需要设置辅助消能工.结合某电站消能防冲段模型试验,对3种形式辅助消能工的水流流态、消能率、经济效益进行了分析,结果表明:在消力池末端布置T形消能墩,可发挥其增加小尺度旋涡、增强局部紊动、混掺水流的功能,提高消能率,而且可使消力池尺寸大大缩小,经济效益十分显著,是一种较理想的适用于低佛氏数泄水建筑物的辅助消能工形式.     

窄缝挑坎水翅危害强度研究

为了探讨水流流经泄水建筑物末端的窄缝挑坎时产生的水翅导致强降雨对下游造成的不利影响,进行了系列模型试验研究,分析了能够表征水翅危害强度的各参数(水翅影响区距挑坎出口位置、降雨强度等值线包裹范围面积、椭圆形态系数、椭圆偏态系数),并构建水翅危害强度表达式。利用此表达式对模型试验实测降雨强度计算分析,结果表明:来流弗劳德数增大及挑坎底板采用的俯角角度减小时,窄缝水翅对泄水建筑物产生的危害强度呈降低趋势,而对下游岸坡和环境危害强度呈增加趋势;挑坎收缩比减小时,对泄水建筑物及下游岸坡和环境的危害强度均呈增加趋势。研究成果可用于物理模型试验研究时定量评判窄缝挑坎水翅危害强度,为窄缝挑坎体型参数选择提供理论支撑。     

湍浮力射流形成区内特性的预报

应用作者所提出的数学模型和计算方法,对浮力射流形成区内的特性进行了预报。得出了形成区内中线流速、温度和湍动能的沿程变化,以及射流核的长度和掺入速度。也得出了流速、温度和湍动能在断面上的分布。并分析和讨论了出口条件及环境分层对这些特性的影响。     

Ski jump trajectory with consideration of air resistance

In the case of the ski-jump type energy dissipation,the jet trajectory will be greatly affected by the air entrainment and the air resistance.It is necessary to consider those factors when estimating the trajectory of the jet flow.In this work,the effect of the air resistance on the jet trajectory is theoretically and experimentally investigated.A comprehensive resistance coefficient is proposed.To determine this coefficient,experiments of five models are conducted with the circular-shaped flip bucket placed at the point of the takeoff of ski jumps.It is shown that,this coefficient of the lower jet trajectory is only related to the approach flow Froude number,while that of the upper jet trajectory is dominated by both this Froude number and the deflection angle.Furthermore,the present methodology is validated by experimental data in this work and the maximum errors are not larger than 3.2%and 8.6%for the lower and upper jet trajectories,respectively.     

泄洪洞窄缝燕尾组合挑坎试验研究

采用物理模型试验的方法,在综合考虑燕尾挑坎、窄缝挑坎2种消能工各自特点的基础上,针对长河坝水电站2^#泄洪洞挑流水舌所必须达到的挑射效果,进行了窄缝燕尾新型组合挑坎的试验研究。从挑坎内部水流流态、出挑水舌形态以及下游消能防冲效果3个方面进行了燕尾挑坎、窄缝挑坎以及新型组合挑坎之间的对比试验。研究结果表明新型的组合体型兼有燕尾挑坎与窄缝挑坎的优点,它在改善坎内水流流态、水舌形态、减轻下游河道冲刷方面起到了重要作用,同时也满足2^#泄洪洞出挑水舌的限制要求。试验的研究成果可供类似工程参考。     

窄缝挑坎消能工几个水力参数试验研究

窄缝挑坎消能工以其消能效果显著被广泛运用于高坝建设中,通过建立概化物理模型对窄缝挑坎消能工几个典型水力参数进行模拟研究,根据工程经验分别选取收缩断面前不同来流条件,不同收缩比、挑坎挑角的窄缝体型,共计9组36种试验工况来进行系列模型试验,分析总结其变化影响规律,研究成果可为窄缝挑坎消能工优化设计和进一步深化研究提供理论支持。     

我国高坝泄洪消能新技术的研究和创新

60年来,特别是改革开放30多年来,我国的水利水电建设事业得到飞速发展,建成和在建一大批具有世界级水平的大型水利枢纽,为了满足工程建设的迫切需要,向设计提供技术先进、安全可靠的泄洪消能方案,促使我国在高水头大流量泄洪消能技术和高速水流的研究方面达到世界领先水平。本文重点评述我国在高水头、大流量泄水建筑物泄洪消能方面所取得的一些重要研究成果,包括宽尾墩联合消能工、窄缝挑坎消能工、高拱坝水垫塘消能、内消能工和高水头泄洪隧洞掺气减蚀等若干新的研究成果。     

Shock waves and water wing in slit-type energy dissipaters

The slit-type energy dissipater(STED)is widely used in hydraulic projects of high water head,large discharge,and narrow river valley,thanks to its simple structure and high efficiency.However,the water wing caused by the shock waves in the contraction section of the STED may bring about harmful effects.A coefficient is introduced for the application of Ippen?s theory in the STED.The expression of the coefficient is experimentally obtained.Simplified formulas to calculate the shock wave angle and the water wing scope are theoretically derived,with relative errors within 5%.     

直线边墙窄缝挑坎的水力计算

应用辐射水流特性计算窄缝挑坎中线水面线,提出一级直线窄缝挑坎水力计算方法,可以比较简单地计算水面线和水舌挑距。水力模型试验验证结果表明,计算结果与试验值基本吻合;同样来流宽深比情况下,水面线与来流弗劳德数基本无关。     

窄缝消能与碰撞消能雾化水流研究

窄缝消能是挑流消能的一种特殊形式。本文对窄缝消能的雾化水流特性进行了初步的研究，提出了窄缝消能高速挑射水流的数学模型，同时对窄缝消能的雾流源量进行了分析。此外，本文还对碰撞消能的雾化水流问题进行了初步探讨。     

Experimental investigation of the optimization of stilling basin with shallow- water cushion used for low Froude number energy dissipation

Energy dissipations induced by the hydraulic jump and the trajectory jet are the most widely known as the two dissipation modes at the downstream of flood discharging structures, which are often considered quite different even contradictory. However, such two energy dissipators can be used jointly and harmonically. In this paper, a new type of stilling basin with a shallow-water cushion and a triangular bottom deflector is proposed based on two different scale physical model tests of the flood discharging tunnel No.2 of Luding hydropower project. The experimental results show that the flow regime of the hydraulic jump in the presented stilling basin with bottom deflector enjoys a good and stable performance within a large range of flow rates and the energy dissipation rate is considerably high as compared to the conventional stilling basin even at a low Froude number. The results also indicate that the stilling basin with triangular bottom deflector has a better performance in improving the potential cavitation erosion according to the analysis of the pressure and the cavitation number compared to the trapezoidal one. The proposed new type of shallow-cushion stilling basin with a shallow-water cushion can be applied in similar energy dissipation projects with low Froude number and large range of flow rates.     

窄缝消能工水力特性的数值模拟与试验研究

本文对高拱坝深孔窄缝消能工的有压洞段及出口的压力、沿程水面线、沿程流速分布、水舌入水角度、水垫塘底板的动水压力分布等水力要素进行了研究,采用基于VOF两相流的标准k-ε双方程紊流数学模型对各水力要素进行了数值模拟,并与模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明:数值模拟结果与模型试验吻合良好,说明利用该数学模型模拟窄缝收缩段、空中射流水舌及水垫塘的水力特性是可行的。利用抛射体理论计算公式得到各种形式下水舌进入水垫塘的运动轨迹、入射角及入射流速,弥补了模型试验中无法测量空中水舌流速分布的不足,可以为工程设计及应用提供一定的参考依据。     

巢湖兆河分洪闸泄流特性试验研究

受周边地形条件及环境限制,巢湖兆河分洪闸与河道呈垂直布置,进流条件不利。针对分洪闸与河道垂直布置这一特征,分别对开敞式和涵洞式分洪闸进行了水工模型进口流态试验分析,结果表明涵洞式分洪闸进流流态优于开敞式分洪闸,能更好地保证各闸孔的均匀进流。针对涵洞式分洪闸方案,研究了分洪闸敞泄和控泄的泄流能力,指出敞泄状态下进口行近流速对流量计算影响明显,在水闸规划设计中,应计入行近流速影响。为改善消能效果及出口水流与下游的衔接,进行了多方案消能防冲改进试验,结果表明尾坎作为一种冲击式消能工布置在挖深式消力池末端,可使出口水流流速分布更加均匀并与下游水流衔接更为平顺,明显增强消能防冲效果。     

Cavity filling water control below aerator devices

With the rapid development of high dam projects within China, the dragon-drop-tail spillway tunnel is introduced and widely used. In view of the high water head and the large flow velocity on the dragon-drop-tail section, aerator devices are usually placed for the cavitation damage control. For the device placed in its initial position, it is a serious concern to design a suitable flow regime of the cavity and to control the cavity filling water due to the large flow depth and the low Froude number through this aerator. In this study, the relationships between the geometries of the aerator device and the jet impact angle of the lower trajectory of the flow are theoretically analyzed with/without a local slope. Nine test cases with different geometries are designed, the effectiveness of the filling water control is experimentally investigated under different operation conditions, and two criteria of the local slope design are proposed. It is concluded that the cavity flow regime and the filling water can be improved if a small impact angle and some suitable geometries of the local slope are designed.     

射流出口末端折流板压力特性试验研究

高坝工程坝身孔口射流多呈横向扩散下泄,但狭窄河谷中的高坝工程因泄流宽度不足而受到限制。在坝身孔口出流末端设置横向收缩折流板,可获得竖向及纵向扩散良好的窄长水舌流态,从而充分利用河道纵向空间泄洪消能。但折流板两侧因射流冲击而压力剧增,这对折流板的结构设计不利。通过模型试验的方法,对收缩射流折流板不同体型参数(收缩比β、相对收缩段长度δ以及出口倾角γ)和深孔进口水头变化对其所受冲击压力的影响进行了研究。结果表明:射流冲击使得折流板上所受压力剧增,且压力最大值出现在始折点(突扩侧墙与折流板相接处,即折流板的始端)上,折流板面上无负压出现;折流板最大冲击压力随收缩比的增大而减小,随相对收缩段长度的增加而减小,随出口倾角的增大而增大,随深孔进口的水头增加而增大。