微观压痕法测量Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅钎料的力学性能

Sn-Ag-Cu系合金是最有可能替代Sn-Pb钎料的无铅钎料.介绍了一种测量其力学性能的新方法,即通过微压痕仪精确测量不同加载速率下压子的压入深度h与加载载荷F的关系来确定钎料的弹性模量E和蠕变速率敏感指数m.结果表明:加载速率对钎料蠕变压痕F-h曲线和压入深度有着重要的影响;Oliver-Pharr方法确定的钎料弹性模量取决于卸载过程而与加载速率无关.基于压痕做功概念定义了压痕蠕变硬度和蠕变应变速率,从而给出钎料的蠕变速率敏感指数.Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu与Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料蠕变压痕测试表明合金成分影响Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅钎料的力学性能.     

ZM6合金室温蠕变机理研究

采用单轴拉伸法对Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr(ZM6)合金在308 K的蠕变行为进行了测试.在低于屈服强度的应力下,随应力的增加,蠕变量增加.通过蠕变量、应力与时间的关系,获得了蠕变速率及蠕变应力指数.通过比较各种蠕变机制的蠕变速率,确定合金室温蠕变机制为位错滑移.TEM分析表明,镁合金蠕变过程中发生了基面滑移,也存在极少量的孪生.     

U_(65)Fe_(30)Al_5非晶合金的纳米压痕蠕变行为研究

在室温下利用纳米压痕测试技术研究了峰值载荷和加载速率对U65Fe30Al5新型非晶合金蠕变行为的影响规律。结果表明,随着峰值载荷和加载速率的增加,在相同蠕变时间内,蠕变位移呈增大趋势,但当加载速率高于特定阈值时,蠕变位移不再增大。通过蠕变经验公式拟合发现,蠕变过程的应力指数随峰值载荷的增加不断变大,但随加载速率的增加先减小后基本恒定。与常规晶态合金相比,U65Fe30Al5非晶合金具有更大的应力指数,这反映出后者内部结构中富含自由体积。     

Zr基块体金属玻璃蠕变行为的纳米压痕研究

在本工作中,通过纳米压痕实验研究了加载速率和保载时间对(Zr0.6336Cu0.1452Ni0.1012Al0.12)97.4Er2.6块体金属玻璃（BMG）的蠕变变形行为的影响。实验结果表明,合金试样的蠕变位移随着加载速率或保载时间的增加而增大。另一方面,合金样品的硬度（H）也随着加载速率或保载时间的增加而降低。合金试样在纳米压痕过程中具有尺寸效应,合金试样的硬度随着压痕深度的增加而降低。合金试样在纳米压痕过程中具有锯齿流动现象,并且该现象具有速率依赖性。具体而言,随着加载速率的减小,锯齿流动现象更加明显。合金试样的蠕变应力指数随着加载速率或保载时间的增加而减小。     

Structure Evolution and Creep Behavior for a Nickel-Base Single Crystal Alloy along [011] and [001] Orientations

研究980 ℃,200 MPa拉伸蠕变期间[001]和[011]取向镍基单晶合金中γ′相的形貌演化及蠕变特征,在相同拉伸条件下晶体取向的变化对合金的应变和应变速率产生明显影响。结果表明：沉淀相的定向粗化方向取决于合金的晶体取向,沿[001]取向拉伸,γ′相从最初的立方形态转化为与拉伸应力轴垂直的筏形;当拉伸轴平行于[011]取向时,γ′ 相沿[010] 和[100] 方向扩散生长,演化成与拉伸轴倾斜45o角的筏形。[011]取向合金的蠕变强度随其基体通道宽度的增大而快速下降,蠕变前期[001]与[011]取向的应变速率相近,蠕变后期合金表现出明显的蠕变各向异性     

压痕法确定热障涂层蠕变参数

对单相半无限大材料和涂层/基体材料系统分别进行平头压痕蠕变试验的有限元模拟。对于每一种材料系统,分别考虑不同尺寸的压头,研究压头尺寸对涂层/基体材料系统压痕蠕变应力指数的影响规律。通过对有限元计算结果的分析,提出一个考虑压头尺寸的权重函数来量化涂层和基体对涂层/基体系统压痕蠕变指数的影响程度。基于此权重函数,提出一个确定涂层蠕变指数的分析法。最后根据压头尺寸对涂层/基体系统压痕蠕变指数的影响规律,提出确定涂层蠕变指数的外推法     

应力松弛法确定材料蠕变参数

对圆棒试件在不同初始应力下的单轴拉伸应力松弛过程进行了有限元模拟。假定材料的蠕变行为遵循Norton蠕变法则:ε=Bσ(ε为蠕变速率,B为蠕变常数,σ为施加的应力),通过对应力松弛曲线的分析和推导,提出了2种通过应力松弛试验来确定材料蠕变参数的新方法。第1种方法仅需要单次的应力松弛试验即可得到材料的蠕变应力指数;第2种方法需首先通过外推法求得初始应力松弛速率,进而通过多条应力松弛曲线求得蠕变应力指数。提出的方法为高温材料蠕变力学性能的测定提供了一条新思路。     

晶体取向对镍基单晶高温合金纳米压痕行为的影响（英文）

为了研究晶体取向对镍基单晶高温合金纳米压痕行为的影响,采用带原子力显微镜的Berkovich压头对[001],[011]和[111]取向的镍基单晶高温合金开展了纳米压痕试验。试验结果显示:晶体取向对压痕载荷-深度曲线、硬度和弹性模量有显著影响。晶体取向会影响γ′强化相的形状和体积分数,进而会影响其力学性能。采用晶体塑性理论对3种典型晶体取向下的纳米压痕响应和分解切应力分布开展有限元模拟,模拟结果与试验结果符合得较好。     

晶体取向对镍基单晶高温合金纳米压痕行为的影响

为了研究晶体取向对镍基单晶高温合金纳米压痕行为的影响，采用带原子力显微镜的Berkovich压头对[001], [011]和[111]取向的镍基单晶高温合金开展了纳米压痕试验。试验结果显示晶体取向对压痕载荷-深度曲线、硬度和弹性模量有显著影响。晶体取向会影响γ^"强化相形状和体积分数，进而会影响其力学性能。采用晶体塑性理论对三种典型晶体取向下的纳米压痕响应和分解切应力分布开展有限元模拟，模拟结果与试验结果符合得较好。     

固溶时效处理Ti-600合金的蠕变行为研究

研究了经α+β两相区固溶+时效处理的Ti-600合金3种温度(550、600、650℃)、3种应力(250、300、350 MPa)下的蠕变性能,通过合金的稳态蠕变速率数值求解了合金的蠕变激活能和蠕变应力指数n,并引入临界应力σ0获得合金的真实应力指数p,最后对合金的蠕变机制进行了分析。结果表明,蠕变温度升高、蠕变应力增加时,Ti-600合金的稳态蠕变速率增大,稳态蠕变时间缩短。Ti-600合金的名义蠕变激活能为473.5 k J/mol。600和650℃下,合金的临界应力σ0值分别为103.1和42.1 MPa;应力指数n分别为6.5和4.9;真实应力指数p值分别为4.23和4.22。同时构建了该合金600和650℃下的稳态蠕变速率本构方程。本实验条件下合金的蠕变均为位错攀移机制。     

Determination of tensile properties by instrumented indentation technique: Representative stress and strain approach

Tensile properties can be evaluated by defining representative stress and strain with the parameters obtained from instrumented indentation tests using a spherical indenter. The accuracy of this approach depends strongly on how the contact depth is analyzed and how the representative stress and strain are defined. The primary factors influencing the determination of contact depth, pile-up/sink-in and elastic deflection, were quantified by analyzing indentation morphology by finite element simulation; then plastic pile-up/sink-in behavior was formulated in terms of the strain-hardening exponent and the ratio of indentation depth to indenter radius. For the representative strain, the definition by tangent function was determined to be more appropriate for assessing tensile properties based on derived behaviors of the strain-hardening exponent. This approach was experimentally verified by comparing tensile properties of 10 metallic materials from uniaxial tensile tests and instrumented indentation tests.     

DETERMINATION OF CREEP PROPERTIES OF THERMAL BARRIER COATING（TBC） SYSTEMS FROM THE INDENTATION CREEP TESTING WITH ROUND FLAT INDENTERS

Indentation creep behavior with cylindrical flat indenters on the thermal barrier coating (TBC) was studied by finite element method (FEM). On the constant applied indentation creep stress, there is a steady creep rate for each case studied for different creep properties of the TBC system. The steady creep depth rate depends on the applied indentation creep stress and size of the indenters as well as the creep properties of the bond coat of the TBC and the substrate. The possibilities to determine the creep properties of a thermal barrier system from indention creep testing were discussed. As an example, with two different size indenters, the creep properties of bond coat of the TBC system can be derived by an inverse FEM method. This study not only provides a numerical method to obtain the creep properties of the TBC system, but also extends the application of indentation creep method with cylindrical flat indenters.     

纳米压痕法测量Ti6Al4V钛合金室温蠕变应力指数

主要通过恒加载速率纳米压痕法的保载阶段测量了Ti6Al4V钛合金在室温下的蠕变应力指数n。通过给金刚石Berkovich压头施加不同的加载速率使其达到不同的最大载荷,观察加载速率和最大载荷对实验结果的影响。在最大载荷下,给压头保载5 min,通过保载过程中材料的压痕应变率和硬度之间的关系得到了该材料在常温下的蠕变应力指数n。结果表明,在特定范围内加载速率和最大载荷的变化对实验结果的影响微乎其微,可以忽略不计。最终测得Ti6Al4V钛合金在室温下蠕变应力指数的分布范围为7.0513~7.216。     

Deformation and creep modeling in polycrystalline Ti–6Al alloys

This paper develops an experimentally validated computational model for titanium alloys accounting for plastic anisotropy and time-dependent plasticity for analyzing creep and dwell phenomena. A time-dependent crystal plasticity formulation is developed for hcp crystalline structure, with the inclusion of microstructural crystallographic orientation distribution. A multi-variable optimization method is developed to calibrate crystal plasticity parameters from experimental results of single crystals of α-Ti–6Al. Statistically equivalent orientation distributions of orientation imaging microscopy data are used in constructing the polycrystalline aggregate model. The model is used to study global and local response of the polycrystalline model for constant strain rate, creep, dwell and cyclic tests. Effects of stress localization and load shedding with orientation mismatch are also studied for potential crack initiation.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE NOTCH EFFECT ON THE CREEP BEHAVIOR AND LIFE OF NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS

Numerical calculations of creep damage development and life behavior of circular notched specimens of nickel-base single crystal had been performed. The creep stress distributions depend on the specimen geometry. For a small notch radius, von Mises stress has an especial distribution. The damage distribution is greatly influenced by the notch depth, notch radius as well as notch type. The creep crack initiation place is different for each notched specimen. The characteristics of notch strengthening and notch weakening depend on the notch radius and notch type. For the same notch type, the creep rupture lives decrease with the decreasing of notch radius. A creep life model has been presented for the multiaxial stress states based on the crystallographic slip system theory.     

Apparent activation energy and stress exponent in materials with a high Peierls stress

Equations are derived for the apparent stress exponent and activation energy in materials whose deformation is controlled by double kink nucleation and propagation on dislocations. The apparent activation energy (determined from Arrhenius plots of creep rate against inverse temperature) can easily be 10–20% lower than the true activation energy, depending on the stress. The apparent stress exponent (determined from the strain rate dependence of the stress or the stress dependence of the creep rate) is shown to be strongly dependent on stress, and therefore on temperature, and can decrease from values greater than 10 at low temperatures to unity at high temperatures, even though a single mechanism is controlling. Reasonable agreement has been found between the experimental and theoretical values of the stress exponent for yielding in single crystals of sapphire, spinel, Ni₃Al and NiAl, except that the calculated high temperature values tend to be somewhat lower than the observed values. The analysis should apply to yielding in many ceramics and intermetallics in single crystal form (or large grain polycrystals) where the double kink mechanism is rate-controlling.     

纳米压痕法测量锌铝钎料的室温蠕变应力指数

利用纳米压痕技术,采用恒加载速率法,研究了Zn-22Al和Zn-22Al-0.03Ti钎料的室温蠕变行为,并对相关数据进行了测量和计算.结果表明,室温时任一载荷条件下保载时,钎料均发生了明显的蠕变行为.其中Zn-22Al-0.03Ti钎料的压入深度和蠕变位移均小于Zn-22Al钎料,最大差值分别为15.68％和26.87％.相同保载时间不同载荷保载时,两种钎料的蠕变位移均有较大差异.通过拟合计算分别获得了两种钎料室温时的蠕变应力指数,Zn-22Al-0.03Ti较Zn-22Al提高了35.79％.分析认为,Ti元素的添加导致了Zn-22Al钎料晶粒的细化,从而产生了更多的晶界是导致钎料室温抗蠕变能力提高的主要原因.     

Friction stir welding (FSW) process

A method for evaluating the microstructural stress–strain relationship of materials, using a triangular pyramidal indenter, is proposed in order to investigate the mechanical properties of steels and weld zones. An existing evaluation method, using a ball indenter, is correspondingly applied to the evaluation method using a triangular pyramidal indenter because the strain distribution under the indenter or the indentation curve on the unloading process between the ball and pyramidal indentation has a similarity. A corresponding ball indenter whose projection area is equal to that of the triangular pyramidal indenter is used to replace the triangular pyramidal indentation with the ball indentation, and the representative stress and strain that express the complicated deformation under the indenter are determined. The stress–strain relationships of single-phase steels in microstructural size are estimated by the proposed method, and on average correspond with those measured by macro-tensile tests. The difference in the stress–strain relationships due to the difference of the crystal orientation of each grain is possibly negligible with this method. It is expected to clearly estimate the difference in the stress–strain relationship of each phase in, for example, dual-phase steels by the proposed method.     

AE42合金的抗压入蠕变性能

采用自制实验装置对Mg-Al-2RE(AE42)合金进行压入蠕变实验,利用带能谱(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析合金蠕变前后的组织和成分的演化.结果表明:随温度或应力的增加,AE42合金的压入蠕变速率和第一阶段的蠕变量逐渐增加;合金在压入状态下的蠕变应力指数和蠕变激活能的均值分别为3.06和72.4 kJ/mol;压入条件下AE42合金的稳态蠕变速率由晶界扩散主导的位错粘滞性滑移控制;铸态AE42合金由α-Mg基体、针状Al11La3和少量颗粒状Al2La组成;固溶处理8 h后,合金中的β-Mg17Al12相溶入α-Mg基体,合金的硬度上升;固溶24 h后,晶粒得到粗化,合金的硬度和抗蠕变性能均下降;固溶处理后再人工时效24 h,晶粒略有细化,但大量β-Mg17Al12相沿晶界不连续析出,合金的硬度和抗蠕变性能进一步下降.