Savonius风力机力矩特性的数值计算与风洞试验研究

利用数值计算和风洞试验相结合的方法对Savonius风力机的力矩特性进行了研究。首先在数值计算中选用了2种湍流模型,即单方程Splart-Allmaras湍流模型和双方程k-ε湍流模型,计算了Savonius风力机在不同攻角下的静力矩以及在不同转速下的输出力矩和输出功率,得到了风力机周围的流场,并对流场进行了分析;利用风洞试验对数值计算结果进行了验证,对比分析了不同湍流模型对Savonius风力机力矩特性和风轮周围流场的影响。     

某小型风机提高风能利用率的研究

为了提高Savonius小型垂直式风力机的风能利用率,采用CFD方法研究了在来风方向增加导流板对该垂直式风力机风能利用率的影响。研究中建立了数值计算模型并使用Fluent软件进行仿真分析,比较了有无导流板、不同导流板长度、不同安装角度和不同安装位置情况下叶片周围的流场分布以及叶片对转轴产生的静态力矩。仿真结果表明,增加导流板能够显著提高该型风机叶片对转轴的静态力矩;同时,导流板长度和安装角度对此是重要的影响因素;而在一定范围内,不同导流板位置对静态力矩所带来的影响可以忽略。合理安装导流板可以使得该型风机的叶片静态力矩提高20%~40%,进而提高Savonius型风机的风能利用率。     

垂直轴风机叶片覆冰数值模拟及其气动性能研究

研究升力型垂直轴风机叶片的覆冰特性,为风机的防冰、除冰系统研发提供帮助。文章对垂直轴风机叶片的雾凇覆冰物理过程进行了分析,建立了风机叶片覆冰的数值计算模型。通过SST k-ω湍流模型求解旋转叶片周围的空气流场,利用拉格朗日法获得过冷却水滴的运动轨迹及碰撞情况,结合覆冰时间推进法得到叶片表面的覆冰形貌,并通过流场计算分析覆冰对风机气动性能的影响。利用该计算模型研究了不同叶片翼型、叶片数量以及叶尖速比λ对垂直轴风机叶片覆冰的影响。结果表明:当风机的λ增大时,风机叶片表面的覆冰更多的向叶片前缘尖端区域集中,叶片后缘的覆冰量减少;在同一覆冰条件下,不同叶片翼型、叶片数量和λ对垂直轴风机的整体覆冰量、单个叶片的覆冰量以及叶片表面的最大覆冰厚度均产生重要影响;不同叶片翼型、叶片数量和λ的风机的静态扭矩特性受覆冰影响差异大。     

复合材料风力机叶片流固耦合分析方法研究

以某2 MW复合材料风力机叶片为研究对象,基于计算流体力学(CFD)和有限元法(FEM)开展风力机叶片气动力性能的流固耦合分析方法研究,重点探讨风力机叶片气动力外载荷与结构变形位移的流固耦合交界面的数据传递问题。采用RANS方程和SST k-ω湍流模型对旋转叶片周围的流场进行数值模拟,获取的叶片表面分布压力载荷通过自编的自动加载程序完整精确地传递到有限元网格节点上进行静力分析,实现流体域到固体域的数据传递。同时,根据静力分析后输出的风力机叶片表面节点变形量,建立变形后新几何体的建模方法,从而实现固体域到流体域的数据传递。     

小型Savonius风机的创新设计与仿真分析

Savonius风机是一种典型的垂直轴风力机。针对传统风机的发电机部分采用转子、定子一动一静的设计布局,提出了一种新型的发电机结构,从而提高风机发电效率。通过有限元分析软件ANSYS／CFX,对风力机模型进行流体分析,计算Savonius风力机的效率,验证本设计分析方法的正确性。     

基于部分结构参数的螺旋形Savonius风轮性能优化

90°扭角螺旋形Savonius风轮模拟结果与试验结果的对比,证明κ-ε模型具有较高精度。采用该模型对螺旋形Savonius风轮进行数值计算,深析螺旋角度θ、隔板数N、螺距P3个结构参数对风能利用系数的影响规律,并与传统直叶片Savonius风轮进行静力矩对比。结果表明:θ=180°,N=6和P=6.0的风轮在叶尖速比为0.75时达0.21;螺旋形Savonius风轮静力矩系数均大于0,比传统直叶片风轮具有更良好的启动性能。     

重叠比对三叶片Savonius风力机启动性能影响研究

为获得相对平稳且非负的启动力矩,针对三叶片Savonius风力机开展研究。首先对比研究两叶片和三叶片Savonius风力机的启动性能和输出功率特性。在此基础上,针对其主要的结构参数重叠比开展研究。针对三叶片的结构特点,提出重叠比和净重叠比的定义方式,设置9组不同净重叠比,范围在0～0.36（重叠比范围0.14～0.50）之间。利用数值模拟和风洞试验相结合的方法,研究在不同风速下重叠比对Savonius风力机启动力矩以及输出功率性能的影响。结果表明：净重叠比可消除反向启动力矩,并提升三叶片Savonius风力机的启动性能,平均启动力矩系数最高提升147.06%。净重叠比在0.06～0.11范围内时,对风力机的输出功率有提高作用。     

考虑流体作用的转子动力学有限元模型

在不考虑流体作用的转子动力学有限元模型的基础之上,利用流固耦合分析导出的薄圆盘和圆柱体单独在流体中分别作平移和转角振动时受到的流体阻力公式,建立组成转子的圆盘和轴段在流体中的单元运动方程,把作用在转子上的流体力整合到系统整体运动方程中,得到了考虑流体作用的转子动力学有限元模型,即FRDFEM模型。然后用FORTRAN语言编制了考虑流固耦合的大型复杂转子系统动力学分析的有限元计算机程序———RSDA。最后用该计算机程序对某实际涡轮泵转子系统进行了动力学分析。图3表1参19     

电站轴流风机旋转失速工况下的叶轮静力特性研究

基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型对某电站轴流风机旋转失速工况下的流场进行了数值模拟,并基于有限元分析方法结合流固耦合理论,利用Ansys软件对旋转失速工况下的风机叶轮进行流固耦合研究.结果表明:风机进入旋转失速状态后,叶轮内存在一个与叶轮旋转方向相同的失速团;叶轮的等效应力分布主要受离心力载荷的影响,旋转失速对叶轮等效应力分布的影响较小,叶轮的最大等效应力小于材料的屈服强度,未达到屈服状态;气动力载荷对叶轮的总变形量有显著影响,旋转失速发生后,失速团中心所在区域的总变形量最大,较设计工况下增大了72.2%.     

透平叶片在流-热-固耦合场下的变形研究

透平叶片在复杂耦合场下工作会产生形变,与设计流道曲面产生偏差,严重影响涡轮机的工作效率。基于流-热-固耦合有限元模型对复杂工况下叶片的变形进行了研究。采用RNGk-e湍流模型经FLUENT流场仿真实现叶片的三维温度场和压力场模拟,利用ANSYS分析得到叶片在温度、压力、离心力单独作用和耦合作用下对应的变形量,并运用灰色关联度理论分析变形之间的关系。通过分析发现,耦合场下的叶片变形并不是各载荷单独作用下变形的线性叠加,而是复杂地耦合;温度是影响叶片变形的优势子因素,压力和离心力的影响较小。分析结果对叶片形变控制策略、补偿及重构都具有重大指导价值。     

可变叶片安装角立轴风力机的转动力矩计算

为提高市轴风力机的效率,对可变叶片安装角的立轴风力机进行了分析,根据机翼升力与阻力的理论,在固定来流风速和旋转速度下计算了叶片在每个方位角上产生力矩最大的最佳安装角的变化规律,为了更好的运行,对最佳安装角的变化规律进行了一定修改.计算比较了固定安装角度的叶片与可变安装角度的叶片旋转一周产生的力矩,结果表明叶片在最佳安装角下运行时,每一转的正力矩都有明显增大,平均力矩町提高14倍.多个叶片在最佳安装角下运行时的力矩变化较平稳.可变叶片安装角立轴风力机是一种有发展前途的动力设备.     

S型风力机气动设计

概述S型风力机的工作原理以及优缺点。系统分析了影响S型风轮气动性能的外形参数,总结出S型风力机达到最优气动性能时的外形参数。以最优外形参数为基础设计完成额定功率为300W的S型风力机的气动外形,所得结果可以同类型风力机的设计提供理论指导。     

An experimental investigation of a class of resistance-type,direction-independent wind turbines

The resistance-type, direction-independent wind turbine is suitable for the generation of power on a small scale in developing countries. So far, all work on this class of wind turbine seems to be restricted to the Savonius rotor. The present paper reports the findings of an experimental investigation of an entire class of wind turbines which includes the conventional Savonius rotor. The influence of four rotor-geometry parameters (i.e. number of blades, blade angle, blade location and angle of setting of the blade) is studied and discussed on the basis of two performance criteria (i.e. turbine efficiency and performance on the basis of blade area). The existence of optimum, design parameters is established and the possibility of improving substantially on the performance of the Savonius rotor is demonstrated. Some possible applications of the present class of turbines are briefly commented on.     

Multiple streamtube approximation of flow‐induced forces on a Savonius wind turbine

This paper develops a new approximate model to predict the pressure and momentum forces on a Savonius‐style vertical axis wind turbine. Flow distributions through and around the turbine are examined for analytical predictions of the torque and power output, at all rotor angles. A new approximate streamtube method is developed to predict the momentum, lift, and drag forces on the rotor surfaces by the air stream on the basis of an integral force balance on the turbine blades. Unlike other past analytical methods, the technique predicts both momentum and pressure forces imposed on the rotor surface during operation. The calculated results are validated against experimental data and numerical predictions from computational fluid dynamics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of 3D printed Savonius rotor performance

In this study increasing the performance of Conventional Savonius wind rotor has been investigated by a 3D (three dimensional) printer which is one of the rapid prototyping techniques. For this purpose, some design changes have been introduced to increase the performance of conventional Savonius wind rotor. Here, 3D digital designing of Savonius wind rotors have been easily manufactured tangible as a physical model by a 3D printer. Experimental data concerning produced Savonius wind rotors have been acquired by using a wind tunnel. Some numerical data have been obtained from the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis carried out under the same conditions. The effects of the additional blade end design have been examined to obtain more torque increase on improved classical Savonius wind rotor. Furthermore, by means of introducing straight blade, the effects of the flow compression inside the blade have been reduced and rotor performance increased. Based on such optimizations, optimum additional design parameters have been designated as that (1/r) ratio is 0.3, (s/r) is 1, and (α) additional straight blade angle is 135°. It has been determined that power coefficient is increased at a ratio of around 20% together with all these design changes.     

Development of low-noise drag-type vertical wind turbines

In this study, the aerodynamic noise characteristics of Savonius wind turbines were investigated using hybrid computational aero-acoustics techniques, and low-noise designs were proposed based on the understanding of the noise generation mechanism. First, the flow field around the turbine was analyzed in detail by solving three-dimensional unsteady incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Then, the aerodynamic noise radiating from the wind turbine was predicted using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation with the obtained flow field information. Two distinct harmonic noise components—the blade passing frequency (BPF) and harmonics with a fundamental frequency that is much higher than the BPF—were identified in the predicted noise spectrum. The origin of the higher harmonic components was found to be related to vortex shedding from the rotating turbine. Based on this finding, the proposed low-noise design for Savonius wind turbines uses S-shaped blades. S-shaped blades were found to reduce the noise levels of Savonius wind turbines by up to 2.7 dB.     

MW级风力发电机组联合仿真运动分析

根据在Adams系统中建立的MW级风力发电机组的机械模型和Adams与Matlab之间的接口,在Matlab环境中建立了偏航运动、转子运转和变桨运动的控制方法。根据给定机组的参数,研究了机组偏航运动、转子运转和变桨运动在启动阶段的特性。研究发现:在启动过程中,由于变桨运动、偏航运动和发电机转子旋转同时存在,将产生陀螺效应和惯性力,并施加在运动副上;即使对发电机施加冲击和干扰,控制模型都能够保证风力发电机组稳定运行;由于牵连运动、相对运动和惯性力的影响,转子角速度、偏航运动和变桨运动均不可能做到匀加速或匀减速运动。     

A torque matched aerodynamic performance analysis method for the horizontal axis wind turbines

An analysis method is developed to test the operational performance of a horizontal axis wind turbines. The rotor is constrained to the torque–speed characteristic of the coupled generator. Therefore, the operational conditions are realized by matching the torque generated by the turbine over a selected range of incoming wind velocity to that needed to rotate the generator. The backbone of the analysis method is a combination of Schmitz' and blade element momentum (BEM) theories. The torque matching is achieved by gradient‐based optimization method, which finds correct wind speed at a given rotational speed of the rotor. The combination of Schmitz and BEM serves to exclude the BEM iterations for the calculation of interference factors. Instead, the relative angle is found iteratively along the span. The profile and tip losses, which are empirical, are included in the analysis. Hence, the torque at a given wind speed and rotational speed can be calculated by integrating semi‐analytical equations along the blade span. The torque calculation method is computationally cheap and therefore allows many iterations needed during torque matching. The developed analysis method is verified experimentally by testing the output power and rotational speed of an existing wind turbine model in the wind tunnel. The generator's torque rotational speed characteristic is found by a separate experimental set‐up. Comparison of experiments with the results of the analysis method shows a good agreement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大型风力发电机组独立桨叶控制系统

设计出独立桨叶控制系统的机构方案，依据空气动力学分析，提出模糊控制结合以桨叶空间方位角作为主体因素的加权系数的控制策略，建立了系统模型，仿真结果表明，在风速高于额定风速时，作用在桨叶上的负载波动大为减小，输出功率维持在额定功率附近。     

Comparative study of a three-bucket Savonius rotor with a combined three-bucket Savonius–three-bladed Darrieus rotor

The vertical axis wind turbines are simple in construction, self-starting, inexpensive and can accept wind from any direction without orientation. A combined Savonius–Darrieus type vertical axis wind rotor has got many advantages over individual Savonius or individual Darrieus wind rotor, such as better efficiency than Savonius rotor and high starting torque than Darrieus rotor. But works on the combined Savonius–Darrieus wind rotor are very scare. In view of the above, two types of models, one simple Savonius and the other combined Savonius–Darrieus wind rotors were designed and fabricated. The Savonius rotor was a three-bucket system having provisions for overlap variations. The Savonius–Darrieus rotor was a combination of three-bucket Savonius and three-bladed Darrieus rotors with the Savonius placed on top of the Darrieus rotor. The overlap variation was made in the upper part, i.e. the Savonius rotor only. These were tested in a subsonic wind tunnel available in the department. The various parameters namely, power coefficients and torque coefficients were calculated for both overlap and without overlap conditions. From the present investigation, it is seen that with the increase of overlap, the power coefficients start decreasing. The maximum power coefficient of 51% is obtained at no overlap condition. However, while comparing the power coefficients (C_p) for simple Savonius-rotor with that of the combined configuration of Savonius–Darrieus rotor, it is observed that there is a definite improvement in the power coefficient for the combined Savonius–Darrieus rotor without overlap condition. Combined rotor without overlap condition provided an efficiency of 0.51, which is higher than the efficiency of the Savonius rotor at any overlap positions under the same test conditions.