纳米二氧化铈的电化学制备与表征

在铈盐溶液中用电解的方法制备了CeO2 纳米粉体。X 射线衍射表明 ,所得产物为立方晶系CeO2 ;SEM分析表明 ,CeO2 纳米粒子呈球形 ,晶粒度约 10nm ;TEM分析表明 ,粒径分布均匀 ,粒子不发生团聚 ;电子衍射表明 ,CeO2 纳米粒子为多晶结构。实验探讨了溶液浓度、电流密度等因素对CeO2 质量和产量的影响     

聚苯乙烯/CeO2纳米复合微球的粒径及其影响因素

采用原位悬浮聚合法制备了聚苯乙烯/CeO2纳米复合微球。讨论了引发剂浓度、CeO2纳米粒子含量、分散剂聚乙烯醇浓度及复配分散剂等对纳米复合微球粒径及其分布的影响。结果表明,随着引发剂浓度和CeO2纳米粒子含量的增加,纳米复合微球粒径变小,粒径分布变窄;随着复配分散剂中聚甲基丙烯酸钠含量的增加,粒子粒径变小,粒径分别变窄。制得的聚苯乙烯/CeO2纳米复合微球粒径可控。     

纳米CeO2/阴离子聚氨酯复合材料

采用纳米微粒直接分散法合成了纳米CeO2／阴离子聚氨酯复合材料，粘度分析表明，随着纳米CeO2含量的增加，复合材料的粘度降低；FT—IR分析表明，CeO2的吸收峰出现蓝移现象；TEM和先散射粒径分析表明，复合粒子仍以纳米量级存在，平均粒径为35nm，且呈单分散状态，CeO2纳米粒子均匀分散在聚氨酯中。并且对复合粒子形成机理及稳定性进行了初步探讨。     

日本开发成功粒径均匀的球状氧化铈分散液

日本产业技术综合研究所开发出粒度分布集中的CeO2／聚合物球状混合纳米粒子（CeO2表面包覆聚合物）分散液。以前球状CeO2纳米粒子是采用沉淀等方法合成的，由于存在凝聚等问题，因此不能制成粒径均匀的球状粒子分散液。这次开发的分散液有望用于化学机械研磨（CMP）及气敏元件、防紫外化妆品、汽车3元催化剂用助催化剂、电阻型氧传感器等诸多领域。     

氧化铟-稀土氧化物共掺CeO2基导电电解质材料的制备与表征

设计了以氧化铟与稀土氧化物（La2O3或Nd2O3）为共同掺杂元素的新型掺杂技术，并利用以聚乙烯醇为聚合剂的化学合成方法制备了CeO2基氧离子导电电解质材料。X射线衍射分析表明，本实验采用的湿化学合成方法容易获得具有纳米结构的高纯氟化钙型结构的CeO2基导电材料．材料导电性的交流阻抗测试分析说明，适当比例的氧化铟与稀土氧化物共掺能有效提高CeO2的导电性；其导电性比相同合成方法制备的Sm2O3掺杂CeO2的导电性更好。利用有效离子半径和相关结合焓理论分析了不同掺杂氧化物对CeO2基材料离子导电性影响。     

沉淀剂对纳米CeO_2粒径及Zeta电位的影响研究

采用不同沉淀剂制备纳米CeO2.用FE-SEM、XRD、IR、马尔文动态激光散射纳米粒度及Zeta电位仪等对纳米CeO2的微观尺寸和形貌,以及Zeta电位进行了表征.结果表明:CeO2呈球形,尺寸均小于100nm且和所选用的沉淀剂有关.随着所采用沉淀荆pH值的增加,纳米CeO2的O-Ce键合强度增强,制备的CeO2试样的Zeta-pH曲线依次下移,等电点依次左移.同时,团聚粒径减小,分布集中.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米CeO2晶体

CeO2是一种稀土类研究较为广泛且多用途的功能材料.本实验以六水硝酸铈和聚乙二醇为原料,采用溶胶法制备纳米CeO2晶体.主要研究了反应温度、焙烧温度对粉体性质的影响.结果表明,聚乙二醇溶胶法可制得纳米CeO2.在65℃下溶胶制备的CeO2粉体较均匀,分散性也较好,随着焙烧温度升高,CeO2保持立方晶型不变,粒径增大,结晶更完善.800℃焙烧所得的CeO2晶的形貌趋于球形,直径在20～50nm.     

纳米CeO2颗粒的制备及其对硅晶片（100）和（111）的抛光性能

以硝酸铈和六亚甲基四胺为原料,在微波辐射条件下,使用乙醇/水反应体系,通过均相沉淀法制备了纳米CeO2颗粒,利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶转换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和比表面积测定仪（BET-N2）等手段对样品的成分、物相结构、形貌、颗粒大小以及团聚情况进行了表征.将所制备的纳米CeO2颗粒作为磨料用于硅晶片（100）和（111）的化学机械抛光,用原子力显微镜（AFM）观察抛光表面的微观形貌,测量表面粗糙度,并对抛光表面划痕进行了分析.结果表明,微波辐射以及乙醇/水反应体系均有利于制备出粒径更小、分散性更好的纳米CeO2颗粒,而且微波辐射能够显著加快反应速度;经纳米CeO2磨料抛光的硅晶片（100）和（111）表面非常平整,在2μm×2μm范围内的粗糙度Ra值分别为0.275 nm和0.110 nm,获得了具有亚纳米量级粗糙度的抛光表面.     

超声模板法制备纳米二氧化铈的研究

采用超声模板法结合共沸蒸馏和水热法处理前驱体成功制备出了纳米CeO2颗粒,通过TEM、XRD、FT-IR、UV-Vis等分析方法对产物形貌、结构和性能进行了表征;研究了模板剂的性质、模板剂的用量、共沸蒸馏和水热处理对纳米CeO2颗粒形态、尺寸的影响。实验结果表明,与OP-10和SDBS比较,CTAB最适合应用于制备纳米CeO2颗粒。当模板剂用量为n(CTAB)∶n(Ce(NO3)3.6H2O)=1∶2,制备出粒径约为6.1nm的球形纳米CeO2;共沸蒸馏能有效去除前驱体中的模板剂和吸附水,丁氧基的取代吸附及其空间位阻作用有利于制得分散性好、粒度分布均匀、粒径约为1.5～2.2nm的纳米CeO2颗粒;水热处理改善了纳米CeO2颗粒的晶化度,避免了高温焙烧过程时硬团聚体的生成,颗粒尺寸为2.5～3.8nm;纳米CeO2颗粒具有良好的可见光透过和优异的紫外光吸收性能。     

超细CeO2粉体在醇水混合介质中的超声分散行为

通过测定20nm、200nm、500nm和5μmCeO2粉体在醇水混合介质中的粒度分布、表面电性及分散稳定性,研究了不同粒径级别超细CeO2粉体在体积比为1∶1的醇水系悬浮液中的超声分散行为。实验结果表明:在一定超声功率和超声频率下,不同粒径级别醇水系CeO2悬浮液均存在最佳超声时间。不同粒径级别醇水系CeO2悬浮液的表面电性各不相同;纳米级和亚微米级CeO2在醇水中所带Zeta电位为正值,微米级CeO2的Zeta电位为负值,悬浮液中CeO2粉体的平均粒度越大,其电位绝对值越小。不同粒径级别醇水系CeO2悬浮液的分散稳定性能各不相同;从超声结束后的分散效果来看,亚微米CeO2粉体在醇水混合介质中的分散性能最好;从多个沉降时间段内的稳定性来看,纳米CeO2粉体在醇水混合介质中的稳定性能最好。     

GISAXS analysis of 3D nanoparticle assemblies--effect of vertical nanoparticle ordering

We report on grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) study of 3D nanoparticle arrays prepared by two different methods from colloidal solutions-layer-by-layer Langmuir-Schaefer deposition and spontaneous self-assembling during the solvent evaporation. GISAXS results are evaluated within the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) considering the multiple scattering effects and employing a simplified multilayer model to reduce the computing time. In the model, particular layers are represented by nanoparticle chains where the positions of individual nanoparticles are generated following a model of cumulative disorder. The nanoparticle size dispersion is considered as well. Three model cases are distinguished-no shift between the neighboring chains (AA stacking), a shift equal to half of the mean interparticle distance (AB stacking) and random shift between the chains. The first two cases correspond to vertically correlated nanoparticle positions across different chains. A comparison of the experimental GISAXS patterns with the model cases enabled us to distinguish important differences between the 3D arrays prepared by the two methods. In particular, laterally ordered layers without vertical correlation of the nanoparticle positions were found in the nanoparticle multilayers prepared by the Langmuir-Schaefer method. On the other hand, the solvent evaporation under particular conditions produced highly ordered 3D nanoparticle assemblies where both laterally and vertically correlated nanoparticle positions were found.     

On the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticle nanotubes

We have previously described nanoparticle nanotubes (NPNTs), i.e., tubular metallic nanostructures comprising coalesced nanoparticles (NPs), obtained by passing citrate-stabilized metal (Au, Ag, Pd) NP solutions through aminosilane-modified nanoporous alumina membranes. Here we show that the mechanism of NPNT formation involves two stages: (i) electrostatic binding of a monolayer of metal NPs to the amine groups on the membrane pore walls; and (ii) accumulation of NP multilayers and room-temperature coalescence to form solid nanotubes. Free-standing NPNTs are obtained by post-dissolution of the membrane template. An improved fabrication apparatus enabled evaluation of the role of drying and other preparation parameters on the NP coalescence and NPNT formation and structure. Intermittent drying during the NP accumulation stage is necessary for the formation of solid NPNTs, while a slow flow rate of the colloid solution through the membrane pores and reversal of the flow direction promote the formation of more uniform and longer NPNTs.     

First-principles calculations of the dissolution and coalescence properties of Pt nanoparticle ORR catalysts: The effect of nanoparticle shape

The degradation of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) in fuel cell cathodes leads to the loss of the precious metal catalyst. While the effect of NP size on Pt dissolution has been studied extensively, the influence of NP shape is largely unexplored. Because of the recent development of experimental methods to control the shape of metal NPs, rational guidelines/insights on the shape effects on NP stability are imperative. In this study, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory were conducted to determine the stability of 1–2 nm Pt NPs against Pt dissolution and coalescence with respect to NP shape. Toward dissolution, the stability of the Pt NPs increases in the following order: Hexagonal close-packed < icosahedral < cuboctahedral < truncated octahedral. This trend is attributed to the synergy of the oxygen adsorption strength and the local coordination of the Pt atoms. With respect to coalescence, the size of a NP is related to its propensity to coalesce or detach/migrate to form larger particles. The stability of the Pt NPs was found to increase in the following order: Hexagonal close-packed < truncated octahedral < cuboctahedral < icosahedral, and was correlated with the cohesive energies of the particles. By combining the characteristic stabilities of the shapes, new “metal-interfaced” Pt-based coreshell architectures were proposed that should be more stable than pure Pt nanoparticles with respect to both dissolution and coalescence.

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纳米ZnO的制备

本文研究了以Zn (No3 ) 2 、尿素为原料 ,加入表面活性剂改性制备纳米氧化锌粉体的方法。实验讨论了Zn (NO3 ) 2 浓度、尿素浓度、pH值、焙烧温度对纳米氧化锌粒径的影响。用扫瞄电镜和粒度分析仪确定纳米氧化锌的形貌和粒径     

湿化学法制备纳米ATO导电粉

采用非均相成核法 ,在Sn(OH) 4 晶种上均匀生长Sb掺杂Sn(OH) 4 ,制备纳米ATO粉末。以电阻测定系统研究了合成条件如掺杂浓度、反应温度、pH值、SnCl4浓度等对最终粉末电阻性能的影响。以TG DSC热分析、XRD、TEM等手段研究了晶粒生长过程 ,XRD显示为四方金红石型结构 ,平均粒径为15nm。当Sb/Sn(mol比 ) =0 .0 5 ,pH =2 ,T =60℃ ,SnCl4=1.2～ 1.8mol·L-1时 ,粉体电阻小于 0 .5Ω。     

Tunability of the refractive index of gold nanoparticle dispersions

Alkanethiol-capped gold nanoparticles dispersed in n-dodecane were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry and were modeled using Mie scattering theory. The refractive index in the visible and near-infrared depended on the volume fraction of gold nanoparticles, in good agreement with the theoretical expectation that such dispersed plasmonic nanoparticles can act as low or tunable refractive index materials at specific optical wavelengths.     

Single-molecule kinetics of nanoparticle catalysis

Owing to their structural dispersion, the catalytic properties of nanoparticles are challenging to characterize in ensemble-averaged measurements. The single-molecule approach enables studying the catalysis of nanoparticles at the single-particle level with real-time single-turnover resolution. This article reviews our single-molecule fl uorescence studies of single Au-nanoparticle catalysis, focusing on the theoretical formulations for extracting quantitative reaction kinetics from the single-turnover resolution catalysis trajectories. We discuss the single-molecule kinetic formulism of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for heterogeneous catalysis, as well as of the two-pathway model for product dissociation reactions. This formulism enables the quantitative evaluation of the heterogeneous reactivity and the differential selectivity of individual nanoparticles that are usually hidden in ensemble measurements. Extension of this formulism to single-molecule catalytic kinetics of oligomeric enzymes is also discussed.      

Polymer-assisted synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle

Hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) nanoparticles were synthesized using calcining calcium dihydrogenphosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ · H₂O), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 900 °C in an oxygen atmosphere. This one-step process yields HA nanoparticles with similar particle sizes (e.g., 50–80 nm) that are well-crystallized and non-aggregated. PEG is an important factor in controlling the particle size, crystal phase, and degree of aggregation in these HA particles. This conclusion is supported by results from a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS).     

Electrical sintering of nanoparticle structures

A method for sintering nanoparticles by applying voltage is presented. This electrical sintering method is demonstrated using silver nanoparticle structures ink-jet-printed onto temperature-sensitive photopaper. The conductivity of the printed nanoparticle layer increases by more than five orders of magnitude during the sintering process, with the final conductivity reaching 3.7 × 10(7)?S?m(-1) at best. Due to a strong positive feedback induced by the voltage boundary condition, the process is very rapid-the major transition occurs within 2?μs. The best obtained conductivity is two orders of magnitude better than for the equivalent structures oven-sintered at the maximum tolerable temperature of the substrate. Additional key advantages of the method include the feasibility for patterning, systematic control of the final conductivity and in situ process monitoring. The method offers a generic tool for electrical functionalization of nanoparticle structures.