微生物渗流规律及能力研究

微生物能够在油层中运移是应用微生物提高采收率的重要原因 ,本文介绍了微生物在多孔介质中渗流的实验研究和数学模型建立。实验研究表明 ,微生物的柔性变形性和动力定向性 ,使微生物具有很强的通过多孔介质喉道能力 ,可用于 30× 10 -3 μm2 左右低渗油田采油 ;微生物渗流时 ,可被岩石吸附并具有对流扩散特征。在对流扩散特征基础上 ,建立了包含吸附的一维单向和径向微生物渗流数学模型 ,并得到了解析解。通过对实验曲线的拟合 ,得到了微生物在多孔介质中的对流扩散系数和最大吸附常数 ;计算表明 ,微生物渗流时浓度下降很快 ,有效作用范围很小 ,因此微生物在油藏条件下有快速的繁殖能力十分必要。模型可用于计算微生物驱时油井见效时间和微生物产出时间     

一维对流扩散方程的独立覆盖分析方法

针对现有的各种数值方法在求解一维对流扩散方程时容易出现的数值振荡、假扩散等计算稳定性和计算精度不足问题,提出应用独立覆盖流形法进行数值求解的新思路,即分区的多项式级数逼近。基于标准的伽辽金法推导一维对流扩散方程的独立覆盖流形法求解公式。采用场变量的一阶导数在独立覆盖之间的窄条形覆盖重叠区域是否连续的后验误差估计方法,通过覆盖加密和级数升阶的h-p型混合自适应进行自动求解。给出的稳态和非稳态分析算例结果表明:分区级数的数值解稳定地逼近于精确解,最终两者很好地吻合;对于对流占优问题,自适应求解可以有效避免数值振荡。另外还尝试了将数值解代回微分方程计算残差作为误差指标,如果能使微分方程逐点满足,那么将是对数值解最严格的误差判断。     

一维多孔介质中气体渗流与多相气固反应分析

考虑到气体的压缩性，按渗流力学给出了多孔介质中的非均匀流场，并进一步研究多孔介质内的多相气固反应和传输。与不可压缩气体对流、反应、扩散的比较表明，两种流动的孔隙压力分布差别很小，但渗流速度的差别却较大。由于小的速度差会引起Peclet数的大的差别，最终引起气体浓度的较大差别，因而有必要考虑气体的压缩性。人口处的流速与多孔介质内由于气体膨胀产生的附加速度是有实质差别的两种对流，前者使气体浓度上升，后者使其浓度下降。对流对反应气体和产物气体传输的影响不同，但这仅是表面现象的不同，对流的本质不变。对颗粒堆积的多孔介质，颗粒半径和孔隙率越小，以Mach数作为判别气体压缩性是否可以忽略的指标就越不合理。因此对多孔介质中的气体流动，应该用压降作指标判别是否可以忽略气体的压缩性。     

一个混合对流问题的数值解

干燥用太阳能集热器中的流动既有强迫对流，也有自然对流，本文利用有限元法求出了数值解，计算结果表明，当忽略自然对流影响时，误差一般不超过５％。文中给出了相应的准则方程式，并作了实验验证。     

不可压缩塑性问题稳定化的等插值u-p有限元解法

对于不可压缩或近似不可压缩问题的求解通常需采用不等插值的混合位移-压力（u-p）单元以满足Babuska－Brezzi稳定条件或Zienkiewicz－Tayfor分片试验要求。本文提出的稳定化的等插值u-p有限元解法使得采用等插值法成为可能。本文绘出了一个简单算例以验证该方法的正确性。另外给出了一个应用算例，用本文方法结合自适应网格剖分采用简单的线性三角形单元求解不排水土坡的极限荷载，其结果与理论解的误差小于5％。     

溶质运移中多孔介质弥散度影响因素的SPH模拟研究

借助光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法,本文从流体质点运动和溶质扩散的物理本质出发,设计并进行孔隙尺度下多孔介质中溶质运移的仿真实验,进而分析多孔介质弥散度影响因素,并讨论弥散度与多孔介质结构参数的关系。通过离散化N-S方程和Fick扩散方程,建立描述孔隙水流动的SPH水动力模型和描述溶质分子扩散的扩散模型,求解出在低Pe数下对流扩散方程的一维定解问题,检验了模型的准确性。在高Pe数流场中,进行了恒定流速的黏性流体穿透多孔介质薄层的仿真实验,计算结果可准确模拟出过水断面上各流体质点的流速差异、流体质点在多孔介质中的弥散过程以及流体质点的迂曲绕流过程;通过建立三段理想化的孔隙通道模型,发现在迂曲路径相同时,速度差对机械弥散度仍有显著影响。最后,为探究弥散度与多孔介质结构参数的关系,生成了多组随机粒径的二维多孔介质进行溶质穿透仿真实验。计算结果表明,弥散度与流速变异系数、迂曲度、迂曲路径差以及不均匀系数大致呈正相关,与孔隙率呈负相关。     

基于饱和度分布的渗流计算

该文以多孔介质的饱和度和渗流场总水头为变量建立了统一的饱和一非饱和渗流模型.该模型将渗流场概化为饱和区与非饱和区两部分,使得模型的非线性抛物型方程在这两个区域分别退化为Poisson方程和对流方程.用有限元方法联立迭代求解这两个方程可以求得渗流场的总水头分布与饱和度分布,从而求得渗流自由面.分别利用双介质土柱恒定渗流解析解和吉林二道江电厂储灰坝电模拟实验对该方法可靠性和有效性进行了验证,取得了很好的效果.     

多孔介质与流体空间交界面应力跳跃的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速技术测试多孔介质与流体复合腔体内的二维自然对流流场,用水平错列的细玻璃圆柱表示多孔介质,着重分析了多孔介质与流体空间交界面处的速度及剪切应力变化,并通过实验确定了特定跳跃边界条件下的应力跳跃系数.实验测试结果表明,应力跳跃系数随对流强度的增加而产生非线性变化,不同高度处的跳跃系数值在0.1-0.3范围内变化.通过回归分析得到了测试范围内应力跳跃系数与瑞利数的表达式,为数学建模和分析提供了计算依据.     

多孔介质强化传热的理论与实验研究

本文从理论上分析了绕花丝多孔体(孔隙率ε＞95％)的管内换热以及流动特性，建立贴附多孔层圆管内流体的流动模型。通过用Brinkman—extended Darcy方程分析多孔层内流体的流动，以及在能量方程中加入弥散系数，得到模型内速度场和温度场的理论解。实验结果表明：在层流范围内其实验数据与理论解吻合较好，说明理论模型能够分析多孔体管内的层流流动和换热。通过改进这一模型还可以为各种多孔介质强化管的研究提供理论基础。     

多层地层中的井筒及地层温度解析解

本文采用分层地层的假设来近似实际情况下的地层垂向的非质性，并在此基础上建立了多孔介质中的热传导问题的数学模型，通过对方程的无量纲化及Laplace变换，给出了Laplace空间上的油气井在注入及生产情况下的方程解。最后将Laplace空间的解解析反演到实空间上。     

Electro-osmotic flow of a second-grade fluid in a porous microchannel subject to an AC electric field

Studies on electro-osmotic flows of various types of fluids in microchannel are of great importance owing to their multifold applications in the transport of liquids, particularly when the ionized liquid flows with respect to a charged surface in the presence of an external electric field. In the case of viscoelastic fluids, the volumetric flow rate differs significantly from that of Newtonian fluids, even when the flow takes place under the same pressure gradient and the same electric field. With this end in view, this paper is devoted to a study concerning the flow pattern of an electro-osmotic flow in a porous microchannel, which is under the action of an alternating electric field. The influence of various rheological and electro-osmotic parameters, e.g., the Reynolds number, Debye-Huckel parameter, shape factor and fluid viscoelasticity on the kinematics of the fluid, has been investigated for a secondgrade viscoelastic fluid. The problem is first treated by using analytical methods, but the quantitative estimates are obtained numerically with the help of the software MATHEMATICA. The results presented here are applicable to the cases where the channel height is much greater than the thickness of the electrical double layer comprising the Stern and diffuse layers. The study reveals that a larger value of the Debye-Huckel parameter creates sharper profile near the wall and also that the velocity of electro-osmotic flow increases as the permeability of the porous microchannel is enhanced. The study further shows that the electro-osmotic flow dominates at lower values of Reynolds number. The results presented here will be quite useful to validate the observations of experimental investigations on the characteristics of electro-osmotic flows and also the results of complex numerical models that are necessary to deal with more realistic situations, where electro-osmotic flows come into the picture, as in blood flow in the micro-circulatory system subject to an electric field.     

透明土中孔隙液体折射率、黏度系数与稳定性

为了探讨溶液作为制配透明土材料的可行性与稳定性,并为相关模型试验选用提供参考依据,针对二水溴化钙、焦磷酸钾、磷酸钾、六水氯化镁4种水溶型无机溶液和一种油溶型有机溶液(15号白油与正12烷混合物),系统测定折射率、黏度系数与溶液质量比之间的关系;采用目前模型试验中常用的溴化钙溶液、15号白油与正12烷混合物两种典型孔隙液体进行了孔隙液体对橡皮膜变形和抗拉强度、孔隙液体对透明土中固体颗粒材料的影响试验。试验结果表明,无机溶液折射率随质量比的增大呈线性增长,而黏度系数随着质量比的增大呈非线性增长;相同条件下溴化钙溶液和15号白油与正12烷混合物浸泡后橡皮膜长度变化率约分别为0.47%和37.81%,宽度变化率约分别为-1.09%和40.50%,抗拉强度分别降低约14.0%和89.4%;孔隙液体对熔融石英砂的影响较对无定形二氧化硅的影响要小,15号白油与正12烷混合物对固体颗粒的影响与溴化钙溶液基本相当。     

喷管不同摆角对水下发射导弹受力的影响

论文研究了带摆喷管推力矢量控制系统的导弹水下垂直发射时,不同喷管摆角对三维水气流场的非定常发展变化过程及对导弹受力的影响。采用燃气泡物理模型,通过水气流场的耦合计算研究燃气与水的相互作用,运用欧拉-拉格朗日和时间步进的方法跟踪燃气泡自由面。以三维欧拉方程为控制方程对喷管和燃气泡内的三维气流场进行数值计算,根据燃气泡不断运动变化的交界面生成贴体动网格,在贴体坐标系下采用无波动、无自由参数、耗散的差分格式(NND差分格式)数值求解三维气流场。采用势流理论,以拉普拉斯方程为控制方程,利用三维Hess-Smith方法数值求解了导弹与燃气泡周围的三维水流场。给出了不同时刻泡形的变化,气流场内马赫数、压力的演变规律,导弹受力及力矩。通过多个工况的对比计算,研究了喷管摆角对导弹受力及水气流场的影响。     

含中心孔的椭圆区域内位势流动分析

本文利用相似流动替换方法，解决了中心有圆孔的椭圆形区域内的位势流动问题；采用分区域解法，给出了中心有椭圆孔的椭圆形区域内位势流动问题的解析通解。该问题在油气田开发工程等许多领域中有重要意义。     

Reducing Carryover Effects on the Migration and Spawning Success of Sockeye Salmon through a Management Experiment of Dam Flows

Effective dam management requires an understanding of the ecological impact of a facility and its operations on individual fish and fish populations. Traversing high flows downstream of dams is an energetically challenging activity that could influence survival and spawning success following passage. Carryover effects, however, are an underappreciated consequence of dam passage that have been overlooked by researchers and natural resource managers. We conducted a large‐scale management experiment to determine if the operation of dam attraction flows could be changed to reduce high sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka mortality following passage and increase spawning success. We tested two flow conditions: (i) a baseline condition—currently used by managers—that released high attraction flows directly adjacent to the entrance to a vertical‐slot fishway and (ii) an alternative condition that released attraction flows 10 m away from the fishway entrance to reduce the flows fish swim through while approaching the passage structure. We tagged 637 sockeye salmon with telemetry tags to monitor dam passage, post‐passage survival to spawning grounds and spawning success under the two flow conditions. Validated fish counters at the exit of the fishway and on spawning grounds were used to generate population level estimates of survival to spawning grounds. Individuals exposed to baseline flow conditions spent two times longer recovering from dam passage and exhibited 10% higher mortality following passage than those exposed to alternative flows. Release of alternative flows for 10 days assisted approximately 550 fish (or 3% of total spawners) in reaching spawning grounds. Once on spawning grounds, female spawning success was strongly influenced by individual spawning characteristics (longevity and date of arrival on spawning grounds) and not dam flow condition. Our findings highlight a cost‐effective solution that decreases mortality following passage simply by altering the location of dam flow releases and not reductions in discharge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孔隙液体对透明土渗透特性影响对比试验

针对熔融石英砂与混合油、溴化钙及蔗糖等孔隙液体制配成的3种透明土试样,开展渗流液体与孔隙液体一致或者不一致两种情况下的常水头渗透试验,测得透明土材料在不同孔隙液体、粒径及相对密实度等情况下的渗透率,以及水在3种透明土试样中的渗透过程;并与福建标准砂相关试验结果进行了对比分析。进而开展透明土试样电渗可视化模型试验,初步探讨孔隙液体、渗透率等因素对电渗过程与机理的影响规律。试验结果表明,透明土试样渗透特性不仅与粒径分布、相对密实度等因素相关,而且与孔隙液体种类相关;混合油、溴化钙溶液制配成的透明土渗透率与天然砂土渗透率最为相近。     

Effects of finite-size heavy particles on the turbulent flows in a square duct

A parallel direct-forcing fictitious domain method is applied in fully-resolved numerical simulations of particle-laden turbulent flows in a square duct. The effects of finite-size heavy particles on the mean secondary flow, the mean streamwise velocity, the root-mean-square velocity fluctuation, and the particle concentration distribution are investigated at the friction Reynolds number of 150, the particle volume fraction of 2.36%, the particle diameter of 0.1 duct width, and the Shields number ranging from 1.0 to 0.2. Our results show that the particle sedimentation breaks the up-down symmetry of the mean secondary vortices, and results in a stronger secondary-flow circulation which transports the fluids downward in the bulk center region and upward along the side walls at a low Shields number. This circulation has a significant impact on the distribution of the mean streamwise velocity, whose maximum value occurs in the lower half duct, unlike in the plane channel case. The flow resistance is increased and the turbulence intensity is reduced, as the Shields number is decreased. The particles accumulate preferentially at the face center of the bottom wall, due to the effect of the mean secondary flow. It is observed that the collision model has an important effect on the results, but does not change the results qualitatively.     

A NUMERICAL PRESSURE TRANSIENT MODEL FOR MULTILAYERED GAS RESERVOIRS WITH PSEUDOSTEADY STATE FORMATION CROSSFLOW

ＮＯＭＥＮＣＬＡＴＵＲＥＡＤｊ=Ａｊ·ｒ2 ｗ(ｋｈ) ｔＣＤｅ =ＴＶｗ2πＴｗｒｗ2 (ｈ) ｔｒＤ =ｒｒｗｐＤｊ=2π(ｋｈ) ｔＴｓｃｐｓｃｑｓｃＴ (Ｐμｚ) ｊ(φ0 - φｊ)ＴａＤ =(ｋｈ) ｔｔａ(ｈ) ｔ(μＣｇ) 0 ｒｗ2ｑＤｊ=ｑｊｑＷＤｊ=(ｋｈ) ｊ(ｋｈ) ｔωｊ=(     

二维非定常分散解析解

本文将Taylor剪切分散理论推广到二维非定常流动的情况,根据本文作者所得到的二维非定常带柯氏力的流体动力学方程的分析解,给出了二维非定常分散系数的一般表达式,并且求得了一种潮汐流动的动态分散系数的解析表达式。     

表面活性剂减阻流体热边界层温度脉动及传热特性实验研究

该文针对在水中添加阳离子表面活性剂产生的减阻作用同时降低传热性能的现象,应用相位多普勒激光测量系统和热电偶温度测量系统对二维流道内表面活性剂减阻流体热边界层内的湍流温度脉动以及传热特性进行了实验研究.研究表明,表面活性剂减阻流体平均温度梯度在流动缓冲层很大,热扩散率较低,而水的热阻主要发生在近壁区域的高扩散层.表面活性剂减阻流体温度脉动强度与速度脉动强度有相似的分布趋势,其峰值都向外层移动.在近壁处的高扩散层温度脉动频率很小,而在平均温度梯度很大的低扩散层,减阻流体的温度脉动频率有所增强.而水的温度脉动频率比表面活性剂溶液高且在整个断面上几乎没有变化.对于表面活性剂热流体,湍流温度脉动对轴向热流量的贡献更大,使得轴向热流量的最大值出现在靠近温度脉动强度最大值所在的位置.表面活性剂减阻流体法向湍流热流量分布与雷诺应力分布有相似的趋势.