Beyond the Entrepreneurial City: Municipal Capitalism in San Diego

Over the last several decades the public sector has become much more innovative and entrepreneurial when pursuing downtown redevelopment, embracing characteristics previously restricted to the private sector. This article investigates this approach by reviewing a major redevelopment project in San Diego. In the course of this project the public sector acted in ways that exemplify the entrepreneurial approach to downtown redevelopment. However, rather than simply taking on an entrepreneurial role, the city’s efforts are better described by the term municipal capitalism. No longer content to simply stand by after providing some resources at the outset, the public sector is now the lead player throughout the entirety of the redevelopment process, an actor as focused upon the return on investment from the project as the private sector. This article concludes with a discussion of the emerging role of the public sector as a capitalistic actor, and explores the consequences of this emergence.     

LOFT风格与工业建筑再生

Loft风格把废弃的工业建筑转化为一种生活和工作空间,使那些具有一定历史意义并能继续使用的工业建筑获得新生,保护和延续了城市文脉;同时开创了一种颠覆性的生活模式,成为整个地区复兴的标志,探索出一条对废旧工业厂房、仓库的开发利用和有机更新的道路。     

Producing space: post-war redevelopment as big business,Utrecht and Hannover 1962–1975

This contribution opens a new perspective on the politics of urban redevelopment in Dutch and German cities during the 1960s and early 1970s. More specifically, it examines the post-war expansion of Bredero, a Dutch private developer that forged public–private partnerships with the city councils of Utrecht and Hannover to get local urban redevelopment agendas of the ground. Within the period covered by this article, the political consensus was that the post-war economy, which was dominated by rising car ownership, business and consumerism, had to find its place and thrive in central urban areas. Developers such as Bredero were thought to dispose over the expertise and financial means to swiftly execute redevelopment schemes. Up until now, planning historians have largely neglected the role played by private developers in post-war urban redevelopment efforts. This contribution investigates how and why local administrators and private developers decided to work together in the first place, and how the expertise of Bredero in particular was translated into the development of Utrecht’s Hoog Catharijne and Hannover’s Raschplatz schemes. Through the innovate use of hitherto under-examined primary sources, this contribution sheds a new light on the allegedly recent phenomena of the internationalization and outsourcing of urban planning efforts.     

泉州西街片区的保护与更新

在经济和城市高速发展条件下历史文化城市（街区）的保护与更新是一个问题繁多、矛盾复杂的课题,泉州西街保护整治工程展现了人们在反思90年代以大规模拆建为主导的旧城改造活动的得与失后,寻求并实践一种渐进式的保护与更新方法,促进泉州古城风貌特色得到真正有效的保护。     

上海和芝加哥中心城区的邻里再开发模式及规划——基于两个案例的比较

城市中心区再开发是美国城市政府的工作重点,也是中国城市发展的重要方式。基于增长机器和政体理论提供的分析框架,选取上海和芝加哥城市中心区的两个邻里再开发案例,比较其开发主体关系、规划过程和发展结果的异同,并剖析形成差异的原因。最后指出中国邻里再开发与规划需要尊重邻里的使用价值,引入来自社区的行为主体,调整交换价值的创造和分配。     

Redefining a Southern City's Heritage: Historic Preservation Planning,Public Art,and Race in Richmond,Virginia

Historic preservation is a planning technique employed in many American metropolitan areas. A local ordinance specifies those districts that deserve careful attention, then an Architectural Review Board determines whether or not the proposed redevelopment schemes are appropriate for the historic design character of those precincts. Today, there are over 1,800 such boards in place, making critical decisions on rehabilitations, infill development, urban amenities, and public art projects. This narrative examines the siting of a public art project within an historic district in Richmond, Virginia: The district is the Monument Avenue Historic District, and the public art project is the sculpture of Arthur Ashe, which is sited within that historic area. In the process that culminated in the Arthur Ashe statue taking its place on Monument Avenue, the activities of public planning institutions were central. But the ultimate decision was the product, as well, of local politics, racial attitudes, public art standards, and passionate concern for the integrity of an historic landscape. This article seeks to illuminate the intricacies of that local decision-making process.     

芝加哥南工厂湖畔开发

前南工厂美国钢铁厂基地位于芝加哥历史悠久的南部地区,是用于城市重新开发的最大的空地．基地占地超过2428 114m^2,拥有长达2414m的密歇根湖岸线,为建造一个富有创意的可持续性新社区提供了罕见的机会．     

Urban development and climate change

Cities around the US are promoting redevelopment efforts in central city neighborhoods in order to foster more-sustainable development patterns. In this paper, we argue that such plans must be grounded in an assessment of the current conditions and existing populations in these neighborhoods. We propose a new way to frame plans for existing communities, using the concept of vulnerability to help us connect current conditions and future goals. Through a case study of the planning process for a transit-oriented redevelopment plan for a central neighborhood in Austin, Texas, we illustrate the difference between current approaches and an alternative approach.     

Home touring as hospitable urbanism

This paper twins theories of urbanism and feminist hospitality in exploring the practice of historic home touring as demonstrative of hospitable urbanism, an ethical opening of self and neighborhood to strangers. In Phoenix, Arizona, the quintessential “ahistorical” sprawling metropolis, historic home touring is particularly evocative. With 35 residential historic districts covering much of the central city, Phoenix boasts an entire home tour season each spring. I consider the opening of private homes to the public a gesture of urban welcome critical in tempering the exclusionary tendencies of historic districts. Such seemingly minor practices are increasingly perceived as consequential in generating (or foreclosing) lived community amid difference (gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, migration status, religion, etc.). Without striving toward openness, vulnerability, and inclusion, urban communities risk becoming shuttered, sterile, and disconnected from public life. However brief or atmospheric, a gesture of urban welcome requires the consideration of strangers in the first place.     

韩国首尔清溪川的恢复和保护

21世纪首尔开始了生态城市建设。首尔的建设开始朝着改善市民生活的方向发展,政府在努力保护和恢复城市空间,创造良好的生态环境。第一个成功的项目是2005年10月完成的首尔清溪川复原和再发展项目。这个项目向世人证明了一个城市项目能给人们的生活带来巨大的影响。从历史、政治、经济和社会的角度验证了清溪川这样一个庞大且复杂的发展项目。通过清溪川复原和再发展项目,首尔的都市生态城市建设规划得到分析和验证。这个项目也可供其他面临类似环境和城市问题的亚洲城市借鉴参考。     

用益物权语境下新城开发模式研究——以老挝万象塔銮湖新城为例

随着城市化及市场化的双重推进,新城开发过程中公共利益与市场开发的博弈平衡问题越来越突出。老挝万象塔銮湖新城的开发建设从新城开发的选址定界、规划设计等层面,对新城开发的空间利益博弈问题进行研究,试图探索一种B M P模式,即公共利益与市场开发形成新型平衡关系,通过设立新城建设专职管理机构、制定保障公共参与的完备法规体系,并设立合理的奖惩机制等,对在用益物权语境下实现公共利益和市场开发的平衡进行了有益探索。     

The lost history of urban renewal

Contrary to common understanding, the US government's policy of “urban renewal” was conceived as an alternative policy to slum clearance. Bitterly opposed to public housing, conservative housing‐industry trade associations sought a way to reform the urban redevelopment formula of clearance and public housing established in the Housing Act of 1949. In the early 1950s, the industry groups seized on citizens' neighborhood fix‐up efforts, particularly the Baltimore Plan, to conduct a national campaign to popularize code enforcement, rehabilitation, and private low‐cost housing development as methods to restore and stabilize city neighborhoods. At conferences organized by House and Home magazine and in the President's Advisory Committee on Government Housing Policies and Programs, the housing industry associations fashioned policies, now named “urban renewal,” which were codified in the Housing Act of 1954. But private industry's venture in urban policymaking failed in implementation. Home builders proved reluctant to participate in the new programs, public housing hung on, and hundreds of thousands of homes fell to the wrecking ball. As urban renewal became synonymous with slum clearance, neighborhoods continued to decline. In the end, ironically, housing rehabilitation reemerged as a populist tool for reviving the inner city.     

旧城更新中经济适用房安居困境的制度反思

通过对旧城中低收入家庭经济适用房安居困境的分析,揭示经济适用房制度上的种种缺失,促使经济适用房由公共物品向非公共物品嬗变,并因此具有市场竞争性与排他性,成为社会利益群体博弈的对象。其根源在于政府职能的扭曲,致使经济适用房不是由政府主导,而是受制于开发商。解决经济适用房制度困境的核心在于政府职能的回归,即建构以政府为主导的建设与管理模式。此外,经济适用房制度的修正与完善需要通过整个社会各利益群体的努力才能完成。     

巴黎艳遇：”无中生有“的城市公园

本文以法国巴黎蒙帕纳斯火车站综合改造项目为研究对象,指出城市建设中多个主体的相互协调与斡旋既实现了街区更新的目的,又在有限的用地中为城市提供了高质量的公共空间,最终实现了城市空间利益的平衡;而这种公共空间与私人空间的双赢,无疑是城市建设中一条值得借鉴的经验。     

Turning brownfields into green space in the City of Toronto

Since the mid-1980s, policy makers and planners in North America and Europe have been paying significantly more attention to measures designed to foster sustainable development and improve the quality of life in urban areas. One issue that has received widespread political support has been the cleanup and redevelopment of under-utilized brownfield sites in urban areas. In Canada and the US, the focus of policy-making and redevelopment efforts has been on redeveloping brownfield sites for industrial, commercial, or residential uses that provide economic benefits through tax revenues and/or jobs. However, there has been a growing recognition among community groups and environmental organizations that brownfields hold enormous potential for “greening” city environments, through the implementation of parks, playgrounds, trails, greenways, and other open spaces. The objectives of the current research are to examine the issues, obstacles and processes involved in remediating potentially contaminated urban brownfield sites and converting them into green spaces, to identify the benefits that these green spaces can bring to the community and culture, and to understand the specific planning processes that it involves. Data for this study were collected through a review of 10 pertinent “greening” case studies and personal interviews with relevant stakeholders. Toronto’s brownfield-to-green space redevelopment experience has implications for cities across North America undergoing brownfield planning and seeking to enhance urban quality of life.     

The Place of Planning in Local Government: Discussion

Redevelopment and relocation procedures in large American cities frequently benefit the redevel-oper and his tenants more than the site residents. In the project analyzed here, the neighborhood chosen for clearance is a low-rent area, rather than a slum, since the majority of the structures and facilities cannot be proved to be harmful to their inhabitants or to the city. In addition to losing their neighborhood, the 2,800 households on the site are subsidizing the redevelopment by the involuntary payment of a number of economic, social, and psychological costs because of inadequate relocation planning. Recommendations to correct serious inequities in all phases of renewal procedures are suggested.     

A COUNTY AND ITS CITIES: THE IMPACT OF HENNEPIN COMMUNITY WORKS

Hennepin Community Works (HCW) is a county‐led Twin Cities' redevelopment program. It offers a model for county involvement in urban improvement efforts, leading with the infrastructure work that counties typically perform routinely. Since the early 1990s, HCW initiatives have put close to $200 million of new investment into parkways, rail‐to‐trail programs, corridor reconstruction amenities, environmental remediation, and new housing throughout Hennepin County, with the bulk going to Minneapolis, the largest city. The quality of life enhancements produced by this program would be unattainable without the county's leadership.     

城市更新背景下的枢纽开发模式研究——以大阪站北区再开发为例

通过对大阪站北区城市再开发项目一期与二期开发的分析,从再开发制度与流程入手,梳理再开发理念、交通设施更新、土地利用规划与空间景观规划,探讨城市更新背景下,以枢纽地区为代表的城市中心区如何利用再开发契机激发城市活力、重塑城市形象、寻找利于枢纽开发的新模式。     

Keeping up appearances: Spatial spillovers and housing renovations

Spatial spillovers from renovations can bolster urban redevelopment efforts by multiplying scarce city funds, creating a reinforcing feedback cycle of redevelopment. Using spatially explicit data on renovations from Baltimore, MD, we model the extent of spatial spillovers in housing renovations and estimate the effect of previous renovations on the likelihood to renovate while controlling for underlying spatial correlation. We find strong evidence of spatial spillovers with a neighbouring renovation increasing renovation likelihood by at least 1.8% These positive feedback cycles indicate the potential for significant private market multipliers from city-led urban revitalization policies that encourage renovation.     

【城市笔记：之20】浇筑进西岸龙美术馆里的日日夜夜

位于上海西岸文化走廊北端的龙美术馆是大舍建筑设计事务所今年完成的一个重要项目。对于艺术品市场而言,这是私人藏品以惊人尺度和规模进入公众的视野。对于上海滨江地带的再开发而言,这个项目所具有的牵动力将在未来逐步显现。而对于成立已逾十载的大舍建筑设计事务所而言,龙美术馆的落成既是过去努力的总结又是新的起始点。本文所记录的正是主创建筑师在这一项目背后所付出的辛勤劳动和汗水。