团体标准维度探析及其实施条件——基于《中华人民共和国标准化法(修订草案)》的思考

团体标准是我国标准化改革进程中的创新机制,同时也是市场经济中产业发展不断提质增效的产物.《中华人民共和国标准化法(修订草案)》将团体纳入标准化法体系,赋予其法律地位,因而从多维角度入手厘清团体标准制定主体、特点.同时,为了更好地发挥团体标准在资源配置中应有的功效,拟提出几点实施意见.     

21世纪成组技术的发展方向初探

成组技术的发展已经走过半个多世纪,在新世纪中,成组技术如何发展是迫切需要讨论的问题.本文从企业环境的变化、生产模式的变化、系统工程的角度、行业应用、制造企业实现目标、制造业信息化发展方向等角度讨论了成组技术的发展方向,从企业需求出发,从国家发展战略出发,从学科发展方向讨论了成组技术的发展方向.讨论了成组技术与其它学科的关系、成组技术发展中存在的问题.最后提出了关于发展成组技术的几点设想.     

国外团体标准发展经验研究 ——以ASTM国际标准组织为例

本文在梳理美国团体标准发展历程及成效的基础上,以国际标准组织ASTM为例,剖析其在组织构建、运作机制、标准制修订程序、资源保障,以及标准的市场推广等方面的做法,归纳其成功经验,为设计和实施适合我国国情的发展模式,实现我国标准化改革,加快构建我国新型标准体系提供可参考的建议.     

群体决策支持系统如何解决认知偏误

群体决策支持系统（ＧｒｏｕｐＤｅｃｉｓｉｏｎＳｕｐｐｏｒｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ，简称ＧＤＳＳ）是计算机支持群体协作的主要系统之一。关于ＧＤＳＳ对群体的影响，已取得了较多的研究成果，但是对于群体决策支持系统如何避免人类在决策思维过程中产生各种认知偏误，仍是研究的空白。研究在计算机支持下决策中发生的认知偏误以及ＧＤＳＳ如何避免和减少这些偏误的产生，对于设计成功的ＧＤＳＳ与提高群体决策的质量有非常重要的意义。文章首先提出ＧＤＳＳ对群体影响的研究模型，并以此分析ＧＤＳＳ对群体作用的研究现状，然后着重论述在人类决策思维的各个阶段可能出现的认知偏误，并针对ＧＤＳＳ如何克服这些偏误提出一些建议。     

Iterative product design through group opinion evolution

More and more industrial products have begun to adopt iterative design modes. Opinions collected from all sides in each round of iterations are used as bases to make products that are able to capture the changes of customer demand dynamically and to respond to these changes in a timely manner. In this context, it becomes important for product designers and manufacturers to study the evolution of opinions as well as the product scheme along with design iteration to determine its regularity. This paper integrates the Hegselmann–Krause model into product improvement process, and develops a dynamic model from the view of opinion dynamics. The dynamic model simultaneously converges the evolution of customers’ opinions, professional designers’ opinions and the product scheme. The paper also analyses the interaction mechanism among different opinions as well as the mechanism between opinions and the product scheme. The experimental results determine that the product scheme, customers’ opinions and professional designers’ opinions can demonstrate differently but regular evolution patterns along with the design iteration according to the difference in confidence intervals or the difference caused by tending to adopt a more customer-driven design strategy or a more professional designer-driven design strategy. Finally, reasonable suggestions are provided to help manufacturers make product design strategies.     

城市公园声景恢复性评价体系构建——以福州金鸡山公园为例

从声景生态学及环境心理学的角度出发,以城市公园声景为研究对象,通过群体层次分析法及模糊综合评价法,根据恢复性环境相关属性,参考视觉景观恢复性评价体系构建模式,文章确立远离性、吸引及兼容性、丰富性作为声景恢复性评价的相关指标,建立集合判断矩阵对各指标赋权并建立等级制度,最终得出声景恢复性评价量化模型。通过该模型对金鸡山公园的声景进行实地研究,提出了针对声景恢复性的景观提升建议。结果显示,三类声景对恢复性效果的影响程度从高到低分别是:生物声(0.474 7)、地球物理声(0.362 7)、人工声(0.162 6)。对三类声景恢复性效果影响程度最高的因素均是其对应的吸引与兼容性。据集合后权重得出三类声景及其各类属性对城市公园声景恢复性效果影响程度高低的排序,以期能够通过声景恢复性评价体系的构建及实地研究经验,为今后景观空间中的声景营造提供参考意见和数据支撑,让更多研究者关注到声景恢复性的相关建设。     

超大型冷却塔风致干扰效应试验研究

设计加工了1:200缩尺比某超大型冷却塔气弹模型和刚体测压模型,对不同塔距双塔组合、四类典型工程场地单塔风振响应进行气弹模型测振风洞试验,比较了双塔塔距、来流方向角和流场条件对于冷却塔塔筒风振系数的影响;结合东南沿海某工程场地冷却塔群塔及周边建筑物组合形式,采用刚体模型测压试验和气弹模型测振试验比较了复杂场地条件多塔比例系数和风振系数,表明工程场地中与冷却塔同等尺寸其他建筑作为施扰物的重要影响。上述试验结论与我国冷却塔荷载规范进行了详细对比,指出现行规范在适用新建超大型冷却塔工程需要改进的方面。     

Modelling and analysis of big data platform group adoption behaviour based on social network analysis

Due to the importance of big data technology in decision-making, production and service provision, enterprises have adopted various big data technologies and platforms to improve their operational efficiency. However, the number of enterprises that have adopted big data is not promising. The purpose of this study is to explore the current status of big data adoption by Chinese enterprises and to reveal the possible factors that hinder big data adoption from the group behaviour network perspective. Based on a real case survey of 54 big data platforms (BDPs), four types of networks—i.e., the enterprise-platform network, enterprise network, platform network and industry similarity and difference (ISD) network—are constructed and analysed on the basis of social network analysis (SNA). This study finds that among Chinese enterprises, the level and scope of big data adoption are generally low and are imbalanced among industries; the cognitive level and adoption behaviour of enterprises on BDPs are inconsistent, the compatibility of BDPs is different, and the density and distance-based cohesion of networks are weak; although the current big data adoption behaviours of Chinese enterprises have formed some structural features, core-periphery structures and maximal complete cliques are found, and the current network structure has little impact on individual enterprises and platforms; enterprises in the same industry prefer to adopt the same kind of big data technology or platform. Based on these findings, several strategies and suggestions to improve big data adoption are provided.     

Urban security in perspective

Cities, which encompass a large and growing portion of the world population, are primary targets for terrorism and are particularly vulnerable because of the interdependence of their systems. Cities' threats and targets are reviewed and a series of principles and observations about the protection of cities are suggested. Some lessons learned from the events of September 11, 2001 are outlined and complemented by suggestions of needs, both technical and socio-technological, that need to be addressed.     

A group signature based buyer coalition scheme with trustable third party

Despite the large number of existing buyer coalition schemes and increasing need for trusting relationship in buyer coalitions, no current buyer coalition scheme explicitly addresses trust issues within these schemes in a formalised manner. Without establishing a trusting relationships among various roles, many buyers may not be willing to join the coalitions. This study proposes a solution, in the form of an algorithmic design, as a response to the above need. Specific features of the proposed solution are: (i) the use of ‘group signature’ in order to guarantees anonymity within a group that results in trustfulness of the relationships and (ii) introducing a new role called ‘authority’ to maintain and implement anonymity. In addition, the proposed scheme is capable of maintaining ‘correctness’ and ‘accountability’ by both identifying misbehaved buyers as well as implementing various punishment methods.Knowledge domain of the study is the common space between three overlapping fields including Electronic Commerce, Communication Technologies and Information Systems.     

系统仿真技术在车用燃气定价决策中的应用

按照系统分析的思路及程序对出租车和加气站所构成的车一站系统进行分析,结合西安市燃气汽车发展的具体情况构建了系统动力学模型,对车用燃气定价问题及外界环境对价格的影响进行了系统仿真,得出了相关政策建议。     

An Analysis of Four Spectral Control Charts

Control charts are used in manufacturing settings to monitor and detect changes in a process. Spectral control charts, based on the periodogram evaluated at the Fourier frequencies, have been designed to detect the onset of periodic behavior. In this article, two additional spectral charts formed using established periodogram tests are proposed. Comparisons of the average run lengths of the spectral charts based on these tests are made using Monte Carlo techniques. These comparisons evaluate how well the methods detect both simple and compound periodic behavior corresponding to both Fourier and non-Fourier frequencies. The charts are also compared using an industrial data set involving the widths of coating on silicon wafers. The analysis will illustrate both the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure and give suggestions as to appropriate usage.     

技术标准信息共享空间的研究与思考

本文介绍了自上世纪90年代起信息共享空间在国内外的发展情况。通过学习和借鉴国内外图书馆对信息共享空间的研究和实践经验,以及与信息共享空间服务相关的技术手段调研,根据自身建设情况和特点,提出了国家标准馆技术标准信息共享空间建设的理念与基本设想。     

The Passage Problem for a Stationary Markov Chain

A Monte Carlo simulation experiment was performed to compare the resulting mean square error of two different Weibull estimation methods. It was found that the MSE for both methods was quite high in relation to the Rao-Cramer lower bound. Some suggestions are offered for reducing the MSE of estimates.     

基于BP神经网络-证据理论的产品情感评价策略

目的 结合用户与专家对产品的情感评价建议,实现能够兼顾用户群体与专家建议的产品情感评价。方法 提出一种基于BP神经网络-证据理论的产品情感评价策略,以用户群体的情感评价作为客观基础,对多名产品设计专家的建议进行融合,得到产品设计要素的改进建议,以此为依据,引导产品的正向设计。结果 以行李箱的产品情感评价为例,利用BP神经网络实现D-S证据理论中的基础概率分配(BPA),通过改进的D-S证据理论对多名行李箱设计专家的评价建议进行融合,得到了需要改进的设计要素和改进指数或行李箱关于产品情感的综合指数。结论 通过将用户群体对产品认知情感的客观情况与产品设计专家的主观情感评价相结合,为产品情感评价提供了一种新的策略,同时为产品设计提供有价值的引导。     

轮胎动力学协同发展策略研究

在汽车及飞机的自主发展中,轮胎动力学是个重要瓶颈。本文对比了国内外轮胎动力学的发展状况,指出面临当前愈加激烈的国际竞争,我国轮胎动力学的发展存在较大挑战。笔者在分析了轮胎动力学测试、仿真及应用技术的特点后,提出了协同发展我国轮胎动力学的策略及建议。     

A comprehensive literature review and analysis of the design,balancing and scheduling of assembly systems

This paper reports the results of a comprehensive review and analysis of the assembly line balancing literature. Quantitative developments and qualitative issues are addressed at both the strategic and tactical levels. The numerous quantitative and qualitative factors which the literature mentions could impact the design, balancing and scheduling of assembly systems are organized into an eight-level hierarchical, factor/decision taxomony. This comprehensive taxonomy is used to assess our progress in assembly system design and operation. Finally, from the results of the literature review and progress assessment, suggestions for future research on socio-technical assembly systems are offered.     

Quantitative temporal speckle contrast imaging for tissue mechanics

We demonstrate through a series of simulations that by parameterizing the temporal speckle contrast statistic from a sequence of translating speckle images on a number of experimental constants, the local temporal contrast can be used to quantitatively assess local motion, provided that the spatial and temporal Nyquist sampling criteria are both met. We develop a simple exponential model for quantifying speckle motion for speckle patterns that display arbitrary intensity statistics and provide suggestions for optimizing both the experimental acquisition of speckle data and the temporal contrast analysis of the data. The confounding effects of uncorrelated noise are also discussed. The model is demonstrated by applying it to an optical coherence tomography image sequence of an engineered tissue construct undergoing dynamic compression. Applications to tissue mechanics are shown, although the discussion is equally relevant for fluid motion studies.     

The high pressure sensitivity extension of thermal conductivity gauges

The various methods which have been proposed for extending thermal conductivity gauges beyond their normal sensitive range in the direction of atmospheric pressure are reviewed. An important development has been the application of thermal convection effects and various suggestions to employ both forced and natural convection have been used to extend the pressure sensitive range into the region of small Knudsen numbers, where the thermal conductivity of the gas is virtually independent of pressure. Some recent results are given which were obtained with a constant temperature hot wire gauge employing only the natural convection effect.     

Taxi drivers' views on risky driving behavior in Tehran: a qualitative study using a social marketing approach

The use of the social marketing approach for public health issues is increasing. This approach uses marketing concepts borrowed from the principles of commercial marketing to promote beneficial health behaviors. In this qualitative study, four focus groups involving 42 participants were used in consumer research to explore taxi drivers’ views on the driving situation and the determinants of risky driving behaviors in Tehran, as well as to gather their ideas for developing a social marketing program to reduce risky driving behaviors among taxi drivers in Tehran, Iran.Participants were asked to respond to questions that would guide the development of a marketing mix, or four Ps (product, price, place and promotion). The discussions determined that the program product should involve avoiding risky driving behaviors through increased attention to driving. They pointed out that developing and communicating with a well-designed persuasive message meant to draw their attention to driving could affect their driving behaviors. In addition, participants identified price, place and promotion strategies. They offered suggestions for marketing nonrisky driving to the target audience.The focus group discussions generated important insights into the values and the motivations that affect consumers’ decisions to adopt the product. The focus group guided the development of a social marketing program to reduce risky driving behaviors in taxi drivers in Tehran, Iran.