具有高振实密度的单分散和亚微米级球形银粉的合成

本文采用传统化学还原法,以硝酸银为银源,明胶为分散剂,抗坏血酸为还原剂,合成了振实密度高、单分散、球形的亚微米级银粉。系统地研究了反应物浓度,分散剂用量,溶液pH值,原料添加方式和反应温度对银颗粒特性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),激光粒度分析仪,X-射线衍射(XRD)和能量色散谱(EDS)对所制备银粉的特性进行了表征。SEM和激光粒度分析仪结果表明银粉呈单分散的球形,粒径范围在(0.40~1.05) μm。最优条件下制备的银粉的振实密度为4.55 g/cm³。     

单分散微米球形银粉的制备工艺

采用液相还原法制备超细银粉,以稀硫酸为分散剂,抗坏血酸为还原剂,硝酸银为银源,研究了反应物混合方式、硝酸银浓度以及温度对银粉特性的影响。分别采用激光粒度仪、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射仪及振实密度仪对所制备银粉的特性进行表征。确定较优工艺条件为:[AgNO3]=0.5mol/L,n(C6H8O6)∶n(AgNO3)=2∶1,分散剂与硝酸银质量比为10%,pH值为5,反应物混合方式为还原剂快速倾倒加入到硝酸银溶液中,反应温度为室温。较优工艺条件下所制备的银粉为单分散球形银粉,平均粒径为2.5μm,松装密度为2.5g/cm3,振实密度为4.6g/cm3。     

以阿拉伯树胶为分散剂制备高分散球形超细银粉

以阿拉伯树胶为分散剂,硝酸银为银源,抗坏血酸为还原剂,采用液相还原法制备超细银粉。研究了反应物加入方式、还原剂溶液初始pH值、AgNO_3溶液及分散剂用量对银粉特性的影响。分别采用激光粒度仪、扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪对所制备银粉的特性进行表征。确定最佳工艺参数为:反应物加入方式为AgNO_3溶液快速加入到抗坏血酸溶液中,AgNO_3浓度为0.5 mol/L,还原剂溶液初始pH值为5,n(C_6H_8O_6)∶n(AgNO_3)=1∶1,m(阿拉伯树胶)/m(抗坏血酸)=0.05。最佳工艺参数下所制备的银粉为高分散球形银粉,平粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为1.18μm,结晶性能好。     

太阳能电池正极浆料用超细银粉的制备

采用液相化学还原法,以聚乙二醇4000为分散剂,用抗坏血酸直接还原硝酸银溶液制备太阳能电池正极浆料用银粉。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析仪和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等方法分析银粉的形貌、粒度及纯度,研究分散剂用量、抗坏血酸浓度、硝酸银浓度和溶液pH值等工艺条件对银粉粒度、物相结构及形貌的影响。结果表明,随着分散剂用量的增大,银粉颗粒粒度先减小后趋于稳定。在溶液pH值为4,抗坏血酸浓度和硝酸银浓度分别为2.0和0.5mol/L,聚乙二醇4000与硝酸银的质量比为0.10时,可以制得分散性好、纯度高、面心立方晶系和平均粒度为5.32μm的规则球形银粉。并将所得银粉调制成太阳能电池用浆料,通过丝网印刷在硅片上,使用四探针测试仪测得烧结膜的方阻为4.27mΩ/□,可满足太阳能电池的电性能要求。     

电子材料用球形超细银粉的制备

采用化学还原法,以抗坏血酸为还原剂,油酸为分散剂,将硝酸银溶液滴加到还原性溶液中制备电子材料用球形高纯超细银粉。对还原机理进行了分析,探讨了还原过程中各种因素如硝酸银溶液浓度、还原剂浓度、pH值、搅拌方式及速率以及反应温度等对银粉粒度大小及分布的影响。采用TEM、SEM、EDAX和XRD对所得银粉进行了表征。结果表明,通过改变反应条件可制备0.3￣1.0μm的不同粒径的球形高纯超细银粉。     

工艺参数对液相还原法制备超细银粉形貌特征的影响

研究硝酸银浓度、抗坏血酸浓度、反应体系温度及pH值、添加剂种类及用量对液相还原法制备超细银粉形貌特征的影响,借助SEM、粒度仪、比表面仪和颗粒图像分析仪对银粉进行表征和分析。结果表明,pH值是同时影响银粉形状、粒度和分散性的显著因素,添加剂用量和抗坏血酸浓度分别是影响银粉形状及分散性的显著因素;随着pH值由2逐渐增大至10,银粉呈现由无规则多面体至棒状、类球形的形状变化,平均粒径逐渐减小;随着添加剂用量增加,银粉呈现由异形至球形、刺球型的形状变化,其用量质量分数为2.5%时颗粒球形度值最大;随着抗坏血酸浓度增加,银粉的分散性逐渐变差,其浓度为0.5 mol/L时分散性最好。     

甲醛还原制备超细球形银粉的工艺研究

采用一步化学还原法,以硝酸银为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂、甲醛为还原剂还原银氨溶液,制备电子电工行业用超细银粉.结果表明:采用甲醛一步法还原银氨溶液,在所选择的实验条件下制备出了类球形、分散性较好的超细银粉,其粒径小于1μm,银粉晶体结构为FCC多晶结构.     

银粉对压敏电阻浆料性能的影响

采用不同还原条件制备了两种微晶银粉,测试了银粉的烧损、颗粒尺寸、比表面积、松装密度和振实密度,结果表明两种银粉的物理性能相近,用其分别制备了压敏电阻浆料,并测试分析了浆料触变指数、浆料层印刷质量及烧结后形貌、电阻、附着力以及银粉的晶粒尺寸。结果表明:银粉的振实密度对浆料粘度影响较大,振实密度高则浆料粘度低,反之则高;银粉的粒度分布影响浆料触变指数,粉末颗粒小且不均匀时,则浆料触变指数高,反之则低;银粉的结晶度和晶粒尺寸对浆料的烧结性能有较大的影响,在相近的粒度分布范围内,高结晶度、大晶粒尺寸的银粉制备的浆料烧结后形成的晶界比较好,浆料层更致密,电阻更低,附着力好。     

银粉振实密度对晶硅太阳能电池电性能的影响

晶硅太阳能电池是利用最广泛的太阳能电池,但是,其光电转换效率远低于理论最大值(31%)。本文首先采用化学还原法制备出高分散的微米(D₅₀=2.78 μm)和亚微米(D₅₀=0.56 μm)球形银粉,然后将微米银粉和亚微米银粉按一定的比例进行混合,并借助XRD、SEM、EDS等测试方法研究了银粉的振实密度对前电极栅线的横截面结构、表面形貌以及电池接触界面结构和电性能的影响。结果表明,混合银粉的振实密度高于纯微米或亚微米银粉的振实密度,当亚微米银粉在混合银粉中质量分数为15%时银粉的振实密度最高。且当银粉的振实密度最高时,前电极栅线的横截面结构、表面形貌和电池的接触界面结构最优,电池的电性能最佳。综上,银粉的振实密度对电池的电性能有重要的影响。     

单分散高振实密度球形微米银粉的工艺研究

为了改善银粉颗粒的表面光滑度和均匀性,以硫酸亚铁铵为还原剂、AgNO3为原料和吐温65(TW65)为表面活性剂,通过液相还原法制备单分散球形微米银粉。研究了还原剂浓度、反应温度、表面活性剂用量等对银粉粒度分布的影响,并探讨了银粉的形成机制。研究确定较优工艺条件为反应温度为室温,还原剂与AgNO3的摩尔比为6∶1,TW65与AgNO3的质量比为5%。在较优工艺条件下制备出了粒度均匀单分散球形银粉,平均粒径为1.18μm左右,松装密度为2.4g/cm3,振实密度为4.9g/cm3,回收率达99.56%,基本达到了太阳能电池用银粉要求。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.