In vivo study of anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor antibody‐based iron oxide nanoparticles (anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs) as a novel MR imaging contrast agent for lung cancer (LLC1) cells detection

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) conjugated with anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs) were characterised, and its cytotoxicity effects, ex vivo and in vivo studies on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells in C57BL/6 mice were investigated. The broadband at 679.96 cm⁻¹ relates to Fe–O, which verified the formation of the anti‐EGFR‐Mab with SPIONs was obtained by the FTIR. The TEM images showed spherical shape 20 and 80 nm‐sized for nanoparticles and the anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs, respectively. Results of cell viability at 24 h after incubation with different concentrations of nanoprobe showed it has only a 20% reduction in cell viabilities. The synthesised nanoprobe administered by systemic injection into C57BL/6 mice showed good Fe tumour uptake and satisfied image signal intensity under ex vivo and in vivo conditions. A higher concentration of nanoprobe was achieved compared to non‐specific and control, indicating selective delivery of nanoprobe to the tumour. It is concluded that the anti‐EGFR‐SPIONs was found to be as an MR imaging contrast nanoagent for lung cancer (LLC1) cells detection.Inspec keywords: toxicology, biomedical MRI, lung, magnetic particles, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, nanomagnetics, transmission electron microscopy, nanomedicine, superparamagnetism, nanoparticles, iron compounds, proteins, cellular biophysics, molecular biophysics, cancer, tumours, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: MR imaging contrast agent, LLC1, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, Lewis lung carcinoma cells, ex vivo conditions, cell viability, antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody‐based iron oxide nanoparticles, antiEGFR‐SPION, lung cancer cell detection, antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, cytotoxicity effects, C57BL‐6 mice, antiEGFR‐Mab, FTIR spectra, TEM, spherical shape, incubation, nanoprobe concentrations, systemic injection, Fe tumour uptake, image signal intensity, in vivo conditions, time 24.0 hour, Fe₃ O₄      

Folate encapsulation in PEG‐diamine grafted mesoporous Fe3 O4 nanoparticles for hyperthermia and in vitro assessment

Effective and targeted delivery of the antitumour drugs towards the specific cancer spot is the major motive of drug delivery. In this direction, suitably functionalised magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilised as a theranostic agent for imaging, hyperthermia and drug delivery applications. Herein, the authors reported the preparation of multifunctional polyethyleneglycol‐diamine functionalised mesoporous superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPION) prepared by a facile solvothermal method for biomedical applications. To endow targeting ability towards tumour site, folic acid (FA) is attached to the amine groups which are present on the NPs surface by 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N‐hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. FA attached SPION shows good colloidal stability and possesses high drug‐loading efficiency of ∼ 96% owing to its mesoporous nature and the electrostatic attachment of daunosamine (NH₃ ⁺) group of doxorubicin (DOX) towards the negative surface charge of carboxyl and hydroxyl group. The NPs possess superior magnetic properties in result endowed with high hyperthermic ability under alternating magnetic field reaching the hyperthermic temperature of 43°C within 223 s at NP''s concentration of 1 mg/ml. The functionalised NPs possess non‐appreciable toxicity in breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) which is triggered under DOX‐loaded SPION.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, nanocomposites, mesoporous materials, colloids, biochemistry, nanomagnetics, molecular biophysics, tumours, superparamagnetism, drugs, toxicology, biomedical materials, nanofabrication, hyperthermia, cancer, magnetic particles, cellular biophysics, nanomedicine, iron compounds, drug delivery systems, filled polymers, biological organs, liquid phase depositionOther keywords: NP surface, colloidal stability, drug‐loading efficiency, hydroxyl group, magnetic properties, high hyperthermic ability, magnetic field, DOX‐loaded SPION, folate encapsulation, targeted delivery, antitumour drugs, specific cancer spot, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, theranostic agent, drug delivery applications, multifunctional polyethyleneglycol‐diamine, facile solvothermal method, biomedical applications, tumour site, amine groups, mesoporous superparamagnetic nanoparticles, PEG‐diamine grafted mesoporous nanoparticles, 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide chemistry, daunosamine group, carboxyl group, breast cancer cells, temperature 43.0 degC, Fe₃ O₄      

Silver nanoparticles biosynthesised using Centella asiatica leaf extract: apoptosis induction in MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line

The aim of this study was to green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Centella asiatica leaf extract and investigate the cytotoxic and apoptosis‐inducing effects of these nanoparticles in MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line. The characteristics and morphology of the green synthesised AgNPs were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The MTT assay was used to investigate the anti‐proliferative activity of biosynthesised nanoparticles in MCF‐7 cells. Apoptosis test was performed using flow cytometry and expression of caspase 3 and 9 genes. The spherical AgNPs with an average size of 19.17 nm were synthesised. The results showed that biosynthesised AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity, anti‐cancer, apoptosis induction, and increased expression of genes encoding for caspases 3 and 9 in MCF‐7 cancer cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. It seems that green synthesised AgNPs have potential uses for pharmaceutical industries.Inspec keywords: ultraviolet spectra, transmission electron microscopy, cellular biophysics, infrared spectra, visible spectra, nanofabrication, cancer, toxicology, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, silver, Fourier transform spectra, X‐ray diffraction, genetics, enzymes, botany, biochemistryOther keywords: spherical AgNPs, biosynthesised AgNPs, anti‐cancer, apoptosis induction, green synthesised AgNPs, MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line, green synthesised silver nanoparticles, Ag, caspase gene expression, flow cytometry, anti‐proliferative activity, MTT assay, pharmaceutical industries, cytotoxicity, UV–visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle morphology, scanning electron microscopy, Centella asiatica leaf extract, biosynthesised nanoparticles, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy     

Development of tamoxifen‐loaded surface‐modified nanostructured lipid carrier using experimental design: in vitro and ex vivo characterisation

The present study aimed to develop a surface‐modified biocompatible nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) system using polyoxyethylene (40) stearate (POE‐40‐S) to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water‐soluble Biopharmaceutics Classification System class‐II drug like tamoxifen (TMX). Also aimed to screen the most influential factors affecting the particle size (PS) using Taguchi (L₁₂ (2¹¹)) orthogonal array design (TgL₁₂ OA). Then, to optimize the TMX loaded POE‐40‐S (P) surface‐modified NLCs (TMX‐loaded‐PEG‐40‐S coated NLC (PNLCs) or PNLCs) by central composite design (CCD) using a four‐factor, five‐level model. The most influential factors affecting the PS was screened and optimized. The in‐vitro study showed that increased drug‐loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE), decreased PS and charge, sustained drug release for the prolonged period of the time with good stability and suppressed protein adsorption. The Ex‐vivo study showed that decreased mucous binding with five‐fold enhanced permeability of PNLC formulation after surface modification with POE‐40‐S. The in‐vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the blank carrier is biocompatible and cytotoxicity of the formulation was dependent on the concentration of the drug. Finally, it can be concluded that the surface‐modified PNLCs formulation was an effective, biocompatible, stable formulation in the enhancement of dissolution rate, solubility, stability with reduced mucus adhesion and increased permeability thereby which indicates its enhanced oral bioavailability.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, cellular biophysics, solubility, drug delivery systems, toxicology, adsorption, adhesion, dissolving, biomedical materials, encapsulation, polymers, proteins, nanomedicine, permeability, particle size, electrokinetic effectsOther keywords: water‐soluble BCS class‐II, TgL₁₂ OA, TMX‐loaded POE‐40‐S surface‐modified NLC, surface‐modified PNLC formulation, lipid‐based NLC system, oral bioavailability, stable formulation, biocompatible formulation, blank carrier, in vitro cytotoxicity, surface modification, PNLC formulation, drug release, central composite design, orthogonal array design, encapsulation efficiency, steric stabilisation effect, particle size, dissolution rate, polyoxyethylene stearate, surface‐modified biocompatible carrier system, systemic toxicity, water‐soluble drug, tamoxifen‐loaded surface‐modified nanostructured lipid carrier     

Encapsulation of the reductase component of p ‐hydroxyphenylacetate hydroxylase in poly(lactide‐co ‐glycolide) nanoparticles by three different emulsification techniques

p ‐Hydroxyphenylacetate 3‐hydroxylase component 1 (C ₁) is a useful enzyme for generating reduced flavin and NAD⁺ intermediates. In this study, poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate the C ₁ (PLGA‐C ₁ NPs). Enzymatic activity, stability, and reusability of PLGA‐C ₁ NPs prepared using three different methods [oil in water (o/w), water in oil in water (w/o/w), and solid in oil in water (s/o/w)] were compared. The s/o/w provided the optimal conditions for encapsulation of C ₁ (PLGA‐C _1,s NPs), giving the highest enzyme activity, stability, and reusability. The s/o/w method improves enzyme activity ∼11 and 9‐fold compared to w/o/w (PLGA‐C _1,w NPs) and o/w (PLGA‐C _1,o NPs). In addition, s/o/w prepared PLGA‐C _1,s NPs could be reused 14 times with nearly 50% activity remaining, a much higher reusability compared to PLGA‐C _1,o NPs and PLGA‐C _1,w NPs. These nanovesicles were successfully utilised to generate reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and supply this cofactor to a hydroxylase enzyme that has application for synthesising anti‐inflammatory compounds. Therefore, this recycling biocatalyst prepared using the s/o/w method is effective and has the potential for use in combination with other enzymes that require reduced FMN. Application of PLGA‐C _1,s NPs may be possible in additional biocatalytic processes for chemical or biochemical production.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, enzymes, biotechnology, biochemistry, recycling, catalysts, nanofabrication, encapsulationOther keywords: reductase component, poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles, emulsification techniques, p‐hydroxyphenylacetate 3‐hydroxylase component, NAD⁺ intermediates, PLGA, enzymatic activity, PLGA‐C₁ reusability, water in oil in water methods, solid in oil in water methods, oil in water methods, optimal conditions, encapsulation, enzyme stability, enzyme reusability, s/o/w method, reduced flavin mononucleotide, hydroxylase enzyme, anti‐inflammatory compounds, recycling biocatalyst, FMN, biocatalytic processes, biochemical production, chemical production     

BBN conjugated GNPs: a new targeting contrast agent for imaging of breast cancer in radiology

Using of targeted contrast agents in X‐ray imaging of breast cancer can improve the accuracy of diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning by providing early detection and superior definition of tumour volume. This study demonstrates a new class of X‐ray contrast agents based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bombesin (BBN) for imaging of breast cancer in radiology. GNPs were synthesised in spherical shape in the size range of 15 ± 2 nm and conjugated with BBN followed by coating with polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The in vitro and in vivo behaviour of PEG‐coated GNPs‐BBN conjugate was investigated performing cytotoxicity, binding, and internalisation assays as well as biodistribution and X‐ray imaging studies in mouse bearing breast tumour. Cytotoxicity study showed biocompatibility of the prepared bioconjugate. The binding and internalisation studies using T47D cell line approved the targeting ability of new agent. The biodistribution study showed the considerable accumulation of prepared conjugate in breast tumour in mouse model. The breast tumour was clearly visualised in X‐ray images taken from the mouse model. The results showed the potential of PEG‐coated GNPs‐BBN conjugate as a contrast agent in X‐ray imaging of breast tumour in humans that need further investigations.Inspec keywords: diagnostic radiography, cancer, tumours, radiology, gold, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, polymers, coatings, toxicology, cellular biophysicsOther keywords: bombesin conjugated gold nanoparticles, breast cancer, radiology, targeted contrast agents, X‐ray imaging, X‐ray contrast agents, spherical shape, polyethyleneglycol, coating, in vitro behaviour, in vivo behaviour, cytotoxicity, internalisation assays, biodistribution, mouse bearing breast tumour, biocompatibility, bioconjugate, T47D cell line, Au     

Signal amplification strategy using gold/N ‐trimethyl chitosan/iron oxide magnetic composite nanoparticles as a tracer tag for high‐sensitive electrochemical detection

This study presents a novel signal amplification method for high‐sensitive electrochemical immunosensing. Gold (Au)/N ‐trimethyl chitosan (TMC)/iron oxide (Fe₃ O₄) (shell/shell/core) nanocomposite was used as a tracing tag to label antibody. The tag was shown to be capable of amplifying the recognition signal by high‐density assembly of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on TMC/Fe₃ O₄ particles. The remarkable conductivity of AuNPs provides a feasible pathway for electron transfer. The method was found to be simple, reliable and capable of high‐sensitive detection of human serum albumin as a model, down to 0.2 pg/ml in the range of 0.25–1000 pg/ml. Findings of the present study would create new opportunities for sensitive and rapid detection of various analytes.Inspec keywords: gold, filled polymers, conducting polymers, iron compounds, magnetic particles, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanosensors, electrochemical sensors, proteins, molecular biophysics, biomagnetism, biosensorsOther keywords: signal amplification strategy, gold‐N‐trimethyl chitosan‐iron oxide magnetic composite nanoparticles, tracer tag, high‐sensitive electrochemical detection, high‐sensitive electrochemical immunosensing, antibody, high‐density assembly, AuNP conductivity, electron transfer, human serum albumin, FeO‐Au     

Assessment of in‐vivo biocompatibility evaluation of phytogenic gold nanoparticles on Wistar albino male rats

Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary approach that involves toxicology and other medicinal applications. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may serve as a promising model to address the size and shape‐dependent biological response because they show good biocompatibility. This study is to prepare phytosynthesis AuNPs from ten different Cassia sp. Among them, the aqueous leaf extract of C. roxburghii produced greater efficient and stable AuNPs. The AuNPs were optimised for different physicochemical conditions. Highly stable AuNPs were synthesised at pH 7.0, 37°C, 1.0 ml of C. roxburghii leaf extract and 1.0 mM concentration of HAuCl₄ with the particle size of ∼50 nm and these AuNPs were stable up to 12 months. To determine the safety profile of AuNPs in‐vivo, the nanoparticles were injected intravenously into male Wistar albino rats in varying dosages. The authors noticed no significant difference in body weights, haematological and biochemical parameters and the histopathological sections of all vital organs. Highest accumulation was seen in spleen and least in brain. The authors’ results show that the AuNPs were biocompatible and did not produce any adverse or abnormalities in‐vivo. The implications of the bioaccumulation of AuNPs need to be further studied to rule out any adverse effects on long‐term exposure.Inspec keywords: blood, nanoparticles, cellular biophysics, pH, nanomedicine, particle size, nanofabrication, gold, biomedical materialsOther keywords: in‐vivo biocompatibility evaluation, phytogenic gold nanoparticles, phytosynthesis AuNPs, physicochemical conditions, Wistar albino male rats, nanomedicine, Cassia sp., aqueous leaf extract, C. roxburghii leaf extract, particle size, bioaccumulation, temperature 37.0 degC, Au     

CdO nanoparticles,c‐MWCNT nanoparticles and CdO nanoparticles/c‐MWCNT nanocomposite fibres: in vitro assessment of anti‐proliferative and apoptotic studies in HeLa cancer cell line

A simple ultrasonic assisted chemical technique was used to synthesise cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles (NPs) and CdO NPs/c‐Multiwalled carbon nanotube (c‐MWCNT) nanocomposite fibres.To confirm the physio‐chemico properties and to analyse surface morphology of the obtained nanomaterials X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were performed. To evaluate the anti‐cancer property of CdO NPs, c‐MWCNT NPs and CdO NPs/c‐MWCNT nanocomposite fibres, an anti‐proliferative assay test (Methylthiazolyl diphenyl‐ tetrazolium bromide ‐ MTT assay) were performed on HeLa cells which further estimated IC50 value (Least concentration of sample in which nearly 50% of cells remain alive) under in‐vitro conditions. On comparison, CdONPs/c‐MWCNT based system was found to be superior by achieving 52.3% cell viability with its minimal IC50 value of 31.2 μg/ml. Lastly, the CdO NPs based system was taken up for an apoptotic study using DNA fragmentation assay for estimating its ability to cleave the DNA of the HeLa cells into internucleosomal fragments using the agarose gel electrophoresis method. In conclusion, based on our observations, CdO NPs/c‐MWCNT hybrid based system can be further used for the development of efficient drug delivery and therapeutic systems.Inspec keywords: drug delivery systems, electrophoresis, oxidation, toxicology, DNA, nanoparticles, drugs, field emission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nanofabrication, surface morphology, cancer, X‐ray diffraction, nanomedicine, cellular biophysics, filled polymers, biomedical materials, molecular biophysics, biochemistry, Fourier transform infrared spectra, multi‐wall carbon nanotubesOther keywords: c‐MWCNT nanoparticles, apoptotic study, HeLa cancer cell line, cadmium oxide nanoparticles, c‐MWCNT NPs, anti‐proliferative assay test [methyl thiazolyl diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide assay], human epithelioid cervix carcinoma cells, live cells, CdO NP‐based system, IC50 concentration, HeLa cell line, cell deaths, CdO‐C     

Fabrication and characterisation of super‐paramagnetic responsive PLGA–gelatine–magnetite scaffolds with the unidirectional porous structure: a physicochemical,mechanical, and in vitro evaluation

Architecture and composition of Scaffolds are influential factors in the regeneration of defects. Herein, synthesised iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (MNPs) by co‐precipitation technique were evenly distributed in polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA)–gelatine Scaffolds. Hybrid structures were fabricated by freeze‐casting method to the creation of a matrix with tunable pores. The synthesised MNPs were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of porous Scaffolds confirmed the formation of unidirectional microstructure, so that pore size measurement indicated the orientation of pores in the direction of solvent solidification. The addition of MNPs to the PLGA–gelatine Scaffolds had no particular effect on the morphology of the pores, but reduced slightly pore size distribution. The MNPs contained constructs demonstrated increased mechanical strength, but a reduced absorption capacity and biodegradation ratio. Stability of the MNPs and lack of iron release was the point of strength in this investigation and were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The evolution of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells performance on the hybrid structure under a static magnetic field indicated the potential of super‐paramagnetic constructs for further pre‐clinical and clinical studies in the field of neural regeneration.Inspec keywords: transmission electron microscopy, biodegradable materials, nanofabrication, freezing, mechanical strength, tissue engineering, X‐ray diffraction, cellular biophysics, precipitation (physical chemistry), biomedical materials, iron compounds, porosity, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, gelatin, nanoparticles, porous materials, bone, nanocomposites, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: unidirectional microstructure, pore size measurement, mechanical strength, atomic absorption spectroscopy, hybrid structure, super‐paramagnetic responsive PLGA–gelatine–magnetite scaffolds, unidirectional porous structure, tissue engineering Scaffolds, co‐precipitation technique, polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid–gelatine Scaffolds, freeze‐casting method, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy micrographs, pore size distribution, absorption capacity, iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe₃ O₄      

Synthesis of ZnO/Fe3 O4 /rGO nanocomposites and evaluation of antibacterial activities towards E. coli and S. aureus

Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs) has received wide spread attention in biomedical applications. In this direction, the authors prepared zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe₃ O₄), and their composite including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by hydrothermal method. The structural and microstructural properties of the synthesised NPs and NCs were investigated by XRD, FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, TGA, and TEM analysis. PEG‐coated ZnO and Fe₃ O₄ form in hexagonal wurtzite and inverse spinel structures, respectively. ZnO forms in rod‐shaped (aspect ratio of ∼3) morphology, whereas well‐dispersed spherical‐shaped morphology of ∼10 nm is observed in Fe₃ O₄ NPs. The ZnO/Fe₃ O₄ composite possesses a homogeneous distribution of above two phases and shows a very good colloidal stability in aqueous solvent. These synthesised particles exhibited varying antibacterial activity against gram‐positive strain Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram‐negative strain Escherichia coli (E. coli). The nanocomposite exhibits a better cidal effect on E. coli when compared to S. aureus when treated with 1 mg/ml concentration. Further, the addition of rGO has intensified the anti‐bacterial effect to a much higher extent due to synergistic influence of individual components.Inspec keywords: colloids, visible spectra, II‐VI semiconductors, thermal analysis, nanofabrication, X‐ray diffraction, nanoparticles, biomedical materials, wide band gap semiconductors, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectra, antibacterial activity, nanocomposites, zinc compounds, nanobiotechnology, Fourier transform infrared spectra, graphene compounds, iron compounds, crystal growth from solution, crystal morphologyOther keywords: antibacterial activity, E. coli, biomedical applications, iron oxide, hydrothermal method, structural properties, microstructural properties, PEG‐coated ZnO, hexagonal wurtzite, inverse spinel structures, gram‐positive strain Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus, gram‐negative strain Escherichia coli, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, XRD, FTIR spectra, UV‐vis spectra, TGA, TEM, rod‐shaped morphology, spherical‐shaped morphology, colloidal stability, cidal effect, ZnO‐Fe₃ O₄ ‐CO     

Lobelia trigona Roxb ‐based nanomedicine with enhanced biological applications: in vitro and in vivo approach

This is the first study to report the green synthesis of Lobelia trigona Roxb‐ mediated silver nanoparticles (LTAgNPs). The optical and structural properties of the synthesised LTAgNPs were analysed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering and energy dispersive X‐ray. LTAgNps were evaluated for their anti‐bacterial and anti‐fungal properties against 18 pathogens and exhibited significant inhibition against all the strains tested. LTAgNPs had potential scavenging effects on the DPPH, ^• OH, O₂ ^•− free radical scavenging assays and reducing power assay. LTAgNps possess strong anti‐cancer activity against five human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231, HeLa and KB) in a dose‐dependent manner. The antiproliferative, anti‐inflammatory and genotoxicity effects of LTAgNPs were further confirmed by the lactate dehydrogenase release assay, nitric oxide inhibitory assay and comet assay. Furthermore, the incision, excision and burn wound‐healing activity of formulated LTAgNPs ointment was assessed in rats. All the wounds had significant healing in groups treated with LTAgNPs ointment compared to the groups treated with the commonly prescribed ointment (Silverex^TM). This study shows and suggests that the previously unreported LTAgNPs could be used as a nanomedicine with significant biological applications.Inspec keywords: molecular biophysics, biomedical materials, scanning electron microscopy, biochemistry, cancer, microorganisms, silver, cellular biophysics, nanofabrication, wounds, nanomedicine, ultraviolet spectra, toxicology, antibacterial activity, light scattering, nanoparticles, enzymes, visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectraOther keywords: Lobelia trigona Roxb‐based nanomedicine, biological applications, Lobelia trigona Roxb‐mediated silver nanoparticles, optical properties, structural properties, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, antibacterial properties, antifungal properties, scavenging effects, free radical scavenging, power assay, anticancer activity, antiinflammatory effects, genotoxicity effects, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, nitric oxide inhibitory assay, excision, burn wound‐healing activity, formulated LTAgNPs ointment, in vivo approach, in vitro approach, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, pathogens, strains, A549 human cancer cell lines, MCF‐7 human cancer cell lines, MDA‐MB‐231 human cancer cell lines, HeLa human cancer cell lines, antiproliferative effects, comet assay, Ag     

Ferulic acid encapsulated chitosan‐tripolyphosphate nanoparticles attenuate quorum sensing regulated virulence and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogenic microorganism causing majority of acute hospital‐acquired infections and poses a serious public health concern. The persistence of bacterial infection can be attributed to the highly synchronised cell‐to‐cell communication phenomenon, quorum sensing (QS) which regulates the expression of a number of virulence factors and biofilm formation which eventually imparts resistance to the conventional antimicrobial therapy. In this study, the anti‐quorum sensing and anti‐biofilm potential of ferulic acid encapsulated chitosan‐tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (FANPs) was investigated against P. aeruginosa PAO1 and compared with native ferulic acid. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of FANPs with mean diameter of 215.55 nm. FANPs showed significant anti‐quorum sensing activity by downregulating QS‐regulated virulence factors. In addition, FANPs also significantly attenuate the swimming and swarming motility of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The anti‐biofilm efficacy of FANPs as compared to native ferulic acid was established by light and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis. The promising results of FANPs in attenuating QS highlighted the slow and sustained release of ferulic acid at the target sites with greater efficacy suggesting its application towards the development of anti‐infective agents.Inspec keywords: microorganisms, nanofabrication, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, light scattering, cellular biophysics, drugs, antibacterial activity, drug delivery systems, filled polymers, materials preparationOther keywords: size 215.55 nm, ferulic acid encapsulated chitosan‐tripolyphosphate nanoparticles, dynamic light scattering, QS‐regulated virulence factors, cell‐to‐cell communication phenomenon, nosocomial pathogenic microorganism, anti‐quorum sensing activity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, anti‐infective agents, confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis, anti‐biofilm efficacy, transmission electron microscopic analysis, native ferulic acid, FANPs, anti‐biofilm potential, conventional antimicrobial therapy, bacterial infection, acute hospital‐acquired infections, biofilm formation     

Effect of Ag‐NPs synthesised by Chamaemelum nobile extract on the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by carrageenan in mice paw

An environmentally friendly and rapid procedure was developed to synthesise silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) by Chamaemelum nobile extract and to evaluate its in vivo anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum of the synthesised Ag‐NPs showed an absorbance peak at 422. The average size of spherical nanoparticles was 24 nm as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy analysis supported the presence of biological active compounds involved in the reduction of Ag ion and X‐ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of the metallic Ag. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the Ag‐NPs was investigated against carrageenan‐induced paw oedema in mice. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), interferon gamma and interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β were assessed in this respect. The results demonstrated that anti‐inflammatory activity of the Ag‐NPs might be due to the ability of the nanoparticles to reduce IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Moreover, reduction of antioxidant enzymes along with an increase in MDA level shows that the anti‐inflammatory activity of the synthesised Ag‐NPs by C. nobile is attributed to its ameliorating effect on the oxidative damage.Inspec keywords: silver, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, ultraviolet spectra, visible spectra, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, crystal structure, enzymes, molecular biophysics, tumours, biomedical materials, nanomedicineOther keywords: Chamaemelum nobile extract, oxidative stress, mice paw, silver nanoparticles, antiinflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectrum, spherical nanoparticle size, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, biological active compounds, X‐ray diffraction, crystalline structure, carrageenan‐induced paw oedema, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor, interferon gamma, interleukin, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, MDA level, Ag     

Development of surface engineered mesoporous alumina nanoparticles: drug release aspects and cytotoxicity assessment

The present investigation deals with successful synthesis and surface functionalisation of mesoporous alumina (MeAl) nanoparticles by simplified sol–gel method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and pluronic as a template. Surface functionalisation of MeAl was performed to determine the selectivity of surface groups for coupling with model drug molecule. Repaglinide a BCS class II drug was loaded as a model drug on synthesised MeAl nanoparticle and studied for its sustained release capability. The synthesised and repaglinide loaded MeAl nanoparticles were characterised by Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy with EDAX, Transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetric. Results from the dissolution study confirmed the sustained release behaviour of the nanparticles which was up to 24 h. The cell viability assay demonstrated that 0.2 to 1 mg/ml concentration of MeAl was significantly less cytotoxic to the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The authors’ experimental studies suggest that MeAl can be used as drug carrier and have a potential to increase the stability, loading efficiency and patient compliance for poorly water‐soluble drugs such as repaglinide.Inspec keywords: mesoporous materials, nanoparticles, nanomedicine, alumina, surface chemistry, cellular biophysics, toxicology, sol‐gel processing, Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, transmission electron microscopy, drug delivery systemsOther keywords: surface engineered mesoporous alumina nanoparticles, drug release aspects, cytotoxicity assessment, surface functionalisation, sol–gel method, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB, pluronic, MeAl, model drug molecule, repaglinide, BCS class II drug, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, EDAX, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, cell viability assay, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, drug carrier, poorly water‐soluble drugs, Al₂ O₃      

Influence of surfactants on structural,morphological, optical and antibacterial properties of SnO2 nanoparticles

Tin oxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles were synthesised using various surfactants of different charges (n‐cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulphate and TRITON X‐100) by the co‐precipitation method. The synthesised nanomaterials were characterised using different techniques to study their structural, surface morphological, optical and anti‐bacterial activities. X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of a tetragonal rutile structure in pure and surfactants‐aided SnO₂ nanoparticles and the results show good agreement with JCPDS data [41‐1445]. The crystallite size of SnO₂ nanoparticles was found to decrease with the addition of surfactants. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibit spherical shape morphology with an average diameter of 30–75 nm for pure and surfactants‐aided SnO₂ nanoparticles. The band gap energy of the prepared materials was estimated from the UV–visible absorption spectra and a considerable increase in band gap energy was observed in surfactants‐aided SnO₂ nanoparticles (3.487, 3.57, 3.50 and 3.3 eV). The antibacterial activities of the synthesised nanoparticles were studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.Inspec keywords: visible spectra, precipitation (physical chemistry), ultraviolet spectra, nanofabrication, tin compounds, X‐ray diffraction, crystallites, titanium compounds, particle size, antibacterial activity, surfactants, nanoparticles, energy gap, scanning electron microscopy, surface morphology, semiconductor materials, optical constants, semiconductor growthOther keywords: SnO₂ , co‐precipitation method, anti‐bacterial activities, X‐ray diffraction patterns, tetragonal rutile structure, spherical shape morphology, band gap energy, sodium dodecyl sulphate surfactant, surface morphology, surfactant‐aided SnO₂ nanoparticles, crystallite size, scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible absorption spectra, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, TRITON X‐100 surfactant, n‐cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant     

Comparative analysis of the Magnesium Ferrite (MgFe2 O4) nanoparticles synthesised by three different routes

The toxicity of arsenic in drinking water is hazardous for human health. Different strategies are used for arsenic removal from drinking water. Nanoparticles with higher adsorption capacities are useful for arsenic remediation. In the current study, magnesium ferrite nanoparticles were synthesised by three different methods followed by their characterisation XRD, SEM, and EDX. The SEM morphology and the porosity of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles were best in case of auto‐combustion method. These particles had an average particle size of about 20–50 nm with spherical shape. These particles showed efficient remediation of arsenic up to 96% within 0.5 h. However, the co‐precipitation and sol‐gel‐based nanoparticles showed arsenic remediation upto85 and 87% at 0.5‐h time point. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration of nanoparticles against two strains E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be4.0 mg/L of these nanoparticles. However, the sol‐gel‐based nanoparticles showed efficient anti‐microbial activity against E.coli at 4.0 and 8.0 mg/L against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The co‐precipitation‐based nanoparticles were least efficient both for arsenic remediation and anti‐microbial purposes. Thus, the synthesised auto‐combustion‐based nanoparticles are multifunctional in nature.Inspec keywords: nanoparticles, sol‐gel processing, nanofabrication, porosity, nanomagnetics, magnesium compounds, antibacterial activity, X‐ray chemical analysis, ferrites, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, particle size, magnetic particles, surface morphology, precipitation (physical chemistry)Other keywords: drinking water, arsenic removal, arsenic remediation, magnesium ferrite nanoparticles, SEM morphology, auto‐combustion method, sol‐gel‐based nanoparticles, co‐precipitation‐based nanoparticles, higher adsorption capacity, particle size, XRD, SEM, EDX, porosity, spherical shape, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anti‐microbial activity, time 0.5 hour, size 20.0 nm to 50.0 nm, MgFe₂ O₄      

Sialic acid‐conjugated PLGA nanoparticles enhance the protective effect of lycopene in chemotherapeutic drug‐induced kidney injury

Lycopene (LYC) is known to protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals in human tissues. In the present study, the authors designed a LYC‐loaded sialic acid (SA)‐conjugated poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticle (LYC‐NP) to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of LYC in acute kidney injury. The characteristics of the LYC‐NPs were defined according to particle size, morphology, and in vitro drug release. The LYC‐NPs exhibited a controlled release of LYC over 48 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy clearly highlighted the targeting potential of SA. Enhanced green fluorescence was observed for the LYC‐NPs in H₂ O₂ ‐treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, indicating enhanced internalisation of NPs. The LYC‐NPs showed significantly greater cell viability than H₂ O₂ ‐treated cells. In addition, the LYC‐NPs remarkably reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, attributable mainly to the increased cellular internalisation of the SA‐based carrier delivery system. Furthermore, protein levels of caspase‐3 and ‐9 were significantly down‐regulated after treatment with the LYC‐NPs. Overall, they have demonstrated that SA‐conjugated PLGA‐NPs containing LYC could be used to treat kidney injury.Inspec keywords: fluorescence, biomedical materials, biological tissues, cellular biophysics, drugs, proteins, molecular biophysics, injuries, drug delivery systems, kidney, nanomedicine, biochemistry, optical microscopy, nanoparticles, nanofabrication, cancer, toxicology, blood vessels, particle sizeOther keywords: sialic acid‐conjugated PLGA nanoparticles, chemotherapeutic drug‐induced kidney injury, LYC‐NP, LYC‐loaded sialic acid‐conjugated poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticle, SA‐conjugated PLGA‐NP, protective effect, lycopene, human tissues, particle size, in vitro drug release, confocal laser scanning microscopy, green fluorescence, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, cell viability, proinflammatory cytokine levels, cellular internalisation, SA‐based carrier delivery system, time 48.0 hour     

In vitro biological evaluation of anti‐diabetic activity of organic–inorganic hybrid gold nanoparticles

Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterised by complete or relative impairment in the production of insulin by pancreatic β‐cells or insulin resistance. In the present study, propanoic acid, an active biocomponent isolated from Cassia auriculata is employed for the synthesis of propanoic acid functionalised gold nanoparticles (Pa@AuNPs) and its anti‐diabetic activity has been demonstrated in vitro. In vitro cytotoxicity of synthesised Pa@AuNPs was performed in L6 myotubes. The mode of action of Pa@AuNPs exhibiting anti‐diabetic potential was validated by glucose uptake assay in the presence of Genistein (insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and Wortmannin (Phosphatidyl inositide kinase inhibitor). Pa@AuNPs exhibited significant glucose uptake in L6 myotubes with maximum uptake at 50 ng/ml. Assays were performed to study the potential of Pa@AuNPs in the inhibition of protein‐tyrosine phosphatase 1B, α‐glucosidases, and α‐amylase activity.Inspec keywords: molecular biophysics, biomedical materials, sugar, enzymes, nanofabrication, gold, patient treatment, organic‐inorganic hybrid materials, biochemistry, diseases, cellular biophysics, nanoparticles, toxicology, nanomedicineOther keywords: glucose uptake assay, α‐amylase activity, organic–inorganic hybrid gold nanoparticles, diabetes mellitus, heterogeneous metabolic disorder, pancreatic β‐cells, insulin resistance, propanoic acid, antidiabetic potential, antidiabetic activity, in vitro cytotoxicity, L6 myotubes, Genistein, IRTK inhibitor, Wortmannin, P13K inhibitor, protein‐tyrosine phosphatase 1B, α‐glucosidases, Cassia auriculata, Au