冻土区同沟敷设管道水热耦合数值模拟

土壤作为一种典型的多孔介质,其内部流体的流动与相变过程复杂,常采用有限体积法作为理论研究方法。取西部成品油、原油管道玉门出站口作为研究对象,地表温度变化采用周期性边界条件,考虑土壤发生冰水相变时释放的相变潜热。模拟结果表明,管壁热流密度随环境温度周期性变化,土壤中的水分向冻结前锋进行迁移,无保温层的管道比有保温层的冻土融化范围大,融化深度深。     

细小尺度下潜热型功能热流体压降与传热特性

实验研究了相变微胶囊颗粒(囊芯材料为正十六烷,壳材为尿素-甲醛树脂)和去离子水混合制成的潜热型功能热流体流过等热流细小圆管的流动与传热特性,同时以去离子水作为传热工质在相同条件下进行了对比实验。得到了压降随质量流量的变化规律,实验段出、入口温度以及量纲1出口温度随Reynolds数变化规律,量纲1壁面温度沿轴向的分布规律,平均Nusselt数随Reynolds数的变化关系。结果表明,相变微胶囊颗粒的加入会导致流动压降增大,但随着流量增加,流动压降逐渐与单相液体的接近;出口温度及壁面温度要比相同条件下单相液体的低;含有较小相变微胶囊颗粒浓度的潜热型功能热流体的平均Nusselt数是相同条件下单相液体的2.0～4.0倍。     

基于离散相模型的相变微胶囊流体传热特性数值模拟

相变材料微胶囊悬浮液是将相变微胶囊颗粒添加至单相流体中形成的一种新型传热介质，由于传热系数高、传热储能一体化等优势，具备很大的发展潜力。采用离散相两相流模型，对恒热流水平圆管中相变微胶囊流体的传热特性进行了模拟计算，通过对比实验数据验证了模型的可靠性，进而定量分析了颗粒尺寸、质量分数、相变潜热，特别是颗粒分布对传热的影响。结果表明随着微胶囊颗粒质量分数增加，颗粒粒径减小，相变潜热增大，壁面传热效果越好，且相变潜热大小对壁温控制和壁面传热的影响大于颗粒质量分数和颗粒尺寸的影响。比较了离散相模型与常用的单相流模型的计算结果，发现质量分数越高，颗粒集聚程度越高，单相流模型计算的偏差越大。     

潜热型功能热流体在微小管道内的换热特性

针对现代电子器件的散热需求,采用潜热型功能热流体为工作介质进行实验,并搭建流动换热实验台,研究5%、10%和15%质量分数下潜热型功能热流体与去离子水在微小圆形管道内的换热特性,结果表明,在雷诺数Re为300~1000范围内,潜热型功能热流体均表现出比水更好的冷却性能及更低的壁面温度,在实验测试范围内,相变引起的壁面温度降低率最大可达26.8%;潜热型功能热流体平均Nu随着流动Re数的增加而增加,并通过对实验数据分析,拟合了平均Nu数与流动Re数、质量浓度和流体Pr数的经验公式,最大偏差不超过7.5%,可以较好反应潜热型功能热流体的换热特性;潜热型功能热流体沿着管道长度方向的强化换热比与潜热型功能热流体浓度及流动Re数有关,存在强化换热的最佳长度。     

细小圆管内Micro-PCMS紊流对流传热特性的CFD?DPM模拟

基于计算流体动力学?离散相模型模拟研究恒热流密度条件下3D圆形管道内相变微胶囊悬浮液(Micro-PCMS)紊流的对流传热特性,讨论了微胶囊质量分数对管道内悬浮液速度、温度及壁面温度的影响,获得了沿流动方向不同截面的速度分布、温度分布及修正的局部Nu数.结果表明,靠近管道壁面处,相变微胶囊的存在使悬浮液速度降低,且随其含量增加而降低愈加明显;管内悬浮液温度分布分为非融化区、融化区和完全融化区;管道壁面温度、悬浮液出口温度均比纯水降低,相变微胶囊含量为12%,16%,20%(?)时,出口处悬浮液温度分别降低25.5%,33.9%,42.4%,壁面温度分别降低23.9%,31.0%,39.2%.且因存在相变吸热及扰动的共同效应,管道内温度分布从规则的抛物线形逐渐演变为具有尖峰的曲线.     

相变微胶囊悬浮液在微槽道内的流动换热模拟

基于CFD-DPM模型研究定热流壁面条件下二维微槽道内相变微胶囊悬浮液的层流对流换热特性,并结合DSC测试结果采用等效比热模型对相变微胶囊相变特性进行表征,和水的特点进行对比,讨论了相变微胶囊质量分数、有无壁面热阻等因素的影响。结果发现:相变微胶囊悬浮液冷却特性明显优于单质水,并且随着质量分数的增加,模拟相变融化区长度不断增加,最大强化率可达15.7%;从模拟结果中可以明显看出:由于存在微胶囊的相变吸热,流体温度明显低于单质水,平均流体温度明显降低。当存在相变微胶囊颗粒壁面热阻时,换热强度明显小于无壁材情况,对比有无壁面热阻情况下,结果可以发现当存在壁面热阻时,其融化起始点要晚一点,但是对相变吸热的效果影响不大。     

微小管道内相变微胶囊悬浮液换热特性

通过实验研究了去离子水和10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液在1mm、2mm管道内换热特性,结果表明:在Reynolds数Re=400~1000,1mm管道内去离子水和10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液局部Nusselt数Nux均比2mm管道的小,分析其原因,这主要是由于1mm管道壁厚管径比大导致的轴向导热比2mm管道强引起的;1mm管道内去离子水中加入相变微胶囊颗粒能够增强与管壁之间对流换热,且随着Re的增加,Nux增大,而2mm管道内去离子水中加入相变微胶囊颗粒,构成10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液,表现出比水更差的换热特性,并且随着Re的增加Nu_x降低。     

三角形螺旋夹套内流体的湍流流动及换热模拟

对三角形螺旋夹套内流体的湍流流动及换热性能进行了模拟,得到了充分发展条件下恒定热流加热时釜内湍流流体的速度场,分析了雷诺数(Re)和无量纲曲率(k) 对流体阻力和换热性能的影响,并由模拟数据拟合出平均阻力系数及平均努赛尔数的关联式. 结果表明,湍流流动中,夹套内流体的二次流动为稳定的二涡结构,随雷诺数增大,二次流强度和湍动能均增强. 由于离心力的作用,外壁面的阻力系数远大于内壁面. 换热面上局部努塞尔数的峰值出现在靠近二次涡中心位置的换热壁面处,换热面中心处的局部努塞尔数约为峰值的85%. 随Re和k增大,峰值处的局部努塞尔数值增大最明显,流体的平均努塞尔数及阻力系数均增大. 在所模拟的范围内,三角形螺旋夹套的效率因子E>3.7,且随Re和k增大,E逐渐增大.     

微小管道内相变微胶囊悬浮液换热特性

通过实验研究了去离子水和10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液在1 mm、2 mm管道内换热特性,结果表明：在Reynolds数Re=400～1000,1 mm管道内去离子水和10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液局部Nusselt数Nu_x均比2 mm 管道的小,分析其原因,这主要是由于1 mm管道壁厚管径比大导致的轴向导热比2 mm管道强引起的;1 mm管道内去离子水中加入相变微胶囊颗粒能够增强与管壁之间对流换热,且随着Re的增加,Nu_x增大,而2 mm管道内去离子水中加入相变微胶囊颗粒,构成10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液,表现出比水更差的换热特性,并且随着Re的增加Nu_x降低。     

相变流体在高密度潜热输送中的研究进展

相变流体由于在相变前后都能保持流动状态,可以像普通流体一样通过泵和管道系统输送.由于存在固-液相变,相变流体储能密度及输送密度远高于相同温差下的水,因此可以使循环流量大幅降低,从而降低循环能耗,实现节能.综述了相变乳状液、相变微胶囊、水合物浆在蓄能及潜热输送方面的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Numerical study of transient heat transfer performance for molten salt receiver tube

The heat transfer experimental system and mathematical model of receiver tube are established to analyze the transient heat transfer performance of molten salt with heat flux of outer wall sudden change, molten salt velocity sharp reduction, heat flux of outer wall and molten salt velocity sharp reduction at the same time. The results show that when the heat flow on the outer wall of the tube changes suddenly (sudden increase or decrease), the temperature of the molten salt in the center of the tube at the inlet section of the heat absorption tube changes less, but the temperature of the tube wall changes faster. When the molten salt velocity sharp reduction, the outlet temperature of molten salt and the outer wall temperature increase with time, but the difference of outer wall and inner wall temperature decreases at first and then increases, when t≥16.0 s, each temperature and temperature difference reach steady state. When the heat flux on the outer wall of the heat absorption tube and the molten salt flow rate in the tube are halved at the same time, the temperature of the molten salt in the center and the outlet of the tube rises first and then decreases with the passage of time. After the steady state, the two molten salt temperatures maintain a constant value and are compared with the transient state. The corresponding molten salt temperature is close to initial starting temperature. The difference of outer wall and inner wall temperature after transient stability is proportional to the heat flux of outer wall, but which is independent of molten salt velocity. The outlet temperature equation of molten salt in receiver tube after transient stability is obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for the outlet temperature control of molten salt in receiver during the transient heat transfer process.     

熔盐吸热管瞬态传热特性的数值研究

建立熔盐吸热管瞬态传热的实验台和数值计算模型，分析管外壁热通量突变、熔盐流速突减、外壁热通量和熔盐流速同时突减对吸热管瞬态传热特性的影响规律，结果表明：管外壁热通量突变（突增或突减）时，吸热管入口段的管中心熔盐温度变化较小，但其管壁温度变化较快。管内熔盐流速突减时，熔盐出口温度和管外壁温度均随时间的推移逐渐增大，而管外壁与管内壁温差随时间的推移先降低后升高，t≥16.0 s，各温度和温差基本稳定。吸热管外壁热通量和管内熔盐流速同时减半时，管中心及出口熔盐温度均随时间的推移先升高后降低，稳态后两处熔盐温度保持定值且与瞬态开始前对应熔盐温度接近。吸热管瞬态稳定后的管外壁与管内壁温差和管外壁热通量变化呈正比，与熔盐流速变化无关。得到瞬态稳定后吸热管熔盐出口温度表达式，为瞬态传热过程中吸热器熔盐出口温度控制提供理论依据。     

Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of upflow bubbling fluidized bed in opaque tube under high flux solar heating

Solid particles can be used as a heat transfer medium in concentrated solar power plants to operate at higher temperature and achieve higher heat conversion efficiency than using the current solar heat transfer fluids that only work below 600°C. Among various particle circulation concepts, the dense particle suspension (DPS) flow in tubes, also called upflow bubbling fluidized bed (UBFB), was studied in the frame of the CSP2 FP7 European project. The DPS capacity to extract heat from a tube absorber exposed to concentrated solar radiation was demonstrated and the first values of the tube wall‐to‐DPS heat transfer coefficient were measured. A stable outlet temperature of 750°C was reached with a metallic tube, and a particle reflux in the near tube wall region was evidenced. In this article, the UBFB behavior is studied using the multiphase flow code NEPTUNE_CFD. Hydrodynamics of SiC Geldart A‐type particles and heat transfer imposed by a thermal flux at the wall are coupled in two‐dimensional unsteady numerical simulations. The convective/diffusive heat transfer between the gas and dispersed phase, and the inter‐particle radiative transfer (Rosseland approximation) are accounted for. Simulations and experiments are compared here and the temperature influence on the DPS flow is analyzed. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3857–3867, 2018     

圆管内氧化石墨烯MPCM悬浮液对流传热实验研究

由于氧化石墨烯(GO)的高热导率特性,将其添加至相变微胶囊颗粒内,以提高以其为基材制备的悬浮液的热导率,从而进一步强化传热。分别测试了纯水、5wt%相变微胶囊悬浮液(MPCMS)、5wt%和10wt%复合氧化石墨烯的相变微胶囊悬浮液(GO-MPCMS)的传热特性,分析讨论了壁面热流密度、雷诺数(Re)等参数的影响。结果表明,由于相变过程的影响,圆管壁面和流体温度分布呈现上升、平直、上升的变化规律;相同实验条件下,当工质为悬浮液时壁面温度与流体温度比纯水低;颗粒浓度和GO均对传热产生较大影响,相同质量分数(5wt%)时,添加GO时可使稳定后的局部努塞尔数(Nu_x)进一步提升8个百分点,颗粒质量分数由5wt%增至10wt%时,Nu_x又增加了20个百分点;与纯水相比,同时考虑GO和微胶囊颗粒的影响,相同实验条件下,相变微胶囊悬浮液平均努塞尔数(Nu)可提升1.0～2.0倍。     

加热热通量对微柱群通道内强迫对流换热的影响

以去离子水为工质,流经宽度3.5mm、长度40mm的叉排微柱群板,微柱群由直径500μm,高度分别为500、750、1000μm的微柱组成。实验研究微柱群内部加热热通量对换热特性的影响。采用电加热棒进行加热,测量微柱群板Reynolds数在100～1000之间时的进出口温度与流量,进而获得微柱群内部Nusselt数。研究结果表明,加热热通量对微柱群换热特性有重要影响。一方面,加热热通量的增大导致工质平均温度升高,工质Prandtl数降低,削弱了工质的换热能力;另一方面,加热热通量的增大降低了工质黏度,加剧了工质热运动,扰动增强,强化了工质的换热能力。当Re较低时,加热热通量的增大由于削弱了端壁面效应对换热的不利影响,同时增加了壁面与工质之间的温差,从而导致换热强化;随着Re的增大,端壁面效应减弱,因而加热热通量的增大对微柱群内部换热的影响减弱。     

圆柱系统中石蜡/纳米银复合相变材料热特性分析

相变材料由于具有相变潜热,被应用于各领域的热管理。锂离子动力电池作为一种新能源,近年来广泛应用于电动汽车,相变冷却作为一种有效的被动冷却方式,能够有效减缓锂电池的热聚集。为将相变材料应用于减缓锂电池热失控,本工作建立了石蜡/纳米银复合相变材料(CPCM)的圆柱系统,使用相变模型及流体体积(VOF)模型研究了相变材料的融化过程,得到了初始时期空气/石蜡气液交界面的变化以及石蜡的液相分布,与实验结果具有很好的一致性。在此基础上分析了相变过程的吸热及储热情况。同时,针对不同质量分数的石蜡/纳米银复合相变材料进行模拟,结果表明,添加0.5wt%~2wt%的纳米银颗粒能够改善石蜡的导热性能,但潜热会有所降低。相变结束后,材料吸收的热量将转化为显热,底面传热减小,主要是通过壁面传热。另外分析了融化过程中液相的流动情况,相变材料液态层增厚,Nu数下降并趋于稳定,增加纳米银浓度也会降低Nu数。     

Dynamic Heat Transfer Characteristics Modeling of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Slurries

Convective heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material slurries (MPCSs) flowing in a circular tube under constant heat flux are studied and a feasible heat transfer model is presented. The heat transfer coefficient of MPCS and the wall temperature of the circular tube are simulated. The simulation results agree qualitatively with the experimental results. The effects of Stefan (Ste) number, mass concentration, phase change temperature range, and Reynolds (Re) number on heat transfer characteristics are discussed. The results indicate that the Ste‐number and mass fraction are the most important parameters influencing heat transfer properties compared to the phase change temperature range and Re‐number which less affect these characteristics.     

Diffusional Particle Loss Upstream of Isokinetic Sampling Inlets

Isokinetic sampling, in which a subsample is extracted from the center of laminar aerosol flow, is routinely used to collect representative particles for analysis. Isokinetic sampling minimizes wall effects, including particle loss due to Brownian diffusion to the tube wall. This particle diffusion is analogous to the heat transfer problem originally posed by Graetz in 1883. Analytical solutions to the Graetz problem have been applied to calculate particle loss averaged over the entire main flow. However, these solutions overestimate diffusional particle loss near the center of the main flow. In the present solution, confluent hypergeometric functions are used to solve analytically for particle concentration as a function of radius. The solution is integrated near the center of the main flow to determine particle loss for isokinetically sampled aerosols. Sampling efficiencies valid down to nanometer-sized particles are presented in terms of dimensionless parameters. Diffusional particle loss for isokinetically sampled aerosol can be 1.8 times less than that from the main flow aerosol. The present results can be used to design isokinetic sampling systems and to assess particle loss in these systems. For 5 nm diameter particles sampled isokinetically from a laminar flow tube (0.318 cm tube radius, 10 m length) into an ultrafine condensation particle counter, sampling efficiency is strongly affected by main flow Reynolds number, Re; sampling efficiency increases from 4.9%at Re=100 to 99%at Re=1500.     

Numerical Simulation of Forced Convection in a Porous Circular Tube with Constant Wall Heat Flux: An Extended Graetz Problem with Viscous Dissipation

Thermal development of forced convection in a circular tube filled with a saturated porous medium, subjected to the constant wall heat flux with a step change including the effect of viscous dissipation and the longitudinal heat conduction, has been studied numerically. Numerical computations for various values of the governing independent parameters, the Peclet number, Pe, the Darcy number, Da, the Brinkman number, Br, and the thermal conductivity ratio, Γ, were performed to disclose the influence of these parameters on the thermal behavior of flow through the corresponding porous circular tube. Results show that the presence of the viscous dissipation significantly elevates the level of the wall temperature, especially in the downstream region where the wall heat flux is uniformly applied. The local Nusselt number exhibits a monotonically increasing characteristic with the increase in the value of Γ. Results also show that the effect of the thermal conductivity ratio, Γ, alters the rate of the wall temperature evolution along the flow direction as well as the transversal profile of the temperature. This implies that the heat transfer is strongly controlled by conduction, and this is significant when the value of the Peclet number, Pe, is small.