A study of plastic deformation by exoelectron emission

The photoelectron emission from a metal is enhanced by plastic deformation—a phenomenon commonly known as exoelectron emission. We have developed a scanning apparatus based upon this effect, which offers a new approach to the study of metal deformation and fatigue. A small spot of ultraviolet light scans the surface of the sample, and the electron emission is detected by an electron multiplier and recorded as a function of position. In this way the distribution and extent of deformation may be detected and displayed. Examples are presented of the emission produced from aluminium and steel subjected to various modes of deformation. The emission produced by tensile deformation is compared with the emission under compression. The deformation introduced by fatigue cycling produces very localized emission, very early in the fatigue life. The intensity of this emission increases continuously with continued fatigue cycling. These results are discussed in terms of the cracking of the brittle oxide, the heterogeneous nature of metal deformation, and the initiation and propagation of fatigue damage.     

制绳钢丝疲劳损伤过程声发射研究

研究了制绳钢丝在高周疲劳过程中的声发射（ＡＥ）行为．结果表明, ＡＥ过程明显分为三个阶段,分别对应钢丝塑性变形、疲劳裂纹成核和裂纹扩展裂纹孕育及成核期约占整个疲劳寿命的７０％;裂纹扩展占３０％．     

T300/QY8911 π/4层压板机械连接干涉疲劳

本文对T300/QY8911π/4层压板机械连接干涉配合进行了静拉伸挤压和拉-拉疲劳试验。与滑配合比较,干涉使静挤压强度略有提高,但能使疲劳寿命增加数倍。文中用有限元方法计算了两种配合的孔边应力分布。并对疲劳损伤用X射线作了检测,初步分析了干涉配合的增寿原因。      

TC4钛合金焊接接头疲劳性能试验研究

对TC钛合金焊接试样进行了低周疲劳试验，在应变控制试验条件下，得到了焊接接头疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。选取弹性模量的变化间接反映焊接接头中的损伤，对焊接结构疲功损伤变化规律进行了探讨并建立了相应的应变－寿命预测方法，研究结果为航空发动机焊接结构寿命的预测提供了参考依据。     

Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Subjected to Combined Localized Heat Damage and Fatigue Damage Using Acoustic Emission

The effect of fatigue damage to unidirectional fiberglass composite specimens with prior contact heat damage was investigated. After damaging the specimens by contacting them to a hot tip at 360°C, the specimens were subjected to fatigue loading at cyclic stress amplitude corresponding to 65% of the specimens' ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue experiments was halted after 3,000 cycles. The specimens were then subjected to tensile tests while monitoring their acoustic emission (AE) activity. In addition, acoustic emission activities of undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens were monitored during tensile tests for comparison with specimens with combined fatigue and heat damage. AE activities of all specimens can be categorized into three regions: an early rise in activity, a relatively dormant period in activity, and a high exponential activity before failure. The early rise in activity did not appear on the specimens with combined contact heat and fatigue damage. For undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens, the period of the dormant activity was independent of the contact heat duration of less than 15 minutes. However, the period was a function of the contact heat duration for combined contact heat and fatigue damaged specimens. Analyzing event duration distribution identified micro-mechanisms of the damage growth upon tensile loading. AE-stress delay concept was used to predict the state of the damage in the composite. A correlation between stress delay parameter and damage parameter was obtained for all of the specimens. Fatigue life of contact heat damaged specimen was also studied. It was found that localized heat damage reduced the fatigue life significantly. Loss of matrix to transfer the load to the fibers uniformly was believed to be responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life.     

基于劲度模量分析的橡胶沥青混合料疲劳寿命研究

为了准确地预测橡胶沥青混合料的疲劳寿命（N_f）,分析N_f与劲度模量衰减量（SMD）、劲度模量衰减量相对变化率（SMDR）的相关性,根据累积劲度模量衰减量相对变化率（CSMDR）分别建立了其与疲劳荷载次数的函数关系式和损伤模型,基于SMDR与损伤演化速率的相关性分析建立了疲劳方程。结果表明:应用SMD不能很好地预测N_f,SMDR表征了产生损伤变形的劲度模量衰减量占总衰减量的比例,可用于损伤演化分析和N_f预测;建立的函数关系式和损伤模型能分别准确地刻画CSMDR的变化特征和非线性损伤演化规律;建立的疲劳方程能准确地预测橡胶沥青混合料的N_f。     

Fatigue-life prediction of SiC particulate reinforced aluminum alloy 6061 matrix composite using AE stress delay concept

A study of the residual fatigue life prediction of 6061-T6 aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 15 vol % SiC particulates (SiC_p) by using the acoustic emission technique and the stress delay concept has been carried out. Fatigue damages corresponding to 40, 60 and 80% of total fatigue life were stimulated at a cyclic stress amplitude. The specimens with and without fatigue damage were subjected to tensile tests. The acoustic emission activities were monitored during tensile tests. It was found that a lower stress level was required to reach a specified number of cumulative AE events for specimens fatigued to higher percentage of the fatigue life. This stress level is called stress delay. Approximately a linear relation was found between stress delay and fatigue damage. Using the procedure defined in this study, the residual fatigue life can be predicted by testing the specimen in tension and monitoring the AE events. The number of the cumulative AE events increased exponentially with the increase of strain during tensile tests. This exponential increase occurred when the material was in the plastic regime and was attributed mainly to SiC particulate/matrix interface decohesion and linkage of voids. In high cycle fatigue, it was observed that the residual tensile strengths of the material did not change with prior cyclic loading damages since the high cycle fatigue life was dominated by the crack initiation phase.     

MECHANISTICALLY BASED MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE IN A BETA TITANIUM ALLOY

This paper presents the results of recent studies of the micromechanisms of room temperature fatigue damage elucidated in a metastable beta Ti15V3Cr3Al3Sn alloy. The fatigue damage mechanisms observed include: grain boundary sliding, crack initiation/propagation, and crack coalescence prior to the onset of catastrophic failure. Mechanistically based models are presented for the prediction of fatigue damage (plasticity and cracking). The models are based on fracture mechanics idealizations of the complex damage modes observed during fatigue experiments, in which acoustic emission signals were collected from deformed sections. Following appropriate noise filtration and careful analysis of the detected acoustic emission signals, the number of counts due to cracking is shown to represent a scalar measure of damage. A modified power law expression (modified Paris law) is also proposed to describe the relationship between the cracking count rate and the effective stress intensity factor. Estimates of the fatigue lives are obtained by integrating between appropriate limits, after the separation of variables in the modified Paris law expression. The measured and predicted fatigue lives were generally in good agreement.     

Reactively evaporated BeO films: Preparation and electrical and optical properties

The transmission, conductivity and thermally stimulated exoelectron emission have been measured for reactively evaporated thin BeO films. The composition of the solid system beryllium-oxygen can be varied within wide limits between beryllium oxide and pure beryllium by varying the evaporation rate at a fixed oxygen gas pressure. Increasing the metal content results in a decreasing transmission mainly due to absorption of light by small beryllium precipitates within the BeO film. The increasing conductivity with increasing beryllium content supports this hypothesis.Some results on thermally stimulated exoelectron emission after irradiation of thin BeO films with X-rays and γ-rays are presented. Pure untreated BeO films exhibit only a weak electron emission, but the emission is increased strongly by different heat treatments. These heat treatments indicate that water adsorption on the BeO surface makes an important contribution to the mechanism of thermally stimulated exoelectron emission.The thermally stimulated emission from beryllium oxide may find a useful application as a nearly tissue-equivalent solid state dosimeter for ionizing radiation; some dosimetric aspects of the investigations are discussed.     

钢箱梁桥海量应变监测数据分析与 疲劳评估方法研究

海量监测数据的分析与应用是桥梁结构健康监测研究中的重要问题之一,以润扬大桥钢箱梁的长期应变监测数据为研究对象,研究了海量应变监测数据分析与疲劳评估方法。首先,基于Eurocode3规范的S-N曲线和Palmgren-Miner准则建立了焊缝疲劳损伤分析及寿命预测方法。其次,研究了应力循环的快速提取及应变数据中随机干扰成分的剔除方法。在此基础上,讨论了对公路钢箱梁桥开展长期持续疲劳监测的必要性,并给出了润扬大桥钢箱梁焊缝的疲劳寿命预测值。研究发现,采用MATLAB与C语言联合编程的雨流计数法可快速处理海量应变监测数据;根据对焊缝疲劳损伤的贡献可确定有效应力循环阀值,从而剔除由随机干扰引起的数量极多但幅值较小的应力循环;焊缝疲劳损伤在一年内会发生大幅度的变化,短期应变监测数据可能导致焊缝疲劳寿命评估值出现较大的偏差。     

风力机叶片载荷谱及疲劳寿命分析

研究了大型风力机玻璃钢叶片载荷谱和疲劳寿命的工程估算方法。运用片条理论分析了影响风力机叶片疲劳寿命的气动载荷分布;应用多体动力学方法,分析了旋转叶片动力刚化效应产生的原因及其对叶片振动模态的影响;根据模态叠加法,计算了叶片在气动力、重力和旋转惯性力等确定性载荷作用下的动应力响应;探讨了玻璃钢叶片的疲劳性能、破坏准则及疲劳寿命估计方法;提出了一种基于 Palmgren Miner 线性累积损伤法则的玻璃钢叶片安全寿命估计方法。通过所设计的 1.5MW 变速变桨距风力机叶片疲劳寿命估计的算例表明,该方法是可靠和实用的。     

Evaluation of the Effects of Corrosion on Fatigue Life of Clad Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3-Riveted Lap Joints with Acoustic Emission Monitoring

Corrosion affects the fatigue life of clad aluminum alloy-riveted lap joints, such as those found on an aircraft fuselage structure. Single-, double-, and triple-column-riveted lap joint specimens were fabricated and corroded in a Q-Fog accelerated corrosion chamber for five months using an ASTM G85-A5 prohesion test. Specimens were taken out of the chamber every 4?weeks, and the corrosion products which had been deposited on them were removed by immersion in concentrated nitric acid. For each corroded specimen, the mass loss with corresponding corrosion rate was determined. The specimens were fatigue loaded to failure on an MTS Universal Testing Machine with acoustic emission monitoring. Results indicate that exposure of lap joint specimens to this corrosive environment increased corrosion (mass loss), corrosion rate, and significantly reduced fatigue life. For a prolonged exposure in the corrosive environment, the fatigue life was reduced to zero, which has significant implication for aging aircraft. Acoustic emission monitoring successfully detected fatigue failure. Two failure modes, multisite crack damage and shear of the rivets, were observed.     

多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一种多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法。该方法基于临界平面理论,计算出缺口件各部位的多轴疲劳损伤参数,以损伤参数最大的部位为缺口件的多轴疲劳危险点。根据临界距离思想,提出了热点法和线法的临界距离的计算方法,采用热点法和线法考虑缺口件疲劳危险点附近损伤梯度的影响,以临界距离修正的损伤参数计算多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命。采用SAE1045钢缺口件的多轴疲劳试验对该文提出的寿命估算方法进行评估和验证,结果表明:该文所建立的寿命预测方法具有较好的预测能力,预测结果大部分分布在试验结果的3倍分散带之内。     

[±20°]钢丝/橡胶复合材料的疲劳损伤累积

对 钢丝帘线增强的橡胶复合材料在拉伸循环载荷下的疲劳损伤累积进行了研究。结果表明:在载荷控制的疲劳过程中,材料的周期最大应变发展曲线呈现明显的三阶段规律。帘线端头处基体裂纹的出现是宏观疲劳损伤的初始,损伤的累积表现为裂纹数量增加、帘线/基体脱粘和层间裂纹的扩展。以动蠕变为参量建立了线性疲劳损伤累积模型,该模型能够较好地预报两级加载条件下材料的第二级疲劳寿命。     

T300/648复合材料迭层板接头挤压疲劳累积损伤问题的实验研究

本篇论文根据“剩余强度,剩余刚度”理论,讨论了碳纤维增强复合材料迭层板承载孔的挤压疲劳损伤,应用孔的永久变形描述损伤的产生和扩展,提出了“损伤函数”的定义和测定方法,并提出了新的“疲劳损伤点”的概念。实验还研究了温度对连接孔静挤压强度和疲劳寿命的影响。实验结果表明,温度的影响尤为重要。对损伤失效试件,采用“揭层方法”、“X射线”及“SEM方法”进行检测和损伤机理的研究。     

加筋沥青路面APA试验及其非线性疲劳损伤分析

应用沥青路面分析仪(APA)对沥青路面结构模拟试件进行多种荷载下的往返轮载疲劳试验,对比研究土工布、玻璃纤维格栅对沥青路面疲劳性能的加筋效果.在此基础上,提出沥青混合料非线性疲劳损伤演化模型,应用基于疲劳损伤力学的非线性有限元方法模拟APA 试验过程,分析了试件应力、变形、疲劳寿命等,并与试验结果对比,论证了所提疲劳损伤演化模型的合理性,指出因加筋材料的桥联效应显著地改善了裂缝穿过筋材后路面的受力变形状况,有效地延长路面的疲劳寿命.同时,基于疲劳损伤分析,进一步验证了Paris 公式可用于描述路面结构的疲劳裂缝稳定发展过程,并获得了有关的参数.     

An energy‐based damage parameter for the life prediction of AISI 304 stainless steel subjected to mean strain

Abstract

This study extends the plastic strain energy approach to predict the fatigue life of AISI 304 stainless steel. A modified energy parameter based on the stable plastic strain energy density under tension conditions is proposed to account for the mean strain and stress effects in a low cycle fatigue regime. The fatigue life curve based on the proposed energy parameter can be obtained directly by modifying the parameters in the fatigue life curve based on the stable plastic strain energy pertaining to fully reversed cyclic loading. Hence, the proposed damage parameter provides a convenient means of evaluating fatigue life on the mean strain or stress effect. The modified energy parameter can also be used to explain the combined effect of alternating and mean strain/stress on the fatigue life. In this study, the mean strain effects on the fatigue life of AISI 304 stainless steel are examined by performing fatigue tests at different mean strain levels. The experimental results indicate that the combination of an alternating strain and a mean strain strongly influences the fatigue life. Meanwhile, it is found that the change in fatigue life is sensitive to changes in the proposed damage parameter under the condition of a constant strain amplitude at various mean strain levels. A good agreement is observed between the experimental fatigue life and the fatigue life predicted by the proposed damage parameter. The damage parameter proposed by Smith et al. (1970) is also employed to quantify the mean strain effect. The results indicate that this parameter also provides a reasonable estimate of the fatigue life of AISI 304 stainless steel. However, a simple statistical analysis confirms that the proposed damage parameter provides a better prediction of the fatigue life of AISI 304 stainless steel than the SWT parameter.     

橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳性能研究

为掌握橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳性能,用粒径为30目的橡胶颗粒以不同掺量代砂制备橡胶混凝土,进行等幅循环荷载单轴受压疲劳试验研究。采用Miner累积损伤理论定义损伤量,并建立橡胶混凝土疲劳应变的损伤模型。使用概率统计方法对橡胶混凝土疲劳寿命的试验结果进行可靠性分析,得到等幅循环荷载作用下橡胶混凝土单轴受压疲劳寿命分布规律。结果表明:应力水平相同时,橡胶混凝土的疲劳寿命优于普通水泥混凝土,且随橡胶掺量的增加,混凝土的疲劳寿命随之提高。橡胶混凝土的疲劳应变变化符合普通混凝土疲劳应变发展的三阶段规律,橡胶混凝土疲劳寿命服从对数正态分布。采用双对数方程对橡胶混凝土的疲劳寿命进行线性回归分析,可得到P-S-N曲线及疲劳极限强度。     

疲劳/蠕变复合作用下聚苯乙烯的交互损伤研究

探讨了在疲劳／蠕变复合作用下聚苯乙烯的损伤交互作用，结果表明，在疲劳／蠕变复合作用下聚苯乙烯存在疲劳和蠕变的交互损伤，其断裂寿命比纯疲劳或纯蠕变的断裂寿命低；断裂机制是疲劳循环载荷松动和活化了分子链或链段，从而促进蠕变运动和断裂，并且，疲劳／蠕变的交互损伤程度与温度密切相关。     

复合材料疲劳寿命预测

在疲劳载荷作用下,复合材料的弹性模量会随着载荷循环数的增加而不断下降,而材料中的内部损伤则不断增大。为此,本文提出复合材料的疲劳模量和累积应变的概念,并由此定义出三种预测复合材料疲劳寿命的疲劳损伤模型。文中应用这三种模型对单应力水平和多应力水平下的玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的疲劳寿命进行了估算,并同实验结果进行了比较。