小型风力发电混合储能及能量管理系统

针对小型风力发电系统中风速和负载突变引起的功率波动,采用蓄电池和超级电容器组成混合储能系统进行平抑,为充分利用蓄电池和超级电容器所具有的互补性能,研究了能量管理控制策略。根据风速及负载的变化和超级电容器的荷电状态,控制混合储能装置的工作模式,使风力发电机、蓄电池和超级电容器3个能量源协调工作。为验证能量管理策略的有效性,用Matlab/Simulink进行仿真研究。仿真结果表明:风力发电机输出功率波动且负载突变时,采用混合储能能够减小功率波动对系统的冲击,使蓄电池工作在优化的充放电状态,有助于延长蓄电池使用寿命,加快储能装置响应速度,提高系统能量利用效率。     

风力发电系统大范围功率可调控制研究

为了从机械侧和电气侧深度管理负荷,分析了现有变速变桨风力发电系统(WTGS)的运行特性,提出在额定风速以下,通过桨距角控制和发电机控制联合调节进行限功率跟踪,给出了变速变桨等多自由度运行模式下的解耦协调控制策略;考虑限功率跟踪与最大功率跟踪的兼容性,建立了WTGS全工况下大范围功率可调的整体控制策略;采用PID增益调度技术,结合非线性测度指标减少工况点划分数量,基于T-S模糊逻辑定义增益调度算法,完成WTGS全工况控制系统的设计.针对2MW容量WTGS的一般非线性模型,在额定风速以下完成了功率跟踪仿真实验.结果表明:该大范围功率可调控制系统能够实现对功率调度值的良好跟踪,使WTGS具备了全面的负荷管理能力.     

基于DSVM的无刷双馈风电系统抗脉动模糊DTC策略

无刷双馈发电机没有电刷和滑环,故障率低,在风力发电系统中有良好的应用前景,但其采用直接转矩控制(DTC),在低转速下运行时转矩脉动较大,不利于系统稳定运行。文章提出一种改进的模糊直接转矩控制策略,在控制输入中增加了转矩误差的变化率,从而改进了模糊规则表中低速运行区的控制算法。同时,将离散空间电压矢量调制(DSVM)技术引入到直接转矩控制系统中,增加了可供选择的空间电压矢量。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建了无刷双馈风力发电系统模型,并在渐变风和随机风两种工况下进行了动态仿真。仿真结果表明,在低风速运行时转矩无明显波动,在两种工况下该系统都能稳定运行,并快速地跟随风速的变化,该控制策提高了系统的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

利用回热抽汽控制参与风电系统调频方法研究

随着风力发电在电力系统中发电比例的提升,风速的波动性所带来的风功率的随机波动性给电力系统调频带来了新的挑战,在不增加系统装机容量的前提下,如何提高现有火电机组的调频能力应对大规模风电并网具有较重要的意义。本文通过对再热式汽轮机的并网运行进行了仿真研究,证明了汽轮机在带负荷运行中,回热系统的抽汽量变化会影响汽轮机的功率,回热系统的抽汽效应对汽轮机频率调节有显著影响。并且,本文还重点讨论了低风速风电功率欠发时,火电机组处于高负荷运行工况下,回热系统抽汽效应对汽轮机频率调节的影响。因此,在高渗透率风电的电网系统中,通过调整回热抽汽量是一种能够提高汽轮机调峰调频出力的可行方法。     

基于LabVIEW的变速恒频双馈风力发电模拟监测系统

研究基于LabVIEW的变速恒频双馈风力发电模拟监测系统中的风场模拟、电压、电流畸变时的基波分量的获取以及有功、无功功率计算几个关键问题。针对Weibull分布的地域局限性,研究了实际风速4个基本特征(即基本风速、阵风、缓慢变化风速和噪声风速)的风速数学模型,并进行了基于LabVIEW的仿真;另外,通过基于傅立叶变换的锁相方法获得同步信号,进而得到基波分量,并采用了基于瞬时功率理论的功率计算方法,它比传统功率理论更适应于功率的实时监测,该监测系统利用LabVIEW软件实现了系统的有功、无功检测,并通过实测对比验证了该算法的正确性。     

风电氢联产系统功率平滑控制仿真研究

风能的随机性会引起风力发电出力不平稳,与此同时,电网电压跌落会给风电机组带来脱网运行的风险。针对该问题,文章将电解槽-储氢罐-质子交换膜燃料电池循环系统作为储能装置,接入风力发电系统背靠背变换器直流侧,构成了风电氢联产系统。在风电过剩时,系统通过电解水制氢储存多余电能;在风能不足时,消耗氢气产生电能,补偿不足的有功功率。文章在分析系统构成及运行方式的基础上,设计了各组成单元协调控制策略。MATLAB仿真结果表明:在文章提出的控制策略作用下,系统可以有效地抑制风速随机变化引起的输出功率的波动;配电网电压跌落时,系统具有较强的抵御风机脱网的能力。     

基于混沌优化PID风力发电机组变桨距系统研究

变桨距控制是永磁直驱同步风力发电系统在额定风速以上限制功率输出的主要控制手段,文章基于风力机功率输出特性曲线,分析了永磁直驱风力发电系统变桨距控制在全风况下对应的控制策略。在额定风速以上时利用转速和功率相结合的双闭环变桨距控制系统,并在传统的PID控制器的基础上运用了混沌优化技术,用来减小在额定风速附近引起的输出功率波动及载荷突变的不利影响。通过Matlab仿真软件对混沌优化变桨距进行验证,仿真结果表明该变桨距控制策略响应速度快且鲁棒性强。     

磷酸铁锂电池储能系统平抑风电功率波动研究

针对风力发电出力的随机性和间歇性,提出将磷酸铁锂电池储能系统用于平抑风力发电的功率波动。首先,以PNGV等效电路模型为基础,通过HPPC试验实现电池参数的辨识,建立反映磷酸铁锂电池充放电特性的仿真模型;然后,基于磷酸铁锂电池端电压变化小的特点,提出了电池直接耦合在储能系统直流母线上的拓扑结构,给出了储能变流器的功率解耦控制策略和平抑风能波动的控制目标;最后,利用MATLAB/Simulink软件,建立了风电—储能系统仿真模型。仿真结果显示,磷酸铁锂电池储能系统能有效平抑风力发电的功率波动。     

基于k-means聚类的SVR短期风速预测

准确的风速预测是风力发电功率预测的重要基础。为了进一步提高风速预测精度,文章提出一种基于k-means聚类的支持向量回归机(SVR)的短期风速组合预测新方法。首先分析影响风速变化的因素,计算不同风速属性相对于风速序列的皮尔逊相关系数(PCC)值,并对其进行加权;然后采用k-means聚类方法对风速样本进行聚类;再利用SVR针对每组样本建模;最后结合实际风电场进行仿真,结果表明,该方法具有较高的准确性和可行性。     

永磁直驱式同步风力发电系统滑模自寻最优控制

针对永磁直驱式同步风力发电机系统部分负荷阶段的最大功率捕捉问题,提出了一种滑模自寻最优控制策略。在风力机和永磁同步风力发电机非线性数学模型基础上,利用滑模变结构自寻最优控制算法实现风力发电系统最大功率捕捉,同时用自适应参数改善滑模变结构控制带来的输出颤振。该方法具有无须测量环境风速和精确风力发电系统数学模型的优点。仿真证明该方法具有良好的控制效果。     

Modular Autonomous Electrical Power Supply Systems Examples of Several Stand Alone Systems

A modular system for the supply of remote electrical consumers was developed, which makes possible a variable integration of wind energy and photovoltaic plants in connection with a diesel engine and a battery storage. The wind energy converters, equipped with asynchronous generators, and a fast pitch control, work parallel with a synchronous generator. The generator is driven by a diesel engine by means of an overrunning clutch, or started by a small DC-motor. If the diesel is off, or the starting process by the DC-motor is finished, the synchronous generator works as a rotating phase-shifter and takes over voltage control and supply of reactive power.

The speed versus power control of the wind energy converters does not only make possible an optimized parallel operation with the diesel-generator unit, but also directly takes over frequency control when operated singly without diesel engine. The location of the wind energy plants does not depend on the site of the diesel engine, because control cables are not necessary. To avoid too frequent starting of the diesel, a storage battery is installed. The report describes the electrical and control technical design on principle, as well as the experience with the following, already built plants:

-Coupling of two wind energy plants for the supply of water irrigation pumps.

-Combination of two WECs with a short-time battery storage and a diesel-set.

-Combination of two WECs with a photovoltaic generator and a battery storage.     

独立式风光互补发电系统中最大功率控制策略研究

独立风光互补发电系统从能量的角度来看可以分为3部分,即能量获取部分,能量存储部分以及能量消耗部分。主要介绍了能量获取所涉及的风力机最大功率运行和光伏电池最大功率跟踪这2个问题的控制策略,同时对能量存储部分所涉及的蓄电池充放电的控制策略进行了介绍,其中对充电策略的三阶段法做了比较详细的分析。最后对最大功率控制策略的研究方法作了系统的评述并对该领域今后的研究方向作了展望。     

基于电池储能系统和双重扩展卡尔曼滤波的风能发电智能调度技术研究

风能等新能源发电系统在供电体系中的占比越来越大,但其随机性和波动性问题,将风力发电厂输出的电力直接向电网调度会造成安全隐患。为了解决这一问题,基于电池储能系统提出了一种风能发电智能调度技术,该技术以风力发电动力学模型和电池储能系统状态模型为基础,利用双重扩展卡尔曼滤波算法实现了风能发电系统的稳定输出。以某地风速实测数据和电网需求功率为参考,对不同算法的输出功率预测值进行了仿真分析和实验对比。结果表明：提出的改进算法预测的风速值误差相比于传感器观测值平均误差降低了28%以上,可以更准确地提供发电系统输出功率;提出的智能调度技术可以使电压波动幅度降低60%以上,系统整体输出功率稳定在参考功率附近,误差不超过2%,有一定的实用意义。     

Review on combined wind power generation and energy storage systems

储能系统由于能够实现电能的时空平移,具有响应速度快,规模化等优点,是改善风电波动性,提高其并网能力的有效手段,构建风储联合发电系统成为目前研究重点.简单介绍了风电并网对电力系统的影响及不同类型电池储能技术的发展现状,给出了部分国内外风储联合发电系统的示范工程,并分析了平滑风电功率波动,跟踪计划出力曲线和削峰填谷3种主要运行方式,重点阐述了目前风储联合发电系统控制策略和储能容量配置研究现状,对进一步开展风储联合发电系统的研究进行了展望,指出经济性仍然是制约储能技术应用的关键问题之一,提高包含储能单元的风储联合发电系统的经济性是今后的研究重点.     

储能电池在风光互补发电系统中的容量配置分析

储能电池是分布式发电系统的关键组件。增加储能电池的容量可以提高发电系统的可靠性,但会增加系统的投资和运行费用。基于上海地区全年8 760 h的气象数据,计算了风光互补发电系统在不同储能容量下的负荷缺电率和能量溢出率的变化。对于独立的风光互补发电系统,在满足能量溢出率小于0.3的情况下,如果系统缺电率维持在1%左右时,需要配置3天的储能容量;如果系统缺电率为0,则需要配置5天的储能容量。     

Dynamic behavior of a stand-alone hybrid power generation system of wind turbine,microturbine, solar array and battery storage

This paper presents dynamic behavior and simulation results in a stand-alone hybrid power generation system of wind turbine, microturbine, solar array and battery storage. The hybrid system consists of a 195 kW wind turbine, an 85 kW solar array; a 230 kW microturbine and a 2.14 kAh lead acid battery pack optimized based on economic analysis using genetic algorithm (GA). At first, a developed Lyapunov model reference adaptive feedback linearization method accompanied by an indirect space vector control is applied for extraction of maximum energy from a variable speed wind power generation system. Then, a fuzzy logic controller is designed for the mentioned purpose and its performance is compared with the proposed adaptive controller. For meeting more load demands, the solar array is integrated with the wind turbine. In addition, the microturbine and the battery storage are combined with the wind and solar power generation system as a backup to satisfy the load demand under all conditions.A supervisory controller is designed in order to manage energy between the maximum energy captured from the wind turbine/solar arrays, and consumed energies of the load, dump load, battery state of charge (SOC), and generated energy by the microturbine. Dynamic modeling and simulation are accomplished using MATLAB Simulink? 7.2.     

Wind-diesel hybrid power system integration in the south Algeria

In most isolated sites situated in south Algeria, the diesel generators are the major source of electrical energy. Indeed, the power supply of these remote regions still poses order problems (technical, economical and ecological). The electricity produced with the help of diesel generators is very expensive and responsible for CO₂ emission. These isolated sites have significant wind energy potential. Hence, the use of twinning wind-diesel is widely recommended, especially to reduce operating deficits. The objective of this paper is to study the global modeling of a hybrid system which compounds wind turbine generator, diesel generator and storage system. This model is based on the control strategy to optimize the functioning of the hybrid system and to consolidate the gains to provide proper management of energy sources (wind, diesel, battery) depending on the load curve of the proposed site. The management is controlled by a controller which ensures the opening/closing of different power switches according to meteorological conditions (wind speed, air mass, temperature, etc).     

Optimal sizing of battery storage for hybrid (wind+diesel) power systems

Hourly mean wind-speed data for the period 1986–1997 [except the years 1989 (some data is missing) and 1991 (Gulf War)] recorded at the solar radiation and meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran (26°C 32′ N, 50° 13′ E), Saudi Arabia, have been analyzed to investigate the optimum size of battery storage capacity for hybrid (wind+diesel) energy conversion systems at Dhahran. The monthly average wind speeds for Dhahran range from 4.12 to 6.42 m/s. As a case study, the hybrid system considered in the present analysis consists of two 10 kW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), together with a battery storage system and a diesel back-up. The yearly and monthly average energy generated from the above hybrid system have been presented. More importantly, the study explores the impact of variation of battery storage capacity on hybrid power generation. The results exhibit a trade-off between size of the storage capacity and diesel power to be generated to cope with specific annual load distribution [41,500], and for given energy generation from WECS. The energy to be generated from the back-up diesel generator and the number of operational hours of the diesel system to meet a specific annual electrical energy demand have also been presented. The diesel back-up system is operated at times when the power generated from WECS fails to satisfy the load and when the battery storage is depleted. The present study shows that for economic considerations, for optimum use of battery storage and for optimum operation of diesel system, storage capacity equivalent to one to three days of maximum monthly average daily demand needs to be used. It has been found that the diesel energy to be generated without any storage is considerably high; however, use of one day of battery storage reduces diesel energy generation by about 35%; also the number of hours of operation of the diesel system are reduced by about 52%.     

Technical and economic assessment of hybrid photovoltaic/wind system with battery storage in Corsica island

The sizing and techno-economical optimization of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind system (HPWS) with battery storage is presented in this paper. The main objective of the present study is to find the optimum size of system, able to fulfill the energy requirements of a given load distribution, for three sites located at Corsica island and to analyze the impact of different parameters on the system size. The methodology used provides a useful and simple approach for sizing and analyzing an HPWS. In the proposed stand-alone system, a new concept such as the supply of wind power via a uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is introduced and therefore the energy produced by the wind generator can be sent directly to the load.     

Power limits of grid-connected modern wind energy systems

Wind energy is a prominent area of application of variable speed generators operating on the constant grid frequency. A modern wind energy system of this type consists of a surface mounted permanent-magnet generator with a frequency converter, which allows variable speed operation. The maximum power capability of the wind energy system is limited by the grid inverter. The theoretical formulation for active and reactive power limits is given. This formulation is used to set power reference limits to the inverter. Two different regions are distinguished depending on the tolerable Ac current harmonic distortion. Experimental results in a variable frequency wind energy generation system are shown.