The Cramer-Rao lower bound for signals with constant amplitude andpolynomial phase

The authors derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for complex signals with constant amplitude and polynomial phase, measured in additive Gaussian white noise. The exact bound requires numerical inversion of an ill-conditioned matrix, while its O(N ^-1) approximation is free of matrix inversion. The approximation is tested for several typical parameter values and is found to be excellent in most cases. The formulas derived are of practical value in several radar applications, such as electronic intelligence systems (ELINT) for special pulse-compression radars, and motion estimation from Doppler measurements. Consequently, it is of interest to analyze the best possible performance of potential estimators of the phase coefficients, as a function of signal parameters, the signal-to-noise ratio, the sampling rate, and the number of measurements. This analysis is carried out     

一种恒幅点频信号的光传输方法

针对恒幅点频信号常用的直接模拟调制光传输和PCM采样数字化光传输方式存在的缺陷,提出一种简单可靠的增量调制数字化恒幅点频信号信号光传输方案,该方案根据采样定理进行增量调制采样,省去直接模拟调制的非线性补偿电路或PCM采样数字化的ADC/DAC转换电路.该方法调试简单,系统可靠,传输距离远,抖动性能指标较好.     

The achievable accuracy in estimating the instantaneous phase andfrequency of a constant amplitude signal

The approach is based on modeling the signal phase by a polynomial function of time on a finite interval. The phase polynomial is expressed as a linear combination of the Legendre basis polynomials. First, the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of the instantaneous phase and frequency of constant-amplitude polynomial-phase signals is derived. Then some properties of the CRBs are used to estimate the order of magnitude of the bounds. The analysis is extended to signals whose phase and frequency are continuous but not polynomial. The CRB can be achieved asymptotically if the estimation of the phase coefficients is done by maximum likelihood. The maximum-likelihood estimates are used to show that the achievable accuracy in phase and frequency estimation is determined by the CRB of the polynomial coefficients and the deviation of true phase and frequency from the polynomial approximations     

用于深海视频去散射的深度校正散射统计模型

深海探测目前广泛应用于环境、结构监测和油气勘探等领域,越来越受到各国的重视。而散射现象严重降低了深海探测中的视觉图像质量,且现有的方法在多深度或非均匀照明的深海散射环境中均受限。因此,文中提出了一种基于深度校正统计散射模型的深海去散射方法,提出的模型利用透射图建模了深度归一化的散射图像,并利用高斯统计模型估计局部散射,得到每个颜色通道中深度校正的散射图,从而实现在多深度和非均匀照明情况下对散射的精确建模。为了验证笔者算法的有效性和鲁棒性,在浅海和深海不同场景的图像上进行了测试,同时也在深海的视频序列上进行了测试,实验结果均表明,提出的方法在主观质量和客观评价方面均优于现有方法。     

A framework for statistical wireless spectrum occupancy modeling

In this paper, we propose a novel spectrum occupancy model designed to generate accurate temporal and frequency behavior of various wireless transmissions. Our proposed work builds upon existing concepts in open literature in order to develop a more accurate time-varying spectrum occupancy model. This model can be employed by wireless researchers for evaluating new wireless communication and networking algorithms and techniques designed to perform dynamic spectrum access (DSA). Using statistical characteristics extracted from actual radio frequency measurements, first- and second-order parameters are employed in a statistical spectrum occupancy model based on a combination of several different probability density functions (PDFs) defining various features of a specific spectrum band with several concurrent transmissions. To assess the accuracy of the model, the output characteristics of the proposed spectrum occupancy model are compared with realtime radio frequency measurements in the television and paging bands.     

The use of circuit simulators for array-pattern modeling andoptimization

The purpose of this note is to describe the use of circuit simulators for the modeling, display and optimization of antenna array patterns. A particularly useful feature of such programs is the optimization facility. The examples given here are based on HP EEsof's Touchstone, which the author has used previously for this purpose, but other packages probably have similar features. Only a summary of the technique is given, and some familiarity with array theory and circuit simulators is assumed     

Sidelobe reduction of circular arrays with a constant excitation amplitude

It is shown that the sidelobe level of circular arrays with a constant excitation amplitude can be reduced by adjusting the excitation phases of array elements. The resulting radiation pattern has equal-ripple sidelobes similar to a Chebyshev pattern. Examples are given.     

Mobile-to-mobile fading channels in amplify-and-forward relay systems under line-of-sight conditions: statistical modeling and analysis

This paper deals with the modeling and analysis of narrowband mobile-to-mobile (M2M) fading channels for amplify-and-forward relay links under line-of-sight (LOS) conditions. It is assumed that a LOS component exists in the direct link between the source mobile station (SMS) and the destination mobile station (DMS), as well as in the links via the mobile relay (MR). The proposed channel model is referred to as the multiple-LOS second-order scattering (MLSS) channel model. The MLSS channel model is derived from a second-order scattering process, where the received signal is modeled in the complex baseband as the sum of a single and a double scattered component. Analytical expressions are derived for the mean value, variance, probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), level-crossing rate (LCR), and average duration of fades (ADF) of the received envelope of MLSS channels. The PDF of the channel phase is also investigated. It is observed that the LOS components and the relay gain have a significant influence on the statistics of MLSS channels. It is also shown that MLSS channels include various other channel models as special cases, e.g., double Rayleigh channels, double Rice channels, single-LOS double-scattering (SLDS) channels, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) second-order scattering (NLSS) channels, and single-LOS second-order scattering (SLSS) channels. The correctness of all analytical results is confirmed by simulations using a high performance channel simulator. Our novel MLSS channel model is of significant importance for the system level performance evaluation of M2M communication systems in different M2M propagation scenarios. Furthermore, our studies pertaining to the fading behavior of MLSS channels are useful for the design and development of relay-based cooperative wireless networks.     

Multivariate statistical modeling for image denoising using wavelet transforms

Recently a variety of efficient image denoising methods using wavelet transforms have been proposed by many researchers. In this paper, we derive the general estimation rule in the wavelet domain to obtain the denoised coefficients from the noisy image based on the multivariate statistical theory. The multivariate distributions of the original clean image can be estimated empirically from a sample image set. We define a parametric multivariate generalized Gaussian distribution (MGGD) model which closely fits the sample distribution. Multivariate model makes it possible to exploit the dependency between the estimated wavelet coefficients and their neighbours or other coefficients in different subbands. Also it can be shown that some of the existing methods based on statistical modeling are subsets of our multivariate approach. Our method could achieve high quality image denoising. Among the existing image denoising methods using the same type of wavelet (Daubechies 8) filter, our results produce the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).     

The use of Fick's law in modeling diffusion processes

Fick's Law treats the diffusion coefficient as the factor of proportionality between the flux and the spatial gradient of a diffusing species. A recent model for impurity diffusion in semiconductors computes the flux in a different way by taking the spatial gradient of the product of the diffusion coefficient and the density of diffusing species. The results of these two approaches are different for spatially dependent diffusion coefficients. The nature and significance of this difference are explored in terms of the random walk and thermodynamic derivations of the diffusion equation. It is concluded that Fick's Law is the more fundamental and straightforward way to model diffusion processes     

Vonn distribution of relative phase for statistical image modeling in complex wavelet domain

With the assumptions of Gaussian as well as Gaussian scale mixture models for images in wavelet domain, marginal and joint distributions for phases of complex wavelet coefficients are studied in detail. From these hypotheses, we then derive a relative phase probability density function, which is called Vonn distribution, in complex wavelet domain. The maximum-likelihood method is proposed to estimate two Vonn distribution parameters. We demonstrate that the Vonn distribution fits well with behaviors of relative phases from various real images including texture images as well as standard images. The Vonn distribution is compared with other standard circular distributions including von Mises and wrapped Cauchy. The simulation results, in which images are decomposed by various complex wavelet transforms, show that the Vonn distribution is more accurate than other conventional distributions. Moreover, the Vonn model is applied to texture image retrieval application and improves retrieval accuracy.     

The use of fractals for modeling EM waves scattering from rough seasurface

A rough surface model based on fractal geometry is presented for the study of surface scattering. In particular, the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum is incorporated into this model to represent a fully developed sea surface. The Kirchoff approximation is used to evaluate the scattered field from this rough surface. Some interconnection are found between the surface model developed and the statistical characteristics of the scattered field. These include: 1) the relationship between the surface correlation length and the surface fractal dimension; 2) the relationship between the shape parameter of the K-distribution and the surface fractal dimension; 3) the mean value of the scattered amplitude as a function of the surface fractal dimension; and 4) the effect of the incident angle on the scattered field     

The use of curved segments for numerically modeling thin wireantennas and scatterers

To reduce the number of segments required to model curved wire structures, a method of moments formulation using curved wire segments is presented. Piecewise quadratic wire segments are used to discretize the wire geometry. This algorithm is used to analyze a small wire loop antenna and multiple-arm Archimedian spiral antenna. For each example, a comparison is made between results obtained using this quadratic segment algorithm and a linear segment algorithm. These examples demonstrate that the memory required is significantly reduced and a reduction in the solution time is achieved when quadratic segments are used     

On statistical efficiency of the LMS algorithm in system modeling

The conventional least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm is compared with the ideal LMS/Newton (ILMSN) algorithm. It is shown that, although under certain conditions, for similar misadjustment, the output mean-square error (MSE) of the ILMSN algorithm may converge much faster than the MSE of the LMS algorithm, the difference between the two algorithms may not be that great if misalignments of the adaptive filter tap gains are compared. Analytical results are presented, with computer simulations that support their validity     

Multivariate statistical methods for modeling and analysis of wafer probe test data

Probe testing following wafer fabrication can produce extremely large amounts of data, which is often used to inspect a final product to determine if the product meets specifications. This data can be further utilized in studying the effects of the wafer fabrication process on the quality or yield of the wafers. Relationships among the parameters may provide valuable process information that can improve future production. This paper compares many methods of using the probe test data to determine the cause of low yield wafers. The methods discussed include two classes of traditional multivariate statistical methods, clustering and principal component methods and regression-based methods. These traditional methods are compared to a classification and regression tree (CART) method. The results for each method are presented. CART adequately fits the data and provides a "recipe" for avoiding low yield wafers and because CART is distribution-free there are no assumptions about the distributional properties of the data. CART is strongly recommended for analyzing wafer probe data.     

Parametric expression of subthreshold slope using threshold voltageparameters for MOSFET statistical modeling

In this paper, we propose a newly developed subthreshold slope (ideality factor) model, whose parameters are solely determined from the threshold voltage data. We succeed in expressing the ideality factor in terms of the threshold voltage parameters obtained from the body and DIBL effects, which can take care of its dependence on the process data such as channel length, oxide thickness, substrate doping profile, and junction depth in a parametric way. We prove the validity of our model by comparing it with simulation and measurement results from nMOSFET devices with various oxide thickness, channel length, and doping profile     

Determination of amplitude levels of the piecewise constant signal by using polynomial approximation

A new approach to determining the amplitude levels of piecewise constant signal has been proposed that is based on using its multiplicative model and solving the problem of polynomial approximation. In case of the absence of noise, the statement of polynomial approximation problem is based on the requirement of exact match of the current signal value with the amplitude value of one of its levels. In case of the presence of ordinary additive noise, the problem statement is based on the least squares criterion, while the solution of problem is presented in the analytical form. For the case of the presence of pulse-type noise, the problem statement is based on the minimum duration criterion, while the problem solution is achieved numerically by an appropriate functional minimization in unknown amplitudes of levels. The case of binary piecewise constant signal is considered in detail. The results of numerical simulation are presented for the cases, where the binary signal is distorted by ordinary additive noise with Gaussian distribution law and the pulse-type noise with the Cauchy distribution law.     

振幅调制和位相扰动条件下三倍频器参数的优化

采用Ⅱ/Ⅱ类偏振失配的KDP晶体倍频方案,讨论了振幅调制和位相扰动对倍频系统转换效率和动态范围的影响,提出了在高功率条件下提高倍频系统转换效率和增大动态范围的方法。在振幅调制和位相扰动条件下对倍频器参数进行了优化设计。     

Investigation of interfacial delamination of a copper-epoxy interface under monotonic and cyclic loading: modeling and evaluation

Interfacial delamination is of important concern for multilayered microelectronic packages, as it is one of the most common failures observed after reliability test. Most of the work, available in open literature, focus on delamination propagation under monotonic loading rather than delamination propagation under cyclic loading. Interfacial fracture mechanics based methodologies have been proven to be efficient in handling interfacial delamination problem under monotonic loading. In this paper, the principles of interfacial mechanics have been applied in the analysis of interfacial fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue test has been conducted in studying onset of delamination and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) of an interfacial crack along a copper-epoxy interface. Models developed in this study have also been applied in the evaluation of multilayered integrated substrate test vehicles.